Anbar Governorate Research Articles

Evaluation of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 treated with or without convalescent plasma therapy: A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study

Background: The socio-clinical characteristics have been considered an important variable associated with COVID-19 and a predictor of morbidity and mortality. Convalescent plasma therapy (CPT) was one of the modalities used worldwide for COVID-19 treatment. In Iraq, there is a paucity of studies evaluating the socio-clinical variables of patients with severe COVID-19 treated with CPT. Objectives: This study aims to describe the socio-clinical characteristics of patients with severe COVID-19 treated with and without CPT in one of the main COVID-19 treatment centers in Iraq. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between May 15 and August 14, 2020, at the main COVID-19 treatment center in Anbar Governorate, west of Iraq. Out of 529 hospitalized patients, a total of 438 with severe disease were enrolled in the study. Results: The participants’ mean age was 49.9±13.8 years. The majority of the subjects were males, aged ≥40 years, residing in urban areas. 65.2% of the patients had at least one comorbidity, and 6.4% were smokers. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus represented the two commonest comorbid conditions. All patients have required oxygen therapy; 41.1% were performed with continuous positive airway pressure. Male patients aged ≥60, and patients with comorbidities received CPT at a higher frequency. Conclusion: This study corroborates the findings from other studies that certain socio-clinical characteristics had an association with hospitalization related to severe COVID-19. Convalescent plasma was administered in more than one-fifth of the COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Anbar during the early pandemic phase.

The correlation between azoospermia factor microdeletion in the Y chromosome and anti-sperm antibody generation in infertile Iraqi patients

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the occurrence of Y chromosome azoospermia factor (AZF) microdeletions and assess immune infertility incidence and whether there is a correlation between them. Materials and Methods: The sample included 75 infertile men who were referred to private clinics in Ramadi city as a test group and 25 healthy fertile men as a control group. The tests included analysis of seminal fluid and detection of the antibodies against the sperms at both seminal fluid and serum and diagnosed chromosomal deletions via real-time polymerase chain reactions using specific sequence-tagged sites. Results: The results reveal that 46 (61.33%) patients in the group of infertile men have AZF microdeletions, while no deletions are present in the control group. Out of the 75 infertile men, 5 patients (6.66%) from all the study groups have positive results for anti-sperm antibodies (ASA), while the others have negative results for ASA in both serum and seminal plasma. Conclusions: The prevalence of AZF microdeletions in our study population is high in Anbar Governorate of Iraq, while we find a low incidence of ASA in this study. All the patients with positive ASA results are without deletions in the Y chromosome’s AZF region. So there is no correlation between AZF microdeletion and ASA generation in infertile men in the current study.

MEASURING THE SUPERIOR EFFICIENCY OF PROTECTED FARMS OPERATING IN ANBAR GOVERNORATE FOR THE SPRING SEASON OF 2020

This research aims to measure the superior efficiency of protected farms in Anbar Governorate using (Data Envelopment Analysises) for a sample that consisted of 91 farms for the year 2020 for the spring season, as well as clarifying the internal reasons behind achieving superior levels of efficiency. For the indicators of the statistical questionnaire collected from 91 operating protected farms in Anbar Governorate, a set of conclusions were reached, the most important of which are: Low efficiency levels for most of the protected farms due to the waste of resources used for these farms, efficient farms according to the high efficiency index can reduce variable costs A greater percentage than reducing fixed costs, and Fallujah district achieved the highest levels of efficiency and high efficiency, as it averaged efficiency and high efficiency 0.81 and 0.80 respectively, followed by spending his work, and the research reached a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: Provide the necessary environment for it, especially financially, in order to achieve more efficiency in order for its products to compete with the protected farms in neighboring countries, and on the other hand Owners of protected farms in Anbar Governorate are encouraged to reduce the waste in the use of their resources, especially the waste in fixed costs, a large part of which is due to the decrease in the houses on one farm optimum level.

Real Time- Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Test to Diagnose Brucellosis in Sheep in ANBAR Province

The aims of the study were to determine incidence ratio of brucellosis in aborted ewes in Anbar governorate using real time PCR technique and bacterial culture and evaluating the efficiency of bacterial culture. 50 samples of stomach contents of an aborted fetus and vaginal swabs from aborted ewes were collected. The incidence ratio of brucellosis in ewes in Anbar governorate were 72% in PCR test However in bacterial culture were 46%. The positive prediction value and Negative prediction value and Sensitivity and Specificity of bacterial culture were (100%, 51.8 %,63%,100%) respectively when use Real time PCR as an assessment test. Conclusions: Anbar province is endemic with brucellosis, especially in sheep. The Real Time PCR is a fast, easy and accurate test in detecting even small numbers of bacteria in a sample, Significant superiority of polymerase chain reaction technology over bacterial culture.

Variance of some Soil Physicochemical Properties and Oxides within the Oases of Al-Bouhyat in the Anbar Desert, Western Iraq

Al-Bouhyat Oasis was chosen. It is located within the boundaries of Anbar Governorate, to the right of the Euphrates River, southeast of Lake Haditha, about 27.45 km, at the coordinates 33°57'59.4"N 42°26'25.4"E, and an area of about 146.55 ha., Soil survey was carried out using the Free Lance method, covered with several pedons with a semi-detailed survey, which numbered 6 pedons. Soil samples were taken from each diagnosed horizon, transferred to the laboratory, and prepared for some physical and chemical analyses. The results showed soil development at the calcareous materials. The soils were classified into the Order of Aridisols, which included two levels of the suborder Gypsids with 78.25 ha (53.39%) and Calcids with 68.30 hectare (46.61%). The study results showed the SiO2 content in all profiles decreased with depth (range of 28.98 % to 35.14 and that Al2O3 values varied from 5.3 to 8.65%. The highest amount of Fe2O3 (4.02%) was in series 131CCW. The CaO range from 21.87 to 31.8% in series 133CKW and series 122CCW. The correlation coefficients showed no significant correlations with depth for Fe2O3, SiO2 and AL2O3, with a correlation coefficient of -0.096, 0.093 and 0.086, respectively. The study also showed a positive correlation coefficient between gypsum and sand content, with a significant positive correlation coefficient of 0.67. This indicates the coarse texture of gypsum soils. The study also showed a significant negative correlation coefficient of -0.51 between the gypsum content and the bulk density.

DETERMINING THE QUALITY INDEX OF VEGETATION COVER USING THE MEDALAS MODEL FOR THE REGIONS OF WESTERN IRAQ

Three sites were identified within the districts of Hit, Haditha and Anah from Anbar Governorate for the purpose of determining the quality of vegetation cover. The office work included obtaining topographical maps, Satellite imagery, digital elevation models, in addition to climatic data. The course of field work was determined on the basis of the geomorphological features within the terrestrial perspective and the nature of the ecosystem. A semi-detailed survey was conducted based on the networking method for the areas of Hit and Anah, while the free survey method was adopted for Haditha area. Soil texture classes for the study areas ranged from sandy loamy, sandy clay loam, clay loam and sandy clay. And the calcium carbonate content of the soils of the study areas ranged between 126- 495 g kg soil-1. As for the gypsum content of the soils of the study areas, it ranged between 68 - 480 g kg soil-1. And the content of the organic matter varied from 2.4-11.4 g kg soil-1. The results showed that the percentage of plant coverage was within the fourth class, as it ranged between 27.88% and 34.60% for all study areas. The drought index was within the fourth class, which is described as very dry, as its values ​​are 5.31, 5.78 and 5.61 for the regions of Hit, Haditha and Anah, respectively. The classes of erosion guide are included in the first class with low erosion and the second class with moderate erosion. Vegetation quality index (VQI) values ​​were distributed between the medium and low quality classes for the study areas.

Correlation of liver function tests and serum level interleukin-18 in patients with hepatitis B and C virus infection

Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are among the most common Infectious agents are most commonly transmitted through the blood Still a major global health problem, this possibility A study was conducted in Fallujah General Hospital, and the Public Health Laboratory in Anbar Governorate – Iraq. Study it was conducted on 60 individuals out of (30) cases of hepatitis B and C patients and (30) healthy cases (control) who were selected according to health criteria .The following data was recorded:Age, gender, date, resident, type of injury, data were collected by Statistical units Data were analyzed using SPSS for windows (version Distributing (HBV,HCV) patients into age group revealed that < 40 year age group had the highest frequency ` (56.67)%. while the age group > 50 year recorded the lowest frequency 3 (10.00)%. Among control, the age group > 50 years had the highest frequency 14(48.28)%, followed by the age group < 40 and year 10(34.48)%. And the lowest frequency in age group 40-50 recorded 5(17.24n Most of HBV,HCV patients were males (21(70%), while female patients accounted for 9(30%). Almost approximated frequencies were reported in control (17(58.62)and 12(41.38%, respectively).

Molecular detection of adenovirus among patients with common cold symptoms in Fallujah by real time PCR

Introduction: The confirmation of adenovirus infection using Real time PCR (qPCR) afford a greater accuracy, with a specific, sensitive, quantitative technique as well as time consuming. Adenovirus infections can be detected using a variety of techniques, although the most accurate ones are molecular ones. Method: This study includes 90 patient who suffering from respiratory symptoms (common colds) and/or diarrhea with high temperature, their ages range from newborn to elderly, who are inpatients and outpatients resident in Fallujah Maternity and Children's Hospital and teaching hospital in Fallujah / Anbar governorate, from 1st November 2021 to 1st May 2022. All samples subjected to Adenovirus identification using Real Time PCR Test. Results: Out of total 90 blood sample there were 12(13.3%), 78(86.7%) Negative and positive results respectively, from Real Time PCR results.

Antimycobacterial Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) Extracted by Deep Eutectic Solvents

Tuberculosis (TB) is a massive problem for public health and is the leading cause of illness and death worldwide. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is used traditionally to treat many diseases, such as infections of the lungs including pulmonary TB. R. officinalis was collected from Al Anbar Governorate, Iraq, and was extracted with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) of many different kinds and with conventional water solvent. The antimycobacterial activities of the R. officinalis extracts were tested against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis by agar disc diffusion assay. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were measured spectrophotometrically at 570 nm. Then, a time-kill assay and cell membrane integrity analysis were conducted to investigate the effects of the most active extracts on cell growth. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the most active extracts was evaluated against Rat Embryonic Fibroblasts (REF) cell line by MTT assay. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was conducted to analyze the chemical components of the most active extracts. At 200 mg/mL concentration, a significant inhibition activity was seen in DES2: Tailor (DIZ = 17.33 ± 1.15 mm), followed by DES3: ChGl, DES1: LGH and DES4: ChXl. The best result was DES2: Tailor, which had a MIC of 3.12 mg/mL and an MBC of 12.5 mg/mL. The DES2 extract exhibited a high drop in the number of colonies over time, killing more than 80 colonies. The main phytochemical compounds of the R. officinalis extract were camphene, camphenilol, α-pinene, limonene, apigenin, camphor, carnosol, linalool and myrcene. R. officinalis extracts obtained by DESs have shown evident power in treating tuberculosis, and extraction by DES is a greener procedure than the methods involving conventional extraction solvents. As a result, additional research into the application of DES should be considered.

Attitudes toward COIVID-19 vaccination: cross sectional study in Iraq

Background In March 2020, the WHO announced that COVID-19 has become pandemic. In Iraq since the start of applying the national covid-19 vaccines campaign, a lot of people refused to take the COVID-19 vaccine. Methods A cross-sectional study was done and a total of 814 participants were involved in the survey. A convenient sample approach was introduced in this study from 11 different areas (Central, Southern, and Northern) at Anbar governorate including urban and rural regions. A questionnaire form was distributed to people involved in the study and a self-administered answer was applied by the principal researcher. Analysis of data was carried out using simple descriptive statistics. This included calculation of percentages, risk factors, reasons, tables, and charts all done. Results A total of 814 participation included in this study. Male was 52.5% while female 47.5%.71.7% population understudy didn’t take any type of Covid-19 vaccine. And among those who took the covid-19 vaccine, of them, 58.4 % took only one dose of vaccination. a high percentage of 72.1% was among people understudy who didn’t take any type of vaccine because they don’t trust it. 14.3% of them didn’t take it because their friends and relatives didn’t take it. While 8.6% were afraid of its side effects. Almost 10% of people prefer to be infected with covid-19 rather than take the vaccination. Gender, age, marital status, occupation, and educational level all variables were significant differences with having or refusing the covid-19 vaccine. Conclusion In Iraq, people are still refusing to uptake the COVID-19 vaccine. A lot of rumors through social media are influencing public opinion and trust about the COVID-19 vaccine. More efforts should be done by the primary health centers, health workers, and doctors to educate public about the COVID-19 vaccine Keywords: Attitude, COVID-19 vaccine, Iraq

Serological detection of adenovirus infection by ELISA in Fallujah city

Adenovirus represent the most common cause of respiratory system disorders and antibody detection can speed up and improve the sensitivity of hAdV diagnosis. Method: This study includes 90 patient who suffering from respiratory symptoms , common colds , or diarrhea with high temperature their ages range from newborn to elderly which collected from Fallujah Maternity and Children's Hospital and teaching hospital in Fallujah in Anbar governorate, for the period from November to May 1-11-2021 to 1-5-2022. Adenovirus was detected by ELISA Test for serum. Results: Out of total 90 serum sample there were 22(24.4%), 68(75.6%) Negative and positive result respectively, from IgG and 87(96.7%) ,3(3.3%) Ne gative and positive result respectively from IgM Result. Conclusion: The presence of positive IgM in ELISA cannot be relied upon as a tool for diagnosing early or acute infections with the virus.

Spatial variation of household income levels in Anbar Governorate for the year 2020

The study aims to study the spatial analysis of the level of income in Anbar Governorate, one of the indicators of the standard of living of the family, as the study focused on showing the disparity in the distribution of monthly incomes for families, and its relationship to the distribution of classes of poor, fragile, middle and rich families at the level of the districts of Anbar Governorate. Anbar (1188190) dinars per month, with an increase in urban areas (1209455) dinars per month, while it decreased in the countryside (1153301) dinars per month, The study relied on classifying families according to the family’s income levels by using the national and international standard to classify families into four classes. The poor class is among the families whose monthly income has decreased from (726,000) thousand dinars per month, reaching a rate of (33.9%), then came Then came the fragile class, whose income ranged between (726000-1273000) dinars per month and its percentage was (24%), while the middle class came after it, whose income ranged between (1274000-2190000) dinars per month and its percentage was (32.7%), while the rich class included Families whose income exceeds (2,190,000) dinars per month, and the rate is (9,4).

Evaluation of the efficiency of the Saqlawiya irrigation project

This study focuses on showing the role of water resources represented by the Saqlawiya irrigation project located in Anbar Governorate within the sedimentary plain area and its geographical characteristics and the extent of its impact on human and economic uses, as it is characterized as a (growth pole) and the development of spatial development levels in the study area, which has an area of (707 km2). The results of the study through analyzing the data that the expenditures of the Saqlawiya irrigation project are characterized by fluctuation between one year and another and between months and seasons. m3/tha) according to the control and control of natural and human conditions on the Euphrates River Basin and the Dhra’ Tigris channel feeding the project, and the diversity of water sources feeding the project gave it a distinctive character, opening up vast horizons for it to engage in many economic activities that achieve spatial development for the region, but the internal mismanagement For the project, which negatively affected the quantity of water distribution on the streams branching from it, and therefore this quantity becomes a surplus for regions without others sometimes according to the needs different in the region. As for the qualitative characteristics (chemical and physical) of the project water, they vary in their characteristics from one place to another depending on the control and control of the natural and human geographical conditions in the region as well as the sources of nutrition of the project, and most of its ions fall within the permissible limits and others are allowed but restricted as an element (TDS). whose concentration in the project water ranges between (415-1009) mg / liter. Therefore, the aim of this study was to formulate strategies reinforced with development plans and development goals that can effectively contribute to enhancing opportunities for developing levels of spatial development within the study area, if the decision-makers in the governorate were serious about the development orientation.

Preface

The second conference of Iraqi desert geology (IDGC 2021)The second conference of Iraqi desert geology (IDGC 2021) was scheduled to be held in December 2020, but it was postponed to October 6-8, 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The conference was held in cooperation between the Department of Applied Geology, College of Science, University of Anbar, and the Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Baghdad. The Academics from Iraqi universities, researchers from the Iraqi Geological Survey, the Oil Exploration Company, the General Authority for Groundwater, and those interested in desert studies participated in the conference.IDGC was held basically via physical attendance for three days 6-8 October 2021 in Rammadi City, Anbar Governorate, Iraq. The program of the third day of the conference was a field trip to see the geological phenomena in the cities of Hit and Haditha. Each participant was given approximately 10 minutes to view the most important findings of his/her research, and 5 minutes to discuss these results.List of Structure of Committee, Organizing committee, Scientific Committee, Technical Support Committee, Keynote Speaker are available in this pdf.

Spatial variation of the unemployed population in Anbar Governorate for the year 2019

This research aims to study the size of unemployment (number of the unemployed population) in Anbar province and the spatial variation of crude unemployment rates at the level of the administrative units of the province, in addition to studying the variation of unemployment rates according to the environment (urban and rural) and by gender (males and females) at the level of the province's districts, as well as On the study of the distribution of crude unemployment rates for the unemployed population according to age groups. The study of the distribution of the geographical phenomenon in the place is one of the things that the geographer attaches special importance to because of the discrepancies that may appear in the distribution of the size of the unemployed population at the level of the administrative units of Anbar Governorate, which reveals the dimensions of the studied phenomenon within its spatial space

Evaluation of Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) for Habbaniya Lake in Anbar Governorate, Iraq

A study was conducted to estimate the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) for Habbaniya Lake in central Iraq for irrigation purposes. The samples were taken at sixteen stations in October 2019. Studied samples were examined for ten Physico-chemical parameters Hydrogen Number (pH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Temperature (T °C), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (T.H.), Turbidity (NTU), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Na+, Cl−, and HCO3 −. The results showed that 68.75% of the study water samples fall within the low restriction category (LR) irrigation water in eleven stations (which is dominant in all parts) and 25% of the search region falls under the no restriction category (NR) irrigation water in four stations (which is dominant in the northwestern part at station 5-8). Meanwhile, a small part of the study area represents 6.25% of the water samples is classified as a moderate restriction (MR) irrigation water in one station (in the central part). Accordingly, these categories are suitable to use only with the soil having low to moderate permeability with a plant of some kind for specified tolerance of moderate salts content. The IWQI is homogeneous and suitable for irrigation in all parts, especially the northwestern part which represents the entrance waters through Warar Canal that fed principally from the Euphrates River.

Awareness of green chemistry concepts among secondary school students

The objective of the research is to identify the extent of awareness of the concepts of green chemistry, the research objective was from (4043) students of the fifth scientific grade in the schools affiliated to the Education of Fallujah in Anbar Governorate, the research sample consisted of (400) students, and the research tools consisted in preparing and building a scale A science of chemistry concepts, which is used, consists of (42) items distributed into (12) concepts of green chemistry, and their validity and reliability were verified. In addition, there is no effect of the gender variable (male - female) on awareness of green chemistry concepts. In light of the results of the research, the researchers recommended several recommendations, including: Paying attention to the concepts of chemistry and including them within the fifth grade scientific curriculum

Genetic relationship of clinical bacterial isolates with their environmental spreading using ERIC-PCR

The study examined the relationship between environmental bacterial and the pathological isolates of inward patients. It identified the biological safety level procedures followed. This work was conducted during the period from December2021 till May 2022 in Ramadi city (Anbar Governorate). Samples were divided into 30 environmental samples collected from the hospital environment, sewage and water, and 100 clinical samples collected from inpatients. These patients were in The Ramadi Teaching Hospital and in The Women’s and Children Hospital. Bacterial isolates were diagnosed using biochemical tests and confirming using VITEK2 technique. Some chemical and physical variables were detected. This work studied the Genetic fingerprinting of selected bacterial species by the Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus of Polymerase Chain Reaction ERIC-PCR and conducted the dendrogram program was conducted for showing the relationships between environmental and pathological isolates of E. coli. As for the genetic fingerprint examinations environmental E. coli, the statistical analysis of the dendrogram program using ERIC-PCR technique had indicated that there was a similarity ratio 74.58% with the clinical E.coli.

Geographical analysis of the annual growth rates of the retired population in Anbar governorate

Developed countries are interested in the retired segment and provide them with many services such as medical care, housing and entertainment, whether it is between his family or in the homes of the elderly, and with the discrepancy between the countries of the world in the retirement age, but in Iraq a large number of them are referred to retirement when they reach the civil legal age (60 years). Al-Askari (50 years) and has a service of no less than (15 years), as it is noted that the number of retired residents in Iraq has increased year after year. The size of the retired population in Anbar Governorate reached (149.566) people for the year 2010 out of the total population of the province, which amounted to (1,483,359) people, at a rate of (10.08)% of the total population in it and a growth rate of (6.11%) at the level of the province, meaning that there is an increase in The annual growth rate of the size of retirees, as it turned out that there is a temporal and spatial variation in the size of the retired population in the governorate according to the districts.

Relation between some parasitological parameters and inflammatory bowel disease infection

The term inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to several chronic and recurrent inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders.. This current study was included (180) patients aged (15-60) with inflammatory disease of the internal organs who attended Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital in Anbar Governorate between September 1st of 2021 to the 1st of May 2022. Elected according to the diagnosis of a gastroenterologist. Three groups of samples were created. The first group (60 samples) from patients full of IBD and Lamblia protozoan infection, group II (60 samples) of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and Entamoeba histolytica - infection suffering, and group III (60 samples) for patients with inflammatory internal organ disease and Helicobacter pylori infection. While the control group consisted of (40) healthy individuals of different ages (15-60) years. They did not have a history of inflammatory bowel disease upon examination by gastroenterologist .The present study revealed a statistically significant difference between the cases (all three groups), and as a result, the p-value for the control group was(<0.05).