Abstract
Physical training has been strongly recommended as a non-pharmacological treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD). Genetic polymorphisms have been studied to understand the biological variability in response to exercise among individuals. This study aimed to verify the possible influence of apolipoprotein B (ApoB: rs1042031 and rs693) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE-ID: rs1799752) genotypes on the lipid profile and functional aerobic capacity, respectively, after an aerobic interval training (AIT) program in patients with CAD and/or cardiovascular risk factors. Sixty-six men were randomized and assigned to trained group (n=32) or control group (n=34). Cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed to determine the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) from cardiorespiratory variables. The AIT program, at an intensity equivalent to %VAT (70–110%), was conducted three times a week for 16 weeks. ApoB gene polymorphisms (−12669C>T (rs1042031) and −7673G>A (rs693)) were identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene (rs1799752) was identified through PCR and fragment size analysis. After 16 weeks, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels increased in the trained and control groups with the GA+AA genotype (−7673G>A) of the ApoB gene. Trained groups with ACE-II and ACE-ID genotypes presented an increase in oxygen consumption (VO2VAT) and power output after the AIT program. The presence of the ACE I-allele was associated with increased aerobic functional capacity after the AIT program. Increased LDL levels were observed over time in patients with the −7673G>A polymorphism of the ApoB gene. Trial Registration Information: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02313831
Highlights
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multifactorial disease influenced by a wide range of modifiable risk factors as well as non-modifiable factors [1]
The present study showed that trained and control groups with polymorphism –7376G4A of the apolipoprotein B (ApoB) gene presented increased low-density lipoproteins (LDL)-C levels after 16 weeks
After the aerobic interval training (AIT) program, the increased functional aerobic capacity in the trained group was associated with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I-allele
Summary
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multifactorial disease influenced by a wide range of modifiable risk factors (dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and physical inactivity) as well as non-modifiable factors (age and genetic profile) [1]. Exercise practice has been strongly recommended for the management of CAD and control of modifiable risk factors in the context of cardiac rehabilitation, given the benefits on the cardiovascular system and control of modifiable risk factors [2]. Changes in serum lipids are small and have a limited effect on low-density lipoproteins (LDL), putting to question the effects of exercise training on lipid abnormalities [6,7]. This inter-individual variability in adaptive responses and change in the lipid profile with physical training may be associated with genetic polymorphisms, which may alter cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations to exercise. Personalized medicine and interindividual differences in response to an exercise training program have received increased scientific interest
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