Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Genotype Research Articles

The Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphisms on the Clinical Efficacy of Perindopril Prescribed for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Chinese Han Patients.

Objective: Perindopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is commonly used in the treatment of Chinese Han patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, there have been few studies on whether polymorphisms of the ACE gene affect the efficacy of perindopril or the prognosis of AMI patients. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship among the ACE rs121912703 (C>T), rs767880620 (C>A), and rs397514689 (C>T) gene polymorphisms and the prognosis of AMI patients and the clinical efficacy of perindopril in the treatment of AMI. Methods: The ACE genotypes at the rs121912703, rs767880620, and rs397514689 loci in 225 AMI patients treated with perindopril were determined by polymerase chain reaction/Sanger sequencing. Differences in cardiac structure, functional indicators, hemodynamic parameters, and related laboratory indicators were detected before and after treatment. Results: After administration of perindopril, improved ventricular remodeling in AMI patients with wild-type ACE was better than in patients with the ACE rs121912703, rs767880620, and rs397514689 minor variant alleles. The patients harboring wild-type ACE had lower systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure than the patients harboring the minor variant alleles (p < 0.01). The contents of serum ACE and Ang II (angiotensin II) in AMI patients carrying the wild-type ACE alleles were lower than those of patients harboring any of the minor variant alleles (p < 0.01). The 3-year survival time of AMI patients carrying the wild-type ACE alleles was markedly greater compared with AMI patients carrying the mutant genes (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Mutations at the ACE rs121912703, rs767880620, and rs397514689 loci affect the efficacy of perindopril on ventricular remodeling and hemodynamics in Chinese Han AMI patients. The 3-year survival of AMI patients harboring the variant alleles is less than that of the patients harboring the wild-type gene.

Genetic Variation of I/D Enzyme Converting Angiotensin (ACE) with Athlete Muscle Resistance

Programmed physical exercise in athletes causes the cardiovascular system to be more efficient in pumping blood and carrying oxygen to muscles. Indicators of cardiovascular changes during exercise are: oxygen consumption, heart rate, stroke volume, differences in arterial and venous oxygen, blood pressure and blood flow. Some physical components that need to be considered for development include: VO2 max, muscle endurance, strength, flexibility, speed, stamina, agility, and explosive power. Some specific genes are identified as a muscle phenotype response to strength training, namely angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. The insertion / deletion (I/D) polymorphism in this gene was found to play a role in variations in the activity of the ACE enzyme, in someone carrying a deletion allele (D) who had higher ACE enzyme activity. The research was carried out at the Organization of the Indonesian National Sports Committee (KONI), especially in South Sulawesi Bangkit athletes. The results showed a significant relationship between genetic variation in ACE gene (I/D) with muscle endurance (p-value 0.05). Likewise in sprints and endurance sports, there was no relationship with variations in the ACE gene (p-value &gt;0.05). In conclusion, further research should be on athletes who win the Olympics or World Championships, with a single sports discipline, larger sample sizes and more diverse genetic variations, so that the ACE genotype can be explored and developed in athletes.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Athlete, Physical exercise, ACE gene, Genetic variation of I / D, Muscle endurance

The importance of flavonoids in reducing blood pressure - selected aspects

Hypertension is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Therapy requires modifying the diet and lifestyle in order to reduce body weight. The role of flavonoids in reducing blood pressure also seems interesting. Flavonoids are plant compounds. The main classes of flavonoids are flavons, isoflavons, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, and anthocyanins. Numerous epidemiological studies have reported that a higher intake of flavonoids in a diet is associated with a decreased risk of hypertension. One of the mechanisms by which flavonoids can help to reduce blood pressure is their activity as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Various flavonoids have a different ability to inhibit ACE, which is dependent on their chemical structure. The ACE inhibitor activity is associated with three structural elements of flavonoids: the catechol group on the B-ring, C2-C3 double bond and the cetone group in C4 at the C-ring. Flavonoids may exhibit ACE inhibitor activity because of compete with the substrate (competitive inhibition). One of the studies showed that flavonoid activity, as an ACE inhibitor, may be dependent on the ACE genotype (I/I, I/D, D/D). The vasodilatory properties of flavonoids can help lower blood pressure. Authors of numerous studies have shown that these properties are associated with different mechanisms, e.g. activation of potassium channels, regulation of extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ level, stimulation of nitric oxide synthase and increased synthesis of nitric oxide. Based on the studies presented in this paper, it can be concluded that flavonoids may play an important role both in preventing hypertension and in supporting its treatment.

Association of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism with the Risk of Atherosclerosis

Aims: The objective of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and susceptibility to atherosclerosis (AS). Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the ISI Web of Science were searched for all eligible published studies concerning the relationship of ACE gene polymorphism with AS without language restrictions. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate this relationship under different genetic models using meta-analytic methods. Results: A total of 15 articles (16 studies) were involved in this meta-analysis. The D allele of the ACE gene had a nonsignificant increase in the risk of AS (D versus I: OR = 1.23, 95% CI, .98-1.53, P = .07; I2 = 87.2%, Pheterogeneity < .01). Compared with the II genotype, the DI (relative risk [RR]: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.67, P < .01; I2 = 47.8%, Pheterogeneity = .017) and (DD + DI) (RR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.82, P = .02; I2 = 73.3%, Pheterogeneity < .01) genotype of ACE was associated with higher risk of AS, respectively. Subjects with the DD genotype showed a statistically nonsignificant trend toward greater risk of AS (RR = 1.53, 95% CI: .97, 2.43, P = .07; I2 = 88.6%, Pheterogeneity < .01). Further subgroup analyses showed that significant relationships were only found in Europeans under different gene polymorphism or different genotype models rather than Asians. Conclusions: The present meta-analysis indicated that the D allele in the ACE gene was associated with the risk of AS, especially in Europeans. Furthermore, increased copy number of D allele was significantly associated with increased AS risk in a dose-dependent manner.

Impact of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme and Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 Gene Polymorphisms on Risk for Developing Vascular Access Failure in Hemodialysis Patients - A Pilot Study.

For adequate hemodialysis, functional vascular access is obligatory. Neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) has a central role in stenosis and thrombosis development, which represent the most frequent causes of vascular access failure. Polymorphism of different genes that have a significant role in endothelial function may have an impact on NIH development. Therefore, the aim of our study is to determine the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) 5A/6A polymorphism on risk for developing vascular access failure in hemodialysis patients. The study included 200 patients on regular hemodialysis at Nephrology Department, University Medical Center Zvezdara. Retrospective analysis included a collection of general and vascular access data from medical records. Genetic analysis was performed by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP). Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1—patients who have never experienced vascular access failure and Group 2—patients who have at least one spontaneous vascular access failure. There was no difference in age, gender, hemodialysis vintage, main diagnosis, presence of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus between the two groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the frequencies of ACE and MMP3 genotypes between the two groups. Without statistical significance, it was found that homozygotes for I allele had two times higher risk for developing vascular access failure than homozygotes for D allele (OR 2.00; 95%CI: 0.727–5.503; P = 0.180). In addition, patients with 5A allele have 1.7 times higher risk for developing vascular access failure compared with patients without this allele (OR 1.745; 95% CI: 0.868–3.507; P = 0.118). Patients with vascular access failure do not have different genotype distribution regarding ACE gene and MMP3 gene polymorphism as compared with patients without vascular access failure. Still, homozygotes for I allele and homozygotes for 5A allele have higher risk for developing vascular access failure compared with other patients.

Association of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism with Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy in Gaza Strip-Palestine

Introduction: The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of 287 bp Alu repeat sequence in intron 16 of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene resulting in three genotypes I/D, D/D and I/I. ACE gene expression is associated with ACE levels in cells and in the plasma. It indicated that the polymorphism may modulate the expression of the ACE gene. The D/D genotype is believed to confer deleterious effect to many pathogenesis, also, it might be a cause-effect for type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN). In this study, we evaluated the frequency of the different genotypes of ACE gene and investigated if there is an association between ACE gene polymorphism and T2DN by comparing the genotypes results of T2DN patients to healthy control, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nephropathy patients in Gaza Strip.&#x0D; Methodology: The study included 170 subjects, consisting of 43 T2DM patients undergoing dialysis "T2DN" compared to 41 T2DM patients who were not undergoing dialysis, 43 patients undergoing dialysis without T2DM and 43 healthy individuals. Blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes for DNA extraction. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to detect ACE gene polymorphism. All subjects were asked to fill the questionnaire interview.&#x0D; Results and Conclusion: The initial results showed that there is no statistically significant association between ACE genotypes and T2DN, also between the T2DM and nephropathy when compared to the healthy control (p&gt; 0.05). The (D/D) genotype was the most frequent in all study groups. Moreover, no association was observed between ACE genotypes and gender, diabetic nephropathy, nephropathy, diabetes, hypertension, obesity and various other diabetes complications.&#x0D;

Serum concentration of renin-angiotensin system components in association with ACE I/D polymorphism among hypertensive subjects in response to ACE inhibitor therapy

ABSTRACTBackground: Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a complex network of enzymes and peptides with the essential role in blood pressure control. The relationships between RAS components, RAS-related genetic polymorphisms and therapy response in essential hypertension (EH) were widely explored but the results were inconclusive.Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the functional role of ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism on the systemic quantity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), its homolog - ACE2, chymase and angiotensin II in EH patients with respect to achieved therapeutic blood pressure control.Results: Genotyping of ACE I/D polymorphism was performed among 140 patients with EH from Bulgaria. The serological analyses reveal the significant elevation of the serum quantity of all investigated enzymes in EH than normotensive controls. In addition, serum ACE2 (183.57 pg/ml; vs. 151.78 pg/ml; p = 0.02) and chymase (68.5 pg/ml; vs. 23.66 pg/ml; p = 0.034) were significantly higher in patients with uncontrolled EH than controlled EH in response to ACE-inhibitory therapy. Also, ACE I/D polymorphism showed a significant impact on the serum ACE and chymase levels. ACE quantity was the highest among carriers of DD-genotype, followed by ID and II-genotype. Contrary, chymase was in the highest quantity in II-genotype compared to ID-genotype (p = 0.025) and DD-genotype (p = 0.044).Conclusions: Our results suggest that insufficient blood pressure control by ACE-inhibitory therapy could be associated with elevation of serum ACE2 and chymase levels. Also, it appears that ACE I/D polymorphism may influence the circulating quantity of chymase in addition to ACE.

Individual and Combined Influence of ACE and ACTN3 Genes on Muscle Phenotypes in Polish Athletes

Orysiak, J, Mazur-Różycka, J, Busko, K, Gajewski, J, Szczepanska, B, and Malczewska-Lenczowska, J. Individual and combined influence of ACE and ACTN3 genes on muscle phenotypes in polish athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2776-2782, 2018-The aim of this study was to examine the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) genes, independently or in combination, and muscle strength and power in male and female athletes. The study involved 398 young male (n = 266) and female (n = 132) athletes representing various sport disciplines (ice hockey, canoeing, swimming, and volleyball). All were Caucasians. The following measurements were taken: height of jump and mechanical power in countermovement jump (CMJ) and spike jump (SPJ), and muscle strength of 10 muscle groups (flexors and extensors of the elbow, shoulder, hip, knee, and trunk). The insertion-deletion (I/D) polymorphism of ACE and the R577X polymorphism of ACTN3 were typed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), respectively. The genotype distribution of the ACE and ACTN3 genes did not differ significantly between groups of athletes for either sex. There was no association between ACE and ACTN3 genotypes (alone or in combination) and sum of muscle strength, height of jump or mechanical power in both jump tests (CMJ and SPJ) for male and female athletes. These findings do not support an influential role of the ACE and ACTN3 genes in determining power/strength performance of elite athletes.

ACE I allele is associated with more severe portal hypertension in patients with liver cirrhosis: A pilot study

BackgroundIn liver cirrhosis, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is involved in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension. Its effector, angiotensin II, is generated by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Serum ACE levels are affected by I/D polymorphism of its gene, with alleles I and D being associated, respectively, with lesser and greater activity of the enzyme. In cirrhotic patients carrying the ACE I allele, an increased risk for gastro-oesophageal varices was observed. AimThe aim of our study was to evaluate whether ACE I/D polymorphism influenced portal pressure. MethodsFifty-one consecutive cirrhotic patients were divided based on ACE genotype (DD, ID, and II). Kidney and liver function tests, upper endoscopy, and hepatic venous pressure gradient measurement (HVPG) were performed in all patients. ResultsThe presence of the ACE I allele was associated with a higher HVPG value (18.7±6.4 vs 10.3±6.3mmHg; P<.001), higher frequency of large gastrooesophageal varices (59.3% vs 25.0%; P<.05), and higher frequency of variceal bleeding (63.0% vs 29.2%; P<.05). No significant differences were found between patients with and those without the ACE I allele regarding Child-Pugh score, MELD score, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. ConclusionACE I/D polymorphism seems to influence the severity of portal hypertension and the risk of variceal bleeding in liver cirrhosis, regardless of the severity of liver disease.

Insertion / Deletion Polymorphism of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene Does Not Contribute to Chronic Kidney Disease in Palestine

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is progressive kidney damage in which the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases by 15% of that performed by normal kidneys, with the result that the kidneys are no longer to function effectively and this condition is treated with either kidney transplantation or dialysis. Hemodialysis (HD) is a process in which the blood passes through a machine (dialyzer) to remove waste. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) is one of the major components of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) that is responsible for blood pressure regulation. Insertion/Deletion I/D polymorphism of a 287 bp Alu repeat sequence in introns 16 of the ACE gene results in three genotypes I/D, D/D and I/I. The aims of this study were to evaluate ACE genotypes and allele frequency among HD patients and control subjects and to examine the association between ACE genotypes with HD risk.&#x0D; Methods: A retrospective case-control study included 186 subjects, 86 HD patients and 100 healthy individuals as a control. EDTA whole blood samples were collected from all participants for DNA extraction, and the ACE gene polymorphism was analyzed by using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Additionally, all individuals were requested to complete the questionnaire.&#x0D; Results: The initial results demonstrated that the D/D genotype was the most common genotype in all subjects and the association between ACE genotypes with HD occurrence was not statistically significant in the Gaza Strip-Palestine. Furthermore, no statistically significant association was detected between the polymorphism and the study groups (p-value = 0.511).&#x0D;

Genotype Distribution of Angiotensin I- Converting Enzyme in Iraqi Arab Population

The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene in humans has an insertion-deletion (I/D) polymorphic which produce three allelic variants: II, ID &amp; DD that associated with population relativity and relation with many genetic disease. The polymorphisms of ACE gene were investigated using polymerase chain reaction. The results showed a high frequency of the DD allele among the Iraqi Arab populations (50%), which is similar to those obtained from previous studies for Arab populations. More ever the distribution of ACE genotype among male and female (n= 100, 53male &amp; 47 female) showed DD: 47.17%, II: 22.6% &amp; ID: 30.19% in the male group and DD: 40.43%, II: 17.02% &amp; ID42.55:% in the female group. Significant association of hypertension &amp; diabetic with D allele of the ACE gene has been in Iraqi Arab population

Study of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism in Egyptian Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Diabetic Kidney Disease

Objective: Diabetic kidney disease DKD (Diabetic nephropathy DN) is considered one of the chronic micro vascular complications of diabetes mellitus and considered the commonest cause leading to chronic renal failure and chronic renal dialysis. Genetic susceptibility has been implicated in DKD. The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is one of the key roles in the renin angiotensin system cascade by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II which plays a key role in regulation of blood pressure as well as electrolytes and fluid balance. This study addressed the association of (ACE) gene polymorphisms with DN in Egyptian (T2DM) patients. Methods: Our research comprised of 75 cases of T2DM with diabetic kidney disease, 100 cases of T2DM without DKD and 94 healthy volunteers. Different genotypes of ACE gene were determined by SSP-PCR analysis. Results: Gene polymorphism of ACE (DD, ID, II) in diabetic patient with DKD is 44%, 52%, 4% respectively and for T2DM individuals without DKD is 23%, 72%, 5% respectively. (DD) had significant higher frequencies in T2DM patients with DKD compared to those without DKD (p < 0.005) and (ID) had significant higher frequencies in T2DM without DKD (p < 0.0001). These results indicated that there is an association between ACE gene polymorphisms and susceptibility of diabetic patients to be affected by diabetic kidney disease. Conclusion: From our results, we can conclude that genotype of ACE in Egypt DD is the genotype of cases diabetic kidney disease. So the presence of D allele has a significant relation with diabetic kidney disease. Our data confirm the role of ACE in its relationship with diabetic kidney disease in Egyptian type 2 diabetic patients.

Apolipoprotein B and angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphisms and aerobic interval training: randomized controlled trial in coronary artery disease patients.

Physical training has been strongly recommended as a non-pharmacological treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD). Genetic polymorphisms have been studied to understand the biological variability in response to exercise among individuals. This study aimed to verify the possible influence of apolipoprotein B (ApoB: rs1042031 and rs693) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE-ID: rs1799752) genotypes on the lipid profile and functional aerobic capacity, respectively, after an aerobic interval training (AIT) program in patients with CAD and/or cardiovascular risk factors. Sixty-six men were randomized and assigned to trained group (n=32) or control group (n=34). Cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed to determine the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) from cardiorespiratory variables. The AIT program, at an intensity equivalent to %VAT (70–110%), was conducted three times a week for 16 weeks. ApoB gene polymorphisms (−12669C>T (rs1042031) and −7673G>A (rs693)) were identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene (rs1799752) was identified through PCR and fragment size analysis. After 16 weeks, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels increased in the trained and control groups with the GA+AA genotype (−7673G>A) of the ApoB gene. Trained groups with ACE-II and ACE-ID genotypes presented an increase in oxygen consumption (VO2VAT) and power output after the AIT program. The presence of the ACE I-allele was associated with increased aerobic functional capacity after the AIT program. Increased LDL levels were observed over time in patients with the −7673G>A polymorphism of the ApoB gene. Trial Registration Information: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02313831

A study of ACE, eNOS and MTHFR association with psoriasis in Pakistani population

Psoriasis is chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by scaly skin, which affects 24% population globally. Role of different SNPs among ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme), eNOS (Endothelial nitric oxide synthase) and MTHFR (Methyltetrahydrofolate reductase) has been established in different genetic disorders, till date there is very limited data available which quadrate the role of these important genes in the pathogenesis of Psoriasis. The present study was conducted to determine the association of ACE, eNOS and MTHFR polymorphisms with psoriasis in the Pakistani population. A total of 240 psoriatic patients and 264 healthy controls were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for rs464699 Insertion/Deletion (ID) polymorphism in intron 16 of ACE, rs869109213 VNTR (a/b) polymorphism in intron 4 of eNOS and by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for rs2274976 G1793A, rs1801133 C677T and rs1801131 A1298C of MTHFR. In order to statistically analyze the genotype-phenotype association, logistic regression analysis was applied to the genotype data of psoriatic patients and controls. The ACE genotype DD was found to be significantly associated with risk of psoriasis (Odds Ratio [OR]=1.93(95% Confidence Interval [CI]=1.25–2.98), p=0.02) under the recessive model. eNOS (a/b) polymorphism also demonstrated association with susceptibility to risk of psoriasis in the current cohort (OR=1.88 (95% CI=1.25–2.83), p=0.001) under dominant model. In the case of MTHFR rs2274976 revealed significant association with psoriasis (OR=2.93 (95% CI=1.88–4.58) p≤0.001) under the dominant model as well as the recessive model (OR=1.34 (95% CI=1.34–15.04) p=0.005). rs1801133 also had marginal association with psoriasis by conferring protection against disease susceptibility under the dominant model (OR=0.63 (95% CI=0.4–1.0) p≤0.05), while rs1801131 did not show any association with psoriasis. In conclusion, in the Pakistani population ACE (ID), eNOS (a/b) and MTHFR G1793A polymorphism were observed to be significantly associated with the disease.

Family history and renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

A positive family history is recognized as an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the association of family history with rennin-angiotensin system (RAS) gene polymorphisms has not been reported yet, thus we aim to investigate it.Family history records, clinical and biochemical data were obtained from 1239 T2DM patients. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotyping and PCR-restricted fragment length polymorphism was used for angiotensinogen (AGT) genotyping.Patients with a negative family history had higher level of triglyceride and blood pressure, whereas those with a positive family history showed younger onset age and lower body mass index value (All P < .05), these findings were age-dependent. The percentage of hypertension was lower with a higher percentage of overweight among the patients with a positive family history (All P < .05). Patients with a positive family history and those with a negative family history had comparable genotype and allele distribution of ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphisms and AGT gene M/T polymorphisms.A positive family history of diabetes was not associated with the RAS gene polymorphisms.

Effect of lisinopril on cardio-pulmonary function and 6 minutes walking distance in patients with hypertension

Objective To compare the difference of antihypertensive efficacy, the result of heart and lung function test (CPET) and 6 minutes walking distance (6MWD) in hypertension patients with different angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms. Methods 120 patients with hypertension were randomly divided into four groups: the control group treated with nifedipine zyban, perimental group of group A (II), group B ( ID ), group C ( DD ) treated with lisinopril tablets.The blood pressure control situation, the changes of the CPET and 6MWD results were compared in the four groups 3 and 6 months after treatment. Results After 3 months, there were no significant changes in blood pressure drop of the four groups, and the differences were no statistically significant among the four groups in the range of blood pressure drop(all P>0.05), the body mass, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2/kg) and 6MWD of the four groups were not significantly changed..After 6 months, the blood pressure of the four groups decreased, and there were no statistically significant differences between the four groups in the drop of blood pressure(all P>0.05), VO2/kg(mL): the control group(17.94±1.51)mL, group A(18.04±1.85)mL, group B(19.70±1.25)mL, group C(21.25±2.20)mL and 6MWD: the control group(448.66±50.26)m, group A(445.07±41.21)m, group B(488.56±55.66)m, group C(500.54±53.25)m.The improvement range of VO2/kg and 6MWD was group C>B>A(group B compared with group A: ct=12.01, P=0.03; group C compared with group B: dt=17.26, P=0.02), there were no statistically significant differences between the control group and group A(all P>0.05). Conclusion This study found no ACE genotype associated with the antihypertensive effects of lisinopril, but found improvement of CPET and 6MWD result in different groups, DD type is superior to the ID, the ID type is better than type II. Key words: Lisinopril; Hypertension

Association of DD genotype of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (I/D) polymorphism with hypertension among a North Indian population.

Hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Genetic predisposition to the risk of developing hypertension due to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion(I)/deletion(D) polymorphism (through altered serum ACE activity) is well documented among various populations. The present study investigated the possible association between ACE (DD) genotype and hypertension using a nested case-control study design including 451 individuals (of either sex in the age group 30-65 years) from a rural North Indian population practicing agriculture and lacto-vegetarianism. Blood Pressure was classified using JNC-7 criterion. Age- and sex-matched individuals were selected from normotensive (N-122), pre-hypertensive (N-123), hypertensive not on medication (N-122), and hypertensive on medication (N-84) categories. Amplification of DNA and genotyping of PCR product was done using standard protocols. From the analysis, comparatively higher frequency of individuals with DD genotype in the hypertensive category was observed, indicating a possible relation between DD genotype and hypertension. The odds ratio analysis revealed 2.225 (1.13-4.37)-fold significant increased risk for hypertension among cases, validating the vulnerability of individuals with DD genotype towards hypertension. Thus, the present study highlights the increased risk for developing hypertension due to ACE DD genotype in the studied population.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is Affected and Protected by DD and DI Genotypes of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, Respectively: An Update of a Meta-Analysis

Objectives: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is an important enzyme involved in the physiopathology of renal, cardiovascular and ovarian systems. One of these ACE related diseases is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Materials and Methods: We intend to update the only meta-analysis written by Jia et al in 2013 on the association of ACE gene polymorphism and risk of PCOS. The reason of our attempt to update this meta-analysis was that they found no significant relation in their meta-analysis. For this aim, we searched in databases for relevant documents. Results: We found 8 relevant papers, 6 of which had been covered by Jia et al meta-analysis. In order to perform this meta-analysis, we used comprehensive meta-analysis software. The analysis was done through P value and sample size of each study based on fixed-effect model. Analyses were performed in 5 different groups of alleles and genotypes. Among these 5 analyses, 4 of them were statistically significant. Hereby, we concluded that DD genotype of ACE is a risk factor for PCOS (P value = 0.013; odds ratio [OR] = 1.195), while DI is the protecting genotype (P = 0.009; OR = 0.819). Conclusion: Hence, it is suggested to use a very low dose of captopril as an ACE inhibitor in the PCOS patients having DD genotype in future as a clinical trial, just as a scientific model. Further investigation on ovary ACE system is needed. Keywords Author Keywords:Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; Meta-analysis; Polycystic ovary syndrome KeyWords Plus:INSULIN-RESISTANCE; GENE POLYMORPHISM; PCOS; WOMEN; STIMULATION; ASSOCIATION; EXPRESSION; ESTRADIOL; SYSTEM; RISK

The Gene Variants of Maternal/Fetal Renin-Angiotensin System in Preeclampsia: A Hybrid Case-Parent/Mother-Control Study

Preeclampsia (PE) is a common pregnancy-related complication, and polymorphisms in angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) are believed to contribute to PE development. We implemented a hybrid study to investigate the influence of maternal and fetal ACE I/D, ACE G2350A, AGT M235T, AGT T174M, and AT1R A1166C polymorphisms on PE in Han Chinese women. Polymorphisms were genotyped in 1,488 subjects (256 patients experiencing PE, along with their fetuses and partners, and 360 normotensive controls with their fetuses). Transmission disequilibrium tests revealed that ACE I/D (P = 0.041), ACE G2350A (P = 0.035), and AT1R A1166C (P = 0.018) were associated with maternal PE. The log-linear analyses revealed that mothers whose offspring carried the MM genotype of AGT M235T had a higher risk of PE (OR = 1.54, P = 0.010), whereas mothers whose offspring carried the II genotype of ACE I/D or the GG genotype of ACE G2350A had a reduced risk (OR = 0.58, P = 0.039; OR = 0.47, P = 0.045, respectively). Our findings demonstrate that fetal ACE I/D, ACE G2350A, AGT M235T, and AT1R A1166C polymorphisms may play significant roles in PE development among pregnant Han Chinese women.

A Study on ACE, ACTN3, and VDR Genes Polymorphism in Thai Weightlifters

In order to excel in sport, apart from the correct training, the genetic combination of an individual may also be a factor in making an elite athlete. Weightlifting, as a popular sport, has a unique bio-mechanism dealing with muscle performance. The current study investigated the polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the a-actinin-3 (ACTN3), and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) genes (individually or in combination) in Thai weightlifters. A total of 117 male and female national and junior Thai weightlifters, and 99 healthy sedentary people were recruited for this study. Genotyping was analyzed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). When compared to the junior and non-athletes group, the genotype and allele frequencies of ACE (DD), ACTN3 (RR), and VDR (ff) were more frequent in both male and female national weightlifters. In addition, the genotype combinations between ACE (DD) + VDR (ff), ACE (DD) + ACTN3 RR, and ACTN3 RR + VDR ff presented highly in both genders of national weightlifters. Taken together, our results suggest that the ACTN3 and VDR genotype, individually or in combination, may influence muscle performance in weightlifters, appearing to significantly contribute to better weightlifting performance.