Anatomy Research Articles

Cerebral venous drainage through internal jugular vein

Internal jugular veins (IJVs) are the largest veins in the neck and are considered the primary cerebral venous drain for the intracranial blood in supine position. Any reduction in their flow could potentially results an increase in cerebral blood volume and intracranial pressure (ICP). The right internal jugular vein communicates with the right atrium via the superior vena cava, in which a functional valve is located at the union of the internal jugular vein and the superior vena cava. The atrium aspiration is the main mechanism governing the rhythmic leaflets movement of internal jugular vein valve synchronizing with the cardiac cycle. Cardiac contractions and intrathoracic pressure changes are reflecting in Doppler spectrum of the internal jugular vein. The evaluation of the jugular venous pulse provides valuable information about cardiac hemodynamics and cardiac filling pressures. The normal jugular venous pulse wave consists of three positive waves, a, c, and v, and two negative waves, x and y. A normal jugular vein gradually reduces its longitudinal diameter, as described in anatomy books; it is possible to segment IJV into three different segments J3 to J1, as it proposed in ultrasound US studies and CT scan. In this review, the morphology and methodology of the cerebral venous drainage through IJV are presented.

Performing ERCP in Surgically Altered Anatomy: It Mimics Traversing a Tunnel Rather Than a Cave!

Performing ERCP in Surgically Altered Anatomy: It Mimics Traversing a Tunnel Rather Than a Cave!

Ireland, Brittany, and Alcohol: An Anatomy of a Complicated Story

Ireland, Brittany, and Alcohol: An Anatomy of a Complicated Story

Three-Dimensional Anatomy of the Mesophyll Cells at Different Positions in Rice Leaf Tissue

Three-Dimensional Anatomy of the Mesophyll Cells at Different Positions in Rice Leaf Tissue

Meta analysis of clinical characteristics of urinary calculi in children

Objective We investigated the clinical characteristics and the most important risk factors of urinary calculi in children. Methods Using Cochrane Library, PubMed, ProQuest, ELEVIER Science Direct, Embase, Springerlink, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang database, we reviewed literature on clinical characteristics of urinary calculi in children from January 2003 to September 2018, and data was analyzed using STATA 14.0. Results Incidence of calculi in male children was 62.1% [95% CI (57.2%, 67.1%)]. 39.4% [95% CI (26.5%, 52.2%)] children with urolithiasis had a family history of positive stones, 25.3% [95% CI (19.2%, 31.3%)] had a history of urinary infection, and 16.6% [95% CI (12.3%, 20.9%)] had abnormal urinary anatomy. In addition, urinary calculi were most commonly found in the kidney [63.6%, 95% CI (49.9%, 77.3%)], followed by ureter [17.2%, 95% CI (13.4%, 21.0%)], and bladder [12.4%, 95% CI (6.9%, 18.7%)]. The single component of urinary calculi in children accounted for 58.8% [95% CI(48.7%, 68.9%)], the most common component was calcium oxalate [49.4%, 95% CI (36.7%, 62.1%)], followed by uric acid [7.9%, 95% CI (4.1%, 11.6%)]. The most common urinary metabolic disorders were hypernatremia [38.8%, 95% CI (27.9%, 49.7%)], followed by hypercalciuria [33.4%, 95% CI (27.3%, 39.4%)]. Conclusions Heredity metabolic abnormalities, urinary tract infection, and anatomical structural abnormalities are important risk factors of urinary calculi in children. Stone recurrence could be reduced and prevented by regulating metabolic disorders, managing urinary tract infection, and correcting anatomical abnormality. Key words: Urinary calculi; Child; Risk factors; Meta-analysis

Anatomy Not Precisely Described.

Anatomy Not Precisely Described.

The value of 3D-iMSDE MR neurography in the determination of the anatomical relationship between intraparotid facial nerve and parotid ducts and parotid tumors

Objective To investigate the spatial relationship between intraparotid facial nerve and parotid ducts in different types of parotid neoplasms with 3D improved motion-sensitized driven-equilibrium pulse (3D-iMSDE) MR neurography, and to guide the operation plan. Methods By means of prospective research methods, the sequences of 3D-iMSDE and 3D-T2-fast field echo (3D-T2-FFE) were obtained in 30 healthy volunteers and 40 patients with parotid gland tumors, respectively. All patients with parotid mass were found by physical examination, by maxillofacial surgeons or by ultrasonography or other imaging examinations. Facial nerve trunk with its first branches and parotid ducts were evaluated independently on images of iMSDE and T2-FFE sequence for volunteers. The signal intensity ratio (SIR) of both facial nerve and parotid ducts were compared respectively in two sequences The relationship between intraparotid facial nerve and parotid ducts with the lesion were analyzed on images of iMSDE and T2-FFE sequences for 40 patients. The results were compared with intra-operative anatomy and post-operative pathological findings.Wilcoxon symbolic rank test, t test and chi-square test were used Results The image scores of intra-parotid facial nerve and parotid ducts in iMSDE sequence were higher than that of T2-FFE sequence in all 30 healthy volunteers. The difference was statistically significant (Z=-6.197,P<0.05). Both the facial nerve and parotid duct on images of iMSDE sequence had higher SIR than that of T2-FFE. The differences were statistically significant (t=10.772,11.586, respectively;P<0.05). Forty patients with parotid gland tumors had a total of 41 lesions. Compared with the intraoperative anatomy, the accuracy of iMSDE and T2-FFE sequences in showing the relationship between the facial nerve and its primary branches with the mass were 36/41 (87.8%), and 22/41 (53.7%) respectively, and the accuracy of the two sequences in showing the relationship between the dominant duct of the parotid gland and the mass were 38/41 (92.7%) and 30/41 (73.2%), respectively.The accuracy rate in showing the relationship between facial nerve and its primary branch and the mass on images of iMSDE sequence were higher than that of T2-FFE sequence, and also in showing the relationship of parotid duct and the mass. The statistical differences were significant (χ2=9.725, 5.513;P<0.05,respectively). In the iMSDE sequence, the relationship between the facial nerve and its first branches (temporofacial and cervicofacial division) with the tumor was correctly demonstrated in 36 cases. 38 cases of parotid ducts were satisfactorily displayed on image of iMSDE sequence. Conclusions The 3D-iMSDE MRN sequence can correctly show the relationship between intraparotid facial nerve and parotid duct and the parotid gland neoplasms. Key words: Parotid neoplasms; Facial nerve; Magnetic resonance imaging; Parotid duct

Maxillary first premolar with three root canals: Four case reports

Effective and successful endodontic treatment requires dentists to have adequate information on the clinical variations in root canal anatomy. The maxillary first premolars usually have two roots; however, rarely, the occurrence of three root canals has been reported. Existence of such variations should be considered and noted, to be managed well and not missed. Herein, we illustrate the diagnosis and clinical management of four clinical cases presented with three root-canaled maxillary first premolars.

Anatomy of a Quarrel

Anatomy of a Quarrel

Prevalencia de la Arteria Estriada Medial Distal en una Muestra de Poblaciones Colombiana y Peruana

The distal medial striate artery is part of the brain circulation, born from the anterior cerebral artery generally at the level of the anterior communicating artery, although according to different studies its origin varies, being thus difficult to determine with accuracy. Its clinical importance lies in the prevalence of aneurysms found in this artery, which could later cause complications due to the region they irrigate, these being the somatic-vital and neuropsychological sequelae, in addition to its inadequate surgical approach without foreseeing the alterations that may be caused; Because of the above it is of vital importance that health professionals have prior knowledge of the anatomy and prevalence of this artery in the population. An observational descriptive study was carried out in which the distal medial striated artery in 70 brain cells, pieces from the Medicine amphitheatres of the Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A. (Bogota), the Universidad Cientifica del Sur UCSUR (Lima); fixed in 10 % formalin, morphometric measurements were made by automatic calibrator and the photographic record was taken with a Canon camera. Subsequently, the statistical analysis was executed through the IBM SPSS Statistics program 24. A prevalence of 88.6 % of at least one distal medial striate artery was found in the Colombian population and 97.1 % of the Peruvian population. An average external diameter of 0.64 mm was identified in the Colombian population and 0.68 mm in the Peruvian population. An average length of 2.5 cm was observed in both populations. The largest place of origin was evidenced in the A2 portion of the ACA with 37.1 % of the Colombian population and 51. 4 % of t he Peruvian populati on. The anat omy and t he corresponding anatomical variations of this artery must be adequately known to be able to perform an adequate neurological and neurosurgical approach.

Why to Study Opossums?

Due to the very important role in Brazilian ecosystems, studying the anatomy of opossums is extremely relevant for their natural preservation and possible clinical and surgical interventions with captive animals. These marsupials occupy diversified niches being well distributed throughout the Brazilian territory. They collaborate in the control of urban and agricultural pests such as rodents and insects. They are also excellent dispersers of seeds through their feces. The conclusion is that opossums can be a great model for the study of the anatomy of wild animals.

The applied anatomy of posterior tibial artery cutaneous branches-chain flap

Objective To provide anatomy information for harvesting the posterior tibial artery cutaneous branches-chain flaps. Methods The research was performed from January, 2017 to January, 2018. Anatomic observation on 10 legs from fresh human cadaver were performed. The location of cutaneous branches of the posterior tibial artery was observed and its diameter and length was measured. Five legs were prepared to investigate the cutaneous branches of posterior tibial artery. The anastomosis of cutaneous branches of posterior tibial artery was observed by PVA-bismuth oxide perfusion for molybdenum target X-ray arteriography in 5 perfused legs. The cutaneous branches with diameter over 0.2 mm in 10 legs of latex perfusion microdissection were included in the statistical analysis. The data were clustered and analyzed to find the location of distant and near cutaneous branches, which was called the gathering point of cutaneous branch vascular plexus. Secondly, the measured data of distal and near segments containing cutaneous branches were compared by t-test. Then the distribution of cutaneous branches of posterior tibial artery on the tibiofibular side was compared by Chi-square test. It was considered to be significant if P value was under 0.05. Results ①There were 4.3 cutaneous branches raised from the posterior tibial artery. There was no significant difference on the tibial and ribula side distribution of the cutaneous branches from the posterior tibial artery(P>0.05). ②The distal cutaneous branch clusters was located at about 1/5 of the distal leg and there were 3.6 cutaneous branches raised from the posterior tibial artery. While the proximal clusters was located at 1/3 of the proximal leg and there were 0.7 cutaneous branches raised from the posterior tibial artery. There were no significant differences in the diameters (P=0.28) and pedicle length (P=0.14) between distal and proximal cutaneous branches. ③ There were the large cutaneous perforators (≥1.0) mm from the posterior tibial artery at (6.37±1.22) cm proximal to the medial malleolus. The diameter and pedicle length of the distal perforators were (1.11±0.09) mm and (6.53±1.51) mm respectively. ④ The vascular chains parallel to the posterior tibial artery were formed via anastomosis of the adjacent cutaneous perforators. Conclusion The cutaneous expenditure of posterior tibial artery is constant, with a certain pedicle length and diameter. There are 2 relatively dense vascular plexus of cutaneous branches. The proximal and distal vascular flaps can be designed with these 2 vascular dense points as rotation points. Key words: Posterior tibial artery; Cutaneous branches-chain flap; Shank; Applied anatomy

Free cutaneous fibular flap combined with antibiotic-loaded artificial bone graft for the treatment of antibrachial osteomyelitis of Cierny-Mader type IV

Objective To investigate the effect and application value of transplantation of the free cutaneous fibular flap combined with antibiotic-loaded calcium sulfate artificial bone graft for the treatment of antibrachial chronic osteomyelitis of Cierny-Mader type IV. Methods From August, 2013 to May, 2017, 12 cases of ulna or(and) radius chronic osteomyelitis of Cierny-Mader type IV were treated by transplantation of the free cutaneous fibular flap combined with antibiotic-loaded calcium sulfate artificial bone graft. There were 7 males and 5 females, with an average age of 36.3 (21-47) years. Pure ulnar osteomyelitis in 7 cases, radius osteomyelitis in 4 cases, and both ulnar and radius osteomyelitis in 1 case. The average range of osteomyelitis lesions was 6.3 (3.0-9.0) cm. The area of soft tissue defect (including bone scar) ranged from 8.0 cm×2.0 cm to 15.0 cm×5.0 cm. The area of the flap was 10.0 cm×3.5cm-17.0 cm×7.0 cm. The average length of the fibular flap was 8.8 (5.0-12.0) cm. Locking plate internal fixation was used in 9 cases, external fixator in 2 cases, and plate combined with external fixator in 1 case. Vancomycin/gentamicin, an effective component of calcium sulfate artificial bone, averaged 0.64 g/102.7 kU (0.4 g/64 kU-1.0 g/160 kU). Routine postoperative treatment. And monthly outpatient review in the first half year after operation, and outpatient review every 3 months after half a year. One year after operation, comprehensive evaluation of elbow, forearm and wrist function with Mayo Elbow Function Index, Anderson Forearm Double Fracture Evaluation System and Cooney Wrist Function Score. Results Vascular crisis occurred in 1 case after operation, prompt surgical exploration, and ultimately all flaps survived completely. The donor sites healed well in all cases. The lower extremity functions of donor sites had no change compared with that before operation. Followed-up of an average of 22.7 months, there were 2 cases who had sensory disturbance in the ulnar nerve innervation area and returned to normal 3 months after operation. The fibular flaps healed satisfactorily with an average healing time of 4.7 (3-6) months. No calcium sulphate artificial bone granules were seen on X-ray at 3 months after operation. One year after operation, bone healing, forearm appearance and wrist function recovered well, but elbow and forearm motor function recovered unsatisfactorily. Conclusion On the basis of mastering the applied anatomy and vascular anastomosis techniques of microsurgery, this method of transplantation of the free cutaneous fibular flap combined with antibiotic-loaded calcium sulfate artificial bone graft for the treatment of antibrachial chronic osteomyelitis of Cierny-Mader type IV has achieved satisfactory results. The recipient area is beautiful. The bone healing is reliable. And it has little influence on the recipient area and the donor area. It is worthy of clinical application. Key words: Fibular flap; Osteomyelitis; Forearm; Artificial bone; Transplantation; Microsurgical technique

ГЕНДЕРНІ АСПЕКТИ ЖІНОЧОЇ ОСВІТИ В ДИСКУРСАХ «НАТУРАЛІЗМУ» І «БІОДЕТЕРМІНІЗМУ»

Гендерованість вищої освіти, що тісно пов’язана з ідеями і положеннями біологічного есенціалізму, сьогодні чітко проявляється у професійній ієрархічній структурі. У той самий час стверджується, що вроджені гендерні відмінності автоматично не продукують вірогідної гендерної нерівності, яка спостерігається в сучасному суспільстві: схожі моделі поведінки можуть мати різне значення в різних культурних і соціальних контекстах.

The development and future of the transanal total mesorectal excision

It is critical to ensure complete mesorectal excision for rectal cancer surgery. Different surgical approaches including laparoscopy and expensive robotic surgical system, are currently unable to achieve the same therapeutic effects as traditional open surgery. Transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) is a new technique in rectal cancer surgery in recent years, which can effectively solve the problems of traditional transabdominal approach due to poor operative vision caused by low pelvic anatomy. After nearly 10 years of development, TaTME has shown the potential to improve the quality of rectal cancer surgery. With the continued development of emerging surgical techniques, TaTME relies on extensive, continuous structured training and high-quality clinical researches. Key words: Rectal neoplasms; Rectal cancer; Transanal total mesorectal excision; Total mesorectal excision; Laparoscopy

Morphology of the nervous system of monogonont rotifer Epiphanes senta with a\xa0focus on sexual dimorphism between feeding females and dwarf males

BackgroundMonogononta is a large clade of rotifers comprised of diverse morphological forms found in a wide range of ecological habitats. Most monogonont species display cyclical parthenogenesis, where generations of asexually reproducing females are interspaced by mixis events when sexual reproduction occurs between mictic females and dwarf, haploid males. The morphology of monogonont feeding females is relatively well described, however data on male anatomy are very limited. Thus far, male musculature of only two species has been described with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and it remains unknown how dwarfism influences the neuroanatomy of males on detailed level.ResultsHere, we provide a CLSM-based description of the nervous system of both sexes of Epiphanes senta, a freshwater monogonont rotifer. The general nervous system architecture is similar between males and females and shows a similar level of complexity. However, the nervous system in males is more compact and lacks a stomatogastric part.ConclusionComparison of the neuroanatomy between male and normal-sized feeding females provides a better understanding of the nature of male dwarfism in Monogononta. We propose that dwarfism of monogonont non-feeding males is the result of a specific case of heterochrony, called “proportional dwarfism” as they, due to their inability to feed, retain a juvenile body size, but still develop a complex neural architecture comparable to adult females. Reduction of the stomatogastric nervous system in the males correlates with the loss of the entire digestive tract and associated morphological structures.

Comparative assessment of anatomical details of thoracic limb bones of a horse to that of models produced via scanning and 3D printing

BackgroundThree-dimensional (3D) scanning and printing for the production of models is an innovative tool that can be used in veterinary anatomy practical classes. Ease of access to this teaching material can be an important aspect of learning the anatomy of domestic animals. In this study, a scanner was used to capture 3D images and a 3D printer that performs die-cast printing was used to produce skeletal models of the thoracic limb of a horse.MethodsBones from a horse were selected for scanning and creation of 3D-printed models. The printer used a filamentous thermoplastic material (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene [ABS]) which was deposited together with a support resin. Comparisons of the anatomical characteristics (measurements from the original and printed bone) were analyzed to determine the p-value.ResultsBones from the thoracic limb: scapula, humerus, radius and ulna, carpus and phalanges were used to produce digital and physical models for 3D impressions. Then the anatomical characteristics of the 3D printed models were compared with those of the original bones. The p-value was measured to be 0.9126, indicative of a strong evidence of similarity between the 3D-printed models and specimens. Thus, there was no significant statistical difference between the models and the original anatomical parts.ConclusionsThe anatomical characteristics were successfully identified in the 3D-printed copies, demonstrating that models of animal bones can be reproduced using 3D printing technology for use in veterinary education.

The efficacy of art therapy in psychiatric patients

Padala Olga, Krupa Adrianna, Putowski Maciej, Konopelko Michal, Piasek Ewa. The efficacy of art therapy in psychiatric patients. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(8):377-383. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3376782 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/7324 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.08.2019. Revised: 15.08.2019. Accepted: 23.08.2019. The efficacy of art therapy in psychiatric patients Padala Olga, olga.padala@gmail.com ORCID:0000-0003-1469-0877 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention Medical University of Lublin, Gluska Street 1, 20-439 Lublin, Poland Krupa Adrianna, adriannakrp@gmail.com ORCID:0000-0003-0866-3952 Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4 Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland Putowski Maciej, putowski.maciek@gmail.com ORCID:0000-0002-7575-2456 Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1 Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland Konopelko Michal, mm.konopelko@gmail.com ORCID:0000-0003-4103-7400 Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20 954, Lublin, Poland Piasek Ewa, ewa.piasekk@gmail.com, ORCID:0000-0003-3344-4022 I Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20 954, Lublin, Poland Abstract: Introduction: Art therapy is a form of psychotherapy that uses art media as its primary mode of expression and communication and enables individuals to use art to creatively express themselves. Art therapy is used to improve cognitive and sensorimotor functions, foster self-esteem and self-awareness, cultivate emotional resilience, promote insight, enhance social skills, reduce and resolve conflicts and distress. Purpose: The purpose of the review is to present the different uses of art therapy in psychiatric patients. State of knowledge: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence identifies that arts therapies, including art therapy or art psychotherapy, dance movement therapy, body psychotherapy, drama therapy and music therapy, are considered to improve negative symptoms of psychosis. Improved social skills are likely to be associated with increases in prosocial behaviours. Art therapy interventions are effective in reducing trauma symptom severity and anxiety in traumatized adults. Art and music therapy programs were effective in reducing the degree of depression. Summary: Art therapy is a part of therapy in many psychiatric diseases, including depressive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and psychotic disorders. Although the effectiveness of art therapy has been confirmed by some studies, this topic should still be investigated so that art therapy can become more effective and available for bigger group of patients. Key words: art therapy, PTSD, depression, psychotic disorder, schizophrenia

Improving patient experience and education on congenital heart defects: the evolving role of digital heart models, 3D-printing and mobile application.

Background: Effective counseling and good communication are vital to adequately educate families on congenital heart disease (CHD) anatomy, prognosis, and surgical options. In addition, families desire to have easy access to reliable sources of information to further educate themselves and their social networks. Advanced digital and 3D printing technology has enabled the creation of CHD-specific visual aids aimed at improving patient-physician communication and enhancing the patient-family experience. Objective: To determine ambulatory CHD patient family/caregiver response to new tech-based counseling utilizing 3D printed hearts and …

Paroxysmal Complete Heart Block In A Child With A Structurally Normal Heart

Introduction A previously healthy 11 year-old African-American male presents with headache, nausea, and concern for seizure and syncope. Several electrocardiograms demonstrate paroxysmal atrioventricular (AV) block, requiring placement of a dual chamber pacemaker. He is found to have normal cardiac anatomy, no signs of infection, or electrolyte abnormalities. Case Presentation A previously healthy 11-year-old male presents to the resuscitation bay with two days of headache, nausea, and recent onset of chest pain and concern for seizures. The day of presentation he has an episode of syncope …