Angle 2θ Research Articles

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Mg, Cu-HAp USING CALCIUM FROM LOKAN SHELL (Geloina expansa) AND ITS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the primary inorganic constituent found in bones and teeth. It possesses biocompatibility and bioactivity within the human body, while its mechanical qualities are somewhat inferior. Magnesium is a viable alternative to calcium in the composition of bone minerals. Copper is both an antibacterial agent and a vital metal within our bodies. This study aims to produce Mg, and Cu-HAp by employing the sol-gel process in situ utilising Lokan shell (Geloina. Expansa) as the source material. Additionally, the antibacterial properties of Mg and Cu-HAp will be evaluated. The lokan shell is utilized as a calcium source, containing 94.626% calcium oxide (CaO), for synthesizing hydroxyapatite (HAp) with a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio of 1.67. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a distinct pattern at a specific angle of 2θ, following the ICDD (No.96-101-1243) standard. The FT-IR spectra suggest that the bending vibration of the PO4 3- functional group occurs at a wave number of 610 cm-1, whereas the asymmetrical stretching occurs at wave numbers between 1010-1036 cm-1. These observations suggest the presence of HAp content. The antibacterial test results demonstrated that Mg, Cu-HAp3, and Mg, Cu-HAp4 exhibited good antibacterial activity, as evidenced by inhibition zone diameters of 0.9 mm for Escherichia coli and 0.8 mm for Staphylococcus aureus. These findings indicate that Mg and Cu-HAp effectively possess antibacterial properties.

Karakterisasi Pasir Besi (Fe3O4) Sungai Seruai Kabupaten Deli Serdang

In this research, iron sand was obtained from the Sei Serayu river in Deli Serdang Regency. The method for extracting iron sand is by manual extraction using a permanent magnet. The samples that have been obtained are then given temperature treatment with variations of 500 o C, 600 o C and 700 o C so that the iron sand undergoes oxidation. Next, the samples that have been heat treated are characterized using XRD, SEM and XRF. From the XRD test results it was found that the sample consisted of Fe3O4 with a magnetite phase. XRD diffraction peaks were obtained at angles 2θ: 17.26 o, 29.98 o, 35.4 o, 43.16 o, 57.08 o, and 62.56 o. SEM test results show that sample D contains magnetite (Fe3O4) with a silver color. Based on the analysis of test results, it can be concluded that the most optimal results are found in sample D with a sintering temperature of 700o C.

Treatment of Methylene Blue Using Ni-Al/Magnetite Biochar Layered Double Hydroxides Composite by Adsorption

Methylene blue dye is hard to degrade and requires treatment using Ni-Al Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified with magnetite biochar (MBC) to form Ni-Al/magnetite biochar composite in overcoming environmental pollution. Material attainment was identified by characterization using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform – Infra Red (FT-IR), Branuer Emmet Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy – Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) and Vibration Sample Magnetometer (VSM). XRD characterization displays angle 2θ at 11°, 60° is a typical angle of LDH, and angles 22° and 35° of magnetite biochar. FT-IR characterization analysis at wavelength 1381 cm-1 for NO3- group and M-O group at wave number 700 cm-1. C-H group on biochar at 1404 cm-1 and wave number 586 cm-1 for Fe-O group. BET characterization analysis of Ni-Al/MBC has a large surface area and pore volume of 127.310 m²/g and 0.1950 cm³/g. SEM characterization analysis of Ni-Al/MBC has large, coarse pores and non-uniform shape, EDX data shows that there are forming elements such as Ni, Al from LDH and, Fe, C elements from magnetite biochar. pH, kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics become influential in adsorption processes. The adsorption capacity of the composite reaches 68.493 mg/g by following the Langmuir equation and adsorption kinetics refers to the Pseudo Second Order (PSO) equation. Adsorption continuity is spontaneous and endothermic. Ni-Al/MBC has stability in the process of adsorbent regeneration up to five adsorption cycles and, therefore can be used as a potential adsorbent in the treatment of methylene blue dye in aqueous environmental pollution. Copyright © 2023 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

INVESTIGATION OF CARBON-ALUMINUM COMPOSITE WITH A BARRIER COATING ON CARBON FIBERS

Barrier SiO2 coatings on the surface of carbon fibers were deposited by the sol-gel solutions (dip coating) based on tertraethoxysilane Si(C2H5O)4. The average thickness of the barrier SiO2 coating on carbon fibers is 127 ± 30 nm. Carbon-aluminum composites were obtained by a type of liquid-phase infiltration — by the shell molding process. The components of the composite were placed in a steel hermetic shell, then after the shell evacuate and heat until the aluminum melts, the fibers were infiltrated by the melt under the external pressure, followed by cooling. Composites with SiO2 coating and without coating on carbon fibers were obtained. After extracting the composite from the metal shell, the structure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of the samples were studied. Studies of the structure of composites showed that the interfiber space is filled with aluminum melt, without porosity and macroscopic defects. The study of the phase composition of the composite reinforced with uncoated carbon fibers showed that aluminum carbide peaks are observed at the angles 2θ = 41°, 67°, 74°. Quantitative analysis carried out by the Rietveld method revealed that the amount of aluminum carbide in the composite is 12.0 ± 1.3 %. The deposition of a barrier SiO2 coating on carbon fibers leads to a decrease in the intensity of the main peaks of aluminum carbide, while the amount of Al4C3 decreases by 4 times, to 3.0 %. An analysis of the fracture surface of the samples after mechanical testing revealed that the fracture of the composite reinforced with uncoated carbon fibers is almost flat. No protrusions and relief are observed on the fracture surface. The fracture surface of a composite reinforced with coated carbon fibers has a relief surface, and separately sticking out fibers are observed. Mechanical tests of samples for three-point bending showed that the barrier coating on the fibers increases the strength to 520 ± 50 MPa, the strength of the uncoated composite is 350 ± 8 MPa. Barrier SiO2 coating applied to the surface of carbon fibers prevents the formation of aluminum carbide and fiber degradation in the carbon-aluminum composite.

Isolation of Sillica from Pantai Cermin Sand and Modification with Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Ligan Ethylendyamine Through Coating Method as Absorption of Pb Metal

Research on the formation of synthesis and modification coating of silica and obtained silica with a quartz structure used to absorb lead metal ions. This isolation was performed by extracting silica from sand with the co-precipitation method using NaOH 7M and then adding HCl 2M. The resulting silica was coated with sodium lauryl sulfate and ethylenediamine to increase adsorption. The FT-IR spectrum on silica shows the presence of Si-O-Si, Si-O-, Si-OH, S–O, SO3, CH2, and NH—Sillica coating, which sodium lauryl sulfate and ethylenediamine ligands were carried out by coating method at pH 2. The results obtained before and after coating on silica were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, and SEM EDX analysis. The FT-IR spectrum on sillica showed the presence of Si-O-Si, Si-O, and Si-OH functional groups. After the coating, there was a change in the spectrum, indicating new functional groups in the S-O, SO3, CH2, and NH spectra. Characterization using XRD shows the diffraction peaks were of 2𝛳 27,6297°, which indicates the amorph. After coating, the diffraction peaks appeared at an angle of 2𝛳 in the area of 19.62 °, 20.47°, 21.04 °, 25.56 °, 26.50 °, and 29.73 ° with a high enough intensity indicating increased crystallinity. The morphology, composition, and size of the silica produced before and after coating were observed by SEM-EDX. Where there is a change in the size before and after a modification, that is 100,788 nm to 85,3773 nm. Silica before and after coating is used as an adsorbent to reduce levels of heavy metal lead (Pb). This analysis showed that the adsorption of Pb²⁺ with silica was 4,5162 ppm, while the adsorption of Pb²⁺ after coating was 1,1146 ppm.

Enhancing Antioxidant Activity of Curcumin Using ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Electrodeposition Method

The objective of this study was to fabricate zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles through the utilization of the electrodeposition technique, to employ them as a supportive medium for enhancing the antioxidant properties of curcumin. The study involved the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles, which were subsequently subjected to characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was assessed through the use of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. In XRD analysis, a notable peak denoted by an asterisk (*) is observed at specific angles of 2θ: 25.84°, 31.63°, 34.21°, and 36.12°, with corresponding index values (h, k, l) of (220), (100), (002), and (101), respectively. This peak is indicative of the degree of crystallinity exhibited by ZnO nanoparticles. The SEM data indicates that the particles generated possess a rod-like morphology, exhibiting a range of sizes. The Nyquist plots exhibit a semicircular arc pattern at low frequencies, as indicated by the findings from the EIS test. The data obtained from antioxidant assays indicated that ZnO-curcumin achieved an inhibition level of 47.09%, while curcumin alone showed a significantly lower inhibition percentage of 4.93%.

Synthesis and Characterization of Adsorbent Materials Magnetite Mercaptosilicate Ion Imprinted Polymer as Cadmium Ion Adsorbent

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal with the active property of reacting with other components so that cadmium residues can quickly enter the food chain and cause cardiovascular, kidney, and cancer diseases. The purpose was to synthesize the magnetite mercaptosilicate ion imprinted polymer adsorbent material by forming Ion-Imprinted Polymer as a template, to analyze the characterization results using XRD and SEM-EDS, and to determine the adsorption test results for Cd metal ions. The results of the characterization of XRD show that there is a broad peak at a diffraction angle of 2θ= 20-220 with an amorphous structure, which is silica, and there is a high peak at a diffraction angle of 2θ= 35.55140 which indicates magnetite. The results of SEM analysis with magnifications of 500x, 1000x, and 5000x showed that the surface morphology of the particles was not uniform. For the EDS results, it can be seen that the components of the magnetite mercaptosilicate ion imprinted polymer material are elements C, O, Si, S, and Fe, with a mass percentage of 25.0%; 41.2%; 29.9%; 3.28% and 0.8%. The results of the adsorption test for the Magnetite-IIP-Mercaptosilika Material were able to adsorb Cd ions with the highest adsorption capacity of 10.536 mg/g at a concentration of 100 mg/L. Then the selectivity coefficient value of the Ion Cd metal ion is 2.32 greater than 1, indicating that the selectivity of the magnetite mercaptosilicate ion imprinted polymer material is much higher for Ion Cd metal ions than for Cu and Cr ions with a selectivity coefficient of 0.1 and 0.26.

Chitosan-ZnO Composite for Removal of Methylene Blue

This study aims to determine the effectiveness and increase in absorption of the chitosan-ZnO composite in the process of removing methylene blue when using the photodegradation method with the help of a UV lamp. Chitosan was synthesized from shrimp shell waste composite with metal oxide ZnO. The results of the characterization using XRD obtained the diffraction peak for chitosan at an angle of 2θ, namely 19.85°; 29.43°; 34.76° and chitosan-ZnO composite at an angle of 20.18°; 28.93°; 33.57°. The SEM-EDX characterization shows that chitosan-ZnO has small, light-colored grains and more gaps and contains elements of chitosan and Zn. In the FTIR characterization, there was a decrease in intensity at a peak of around 3360 cm1 which was caused by the chitosan-ZnO composite producing OH groups which reacted with methylene blue dye. In testing the effect of contact time using a UV lamp, there was an increase in the percentage of degraded methylene blue compared to without using a UV lamp. The maximum contact time is obtained at 60 minutes. While testing the effect of methylene blue dye concentration, the maximum absorption concentration was 45 ppm at 60 minutes of contact time. The adsorption capacity of the composite against methylene blue dye without UV light was 18.91 mg/g while using a UV lamp it increased to 20.145 mg/g. Based on this research, the chitosan/ZnO composite can be used quite well as a methylene blue dye remover.

Adsorption and Photocatalytic Activity of Bentonite–Titanium Dioxide on The Degradation of Methylene Blue Dyes

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of bentonite-titanium dioxide (Bentonite-TiO2) composite on the degradation process of methylene blue. Synthesize of composite carried out through the impregnation of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) on bentonite and then characterizing the obtained compound using XRD and SEM-EDX. The results of the XRD characterization showed that there was a shift in the diffraction angle (2θ), which indicated the success of the impregnation procedure. The morphology of the composite showed that the bentonite surface had been filled with TiO2, as evidenced by the results of the EDX analysis, which showed a 7.03% increase in Titanium. Furthermore, the degradation process was carried out using various variables, including contact time, the ratio of composite weight to dye, and by irradiation with a UV lamp at a wavelength of 352 nm UV. It was discovered that the best degradation in the concentration of methylene blue occurred at a maximum contact time of 90 minutes and at a maximum weight of 10 mg of benonite TiO2, with an effectiveness of 99.91% after irradiation and 92.26% without irradiation

Synthesis of Zn/Al-ZnO Composite Using Zn/Al-Layered Double Hydroxide for Oxidative Desulfurization of 4-Methyldibenzothiophene

Zn/Al-ZnO composites made from Zn/Al-Layered Double Hydroxide base material and ZnO as a precursor were successfully made in this study. Characterization analysis using SEM-EDS, XRD, and FTIR. The SEM analysis results show the Zn/Al-LDH has a smooth surface, overlapping, and is prone to aggregation, resulting in non-uniform particle size. However, it forms a uniform grain shape. Zn/Al-ZnO have rough surfaces with uniform particle shape and size, and the presence of pores on the particle surface. EDS analysis shows the Zn element which is more abundant in Zn/Al-ZnO. XRD analysis of Zn/Al-LDH showed the hydrotalcite. XRD analysis on ZnO showed the hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. Zn/Al-ZnO composites at an angle of 2θ show the same peak of the base material and the precursor. FTIR analysis of the composite revealed the presence of O-H groups at wave numbers 3445 cm−1, 1633 cm−1, and 1504 cm−1, indicating the presence of nitrate. Additionally, vibrations at wave numbers 1382 cm−1 corresponded to antisymmetric (v3) stretching of nitrate, while wave numbers 418 cm−1 and 606 cm−1 indicated metal-oxygen stretching vibrations. Of all the factors used in the desulfurization of 4-methyldibenzothiophene, Zn/Al-ZnO composites had the highest %conversion rate of both the base material and the precursor. The %conversion values of Zn/Al-ZnO at the time of contact were 99.40%, catalyst dosage 99.38%, solvent 99.10%, and temperature 99.56%, respectively. The catalyst is heterogeneous and reusable for the desulfurization of 4-methyldibenzothiophene.

Application of Infrared Spectroscopy and X-Ray Powder Diffractometry for Assessment of the Qualitative Composition of Components in a Pharmaceutical Formulation

A qualitative assessment of a new four-component pharmaceutical composition has been carried out using the methods of infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffractometry. Qualitative characteristics for the identification of mixture components by absorption bands in infrared spectra and characteristic peaks by positions on the scattering angle 2θ scale in diffractograms were determined. It was experimentally confirmed that the quantitative content of benzocaine and procaine hydrochloride in the mixture without diclofenac sodium decreased by two times compared to their content in the mixture with it. Original infrared spectra and X-ray diffractograms of the new pharmaceutical composition with diclofenac sodium, which can be used for its identification, are presented.

Study on the mechanism of structure modification of amylopectin co-crystalized by sodium chloride to promote disulfide bond formation of alkali-soluble glutenin

Strength and stiffness are the main characteristics of high-quality dough products. As one of the key components to endow those functions to noodles, formation of disulfide bonds in alkali-soluble glutenin (ASG) is very important. Interaction of ASG and co-crystalized wheat amylopectin with NaCl could prompt formation of disulfide bonds of ASG and its mechanism was deduced in the paper. The results showed that the disulfide bonds contents of ASG were increased significantly by interaction with co-crystalized wheat amylopectin. The co-crystalized wheat amylopectin with 2% NaCl for 24 h at 30 °C was distinguished by the Mn distribution of 0.55–0.95 × 106 g/mol, more chains with 18∼24 glucose residues being grafted from chains of 4∼7 glucose residues during the eutectic process, presence of the weak resonance enhancement at 96.5 ppm, molecular aggregate diameter less than 120 μm, and only one of X-diffraction angles 2θ at 20.2°. In the process of interaction, Qβ, Qδ, Yγ, Yε of ASG and C1, C6 of what amylopectin involved in the formation of disulfide bond, the contents of intermolecular β-sheet decreased and those of intra-molecular aggregation extended β-sheet and random coils increased. The peak melting temperature and melting enthalpy of the mixture decreased significantly after co-crystallized wheat amylopectin interacted with the ASG. Co-crystalized wheat amylopectin with NaCl can be used as a reinforcing agent of wheat flour.

Synthesis and Characterization of Silicon–Carbon Powder and Its Resistance to Electron Irradiation

The issue of crystallization of silicon oxide at low temperatures is a topical issue for the electronics of the future. Organosilicon oligomers and polymers are “ideal” sources for obtaining ultrapure silicon ceramics and silicon nanoparticles. This paper presents the results of the synthesis of highly dispersed silicon-carbon powder from an organohydrosiloxane oligomer and the method for increasing its crystallinity at low temperatures. The diffraction pattern of the resulting powder corresponds to the amorphous–crystalline state of the components in this material, as evidenced by two intense and broadened amorphous halos in the region of Bragg angles 2θ = 7–11° and 18–25°. The resulting silicon–carbon powder was subjected to electron irradiation (E = 10 MeV; D = 106–107 Gy). This paper presents the data on the changes in powder properties via IR-Fourier spectroscopy, X-ray phase analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Irradiation with fast electrons with an absorbed dose of 106 Gy leads to a slight crystallization of the amorphous SiO2 phase. An increase in the absorbed dose of fast electrons from D = 106 to D = 107 Gy leads to the opposite effect. An amorphization of silica is observed. This study showed the possibility of the crystallization of a silicon–carbon powder without a significant increase in temperature, acting only with electron irradiation. It is necessary to continue further research on expanding the boundaries of the optimal doses of absorbed radiation from fast electrons in order to achieve the maximum effect of the crystallization of silicon–carbon powder.

Exploring the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles

Abstract The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, it is essential to explore alternative strategies to effectively combat medically significant resistant pathogens. In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a promising alternative source of antimicrobial agents. While nanoscale particles were traditionally synthesized using chemical techniques, the development of metallic NPs using biological methods has garnered attention. This current study focuses on the synthesis of iron NPs (Fe NPs) using metal-tolerant fungal strains, as numerous microorganisms serve as environmentally safe and durable precursors to produce persistent and bi-functional NPs. The study involved the isolation and evaluation of ten fungal strains that are resistant to heavy metals to determine their ability to produce Fe NPs. The biologically synthesized Fe NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The XRD results indicated the presence of Fe in nanopowder form, displaying a series of reflection angles (2θ) at 65° and 75° indicating the existence of cubic planes. EDX analysis revealed the presence of ferrous and ferric elements, along with zero-valent Fe NPs. Micrographs of the surface topology displayed spherical aggregation of the synthesized NPs. Furthermore, the Fe NPs exhibited promising antibacterial potential against selected bacterial strains, including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Cronobacter sakazakii, Listeria innocua, and Enterococcus fecalis. This study demonstrates that the biological synthesis of metallic NPs is environmentally safe, and Fe NPs produced through mycological means could be utilized to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogenic strains.

Synthesis of highly self-dual-doped O, P carbon nanosheets derived from banana stem fiber for high-performance supercapacitor electrode

ABSTRACT In the present study, the development of a supercapacitor electrode using activated carbon (AC) derived from natural banana stem fiber (BSF) was presented. To enhance AC-BSF performance, nanosheets with favorable pore structures were incorporated, enriched with O and P doping. The production process involved crushing and heating BSF particles at high temperatures, with the addition of 0.5 M KOH as a reaction agent and developer of porous carbon structures with high density. The physical properties of AC-BSF were determined through density calculations, which revealed a shrinkage up to 34%. The material exhibited amorphous properties characterized by gentle peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of 23.06–25.01° and 44.63–46.07°. The wettability of AC-BSF was attributed to the presence of O-H functional groups, micro-mesopores structure was confirmed by the type IV isotherm curve. AC-BSF-H2SO4 showed the highest specific capacitance value of 206.76 F/g. The increase in the performance of the AC-BSF electrode could primarily be attributed to its dual doping with O (24.15%) and P (4.37%) as well as the contribution of pseudocapacitance. These findings show the significant potential of O and P-doped multi-heteroatom carbon nanosheets derived from banana stem fibers in advancing new strategies for the development of high-energy-density and high-power supercapacitor materials.

Optimization of parameters for adsorption of acid yellow 36 dye onto nitrate‐intercalated MgAl LDH nanoparticle using Box–Behnken design

AbstractBACKGROUNDLayered double hydroxide nanoparticles have been extensively investigated and exploited for the removal of harmful anions from contaminated water. For adsorption of acid yellow dye (AY) from contaminated water, nitrate‐intercalated MgAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles were synthesized using the co‐precipitation method with the refluxing condition in a nitrogen atmosphere.RESULTSThe X‐ray diffraction pattern of LDH nanoparticles showed that LDH nanopowder with nitrate in the interlayer position was successfully synthesized. The shift in (003) basal plane diffraction peak to a lower angle (2θ) of 7.75° in the LDH‐AY from 10.40° in the pristine LDH confirmed the intercalation of AY in the interlayer space of LDH. Variable factors for the adsorption of the AY on the LDH nanoparticles were examined in the batch process using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and those included the adsorbent dose (5–30 mg), the incubation time (3–60 min), the temperature (25–50 °C), the pH of the AY aqueous suspension (5–9) and the AY concentration (0.03–0.1 mg mL−1). Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the three independent variables of temperature, incubation time and pH of AY solution for the adsorption of the dye. The optimized values of the incubation time, temperature and pH were found to be 25.89 min, 35.99 °C and 5.16, respectively. A maximum adsorption rate of 0.00515 g mg−1 min−1 of AY onto LDH nanoparticles was found at a solution pH of 5 and a temperature of 50 °C. The adsorption kinetics of the AY at different suspension pH values and temperature followed a pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. Furthermore, an adsorption isotherm study for the adsorption of AY at a temperature of 40 °C and pH 5 followed a Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption capacity of the AY was calculated to be 412.55 mg g−1 with excellent regeneration capacity.CONCLUSIONThe study revealed that the synthesized nitrate intercalated Mg Al LDH nanoparticles using the reflux conditions offered promising potential to adsorb acid yellow 36 dye form its aqueous solution. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

REMOVAL OF Cd2+ IN WASTEWATER USING ZEOLITIC IMIDAZOLATE FRAMEWORK-8 (ZIF-8) AS SYNTHESIS ADSORBENT

Zeolitic Imidazole Framework-8 (ZIF-8) has been synthesized by dissolving Zn(NO3)2.4H2O and 2-MeIM into a methanol solvent and solvothermal method. The synthesized ZIF-8 will be applied as a cadmium (Cd) adsorbent in Polluted water. Several characterization methods were conducted, including XRD, FTIR, and AAS. The XRD analysis shows that the prominent characteristic peaks of ZIF-8 at an angle of 2θ = 7,25o; 10,26o; 12,57o; 16,22o; and 17,86o. At the same time, the FTIR analysis showed the presence of functional groups of Zn-N, C-N, C=N, C=C, and C-H on aromatic 2-Methyl Immidazole as an indication that ZIF-8 has been completely established. Based on the result, the AAS method performed to analyze ZIF-8 ability to adsorb Cd in the water showed that Cd ions adsorption increased at pH 6 and 8 while decreasing at pH 7.

In Situ High-Pressure Raman Spectroscopic, Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction, and FTIR Investigations of Rutile and TiO2II

In ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks, rutile is an important accessory mineral. Its high-pressure polymorph TiO2II can be a significant indicator of pressure in the diamond stability field. In the present study, in situ high-pressure Raman spectroscopic measurements of natural rutile in UHP eclogite from the main hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD) have been conducted up to ~16 GPa. Rutile and recovered TiO2II have also been analyzed via single-crystal X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. The results indicate that (1) the phase transition from rutile to baddeleyite-type TiO2 terminates at about 16 GPa under compression at ambient temperature; (2) the metastable TiO2II in the exhumated UHP rocks formed during deep continental subduction can be characterized by a highly distorted octahedral site in the crystal structure. X-ray powder diffraction analyses (with Cu Kα radiation) at ambient conditions are sufficient for identifying the lamellae of TiO2II within natural rutile based on the angles (2θ) of two strong peaks at 25.5° and 31.5°; (3) rutile and recovered TiO2II in the continental slabs can contain certain amounts of water during deep subduction and exhumation. The estimated water contents of rutile in the present study range from 1590 to 1780 ppm of H2O by weight. In the crystal structure of TiO2II, hydrogen can be incorporated close to the long O-O edges (>2.5143 Å) of the TiO6 octahedra. Further studies on the pressure–temperature stability of hydroxyls in rutile and TiO2II may help to understand the transportation and release of water in subducted continental slabs.

Analysis of Mountain Sand Material Content in Rumah Tiga and Hative Besar Villages, Teluk Ambon District Using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Methods)

One area that has a mountain sand mine is Maluku, especially Ambon City, Teluk Ambon District, Hative Besar Village, and Rumah Tiga Village. This study aims to analyze mineral content, lattice parameters/crystal size, and the percentage of elemental and oxide content that forms a material on mountain sand in Wailete, Hative Besar Village and Kota Jawa, Rumah Tiga Village, using XRD and XRF methods. The mineral content analyzed by the XR-D method at both research locations showed the presence of diffraction peaks of the relationship between angle (2θ) and intensity (I) in the diffraction pattern with the main mineral content dominated by Quartz, Cristobalite, Sodalite, Calcite-synthetic, Anorthite, and followed by other minerals. Analysis of the percentage of elemental content using the XR-F method. Based on the results of XR-F analysis, the most dominant element in Wailete mount sand is Si (Silicon) with a percentage of 66.3% then followed by Al (Aluminum) at 10.8%, Fe (Iron) at 3.75% and in Kota Jawa hill, namely Si (Silicon) is 46.2%, Al (Aluminum) is 10.8%, Fe (Iron) is 9.11% and the rest is in the form of several elements with smaller percentages, namely Rb (Rubidium) and Sr (Strontium) 0.09%.

Synthesis of reduced graphene oxide from oil palm empty fruit bunches using matoa leaf extract

Reduced graphene oxide is a compound produced by removing oxygen-containing functional groups from graphene oxide. It was synthesized from oil palm empty fruit bunches because of their abundance and carbon elements to obtain an efficient adsorbent. Furthermore, the synthesis was conducted by using the Hummer method, and graphene oxide was reduced by matoa leaf extract. Characterization analysis with XRD reported an angle 2θ peak of 24.4º with a d-spacing value of 0.365 nm, while FTIR showed the O–H, C N, C=C, and C–H functional groups with lower intensities than GO. Characterization by Raman spectroscopy reported a D peak at 1381 cm–1, G at 1592 cm–1, and 2D at 2685 cm–1 with a defect intensity ratio compared to the graphite of 0.93. Meanwhile, the synthesized reduced graphene oxide was applied as an adsorbent to adsorb methylene blue. The concentration of the adsorbent showed the optimum conditions for the adsorption of methylene blue at the optimum concentration of 50 mg/L, the optimum time of 45 minutes, and the optimum adsorbent mass of 25 mg for 36.95 mg/L, 42.40 mg/L, and 49.856 mg/L, respectively. The reduced graphene oxide adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir model with a correlation coefficient, maximum adsorption capacity, and a KL value of 0.9998, 54.945 mg/g, and 0.587 L/mg.