Analytical Principles Research Articles

Big data analytics-enabled sensing capability and organizational outcomes: assessing the mediating effects of business analytics culture

With the emergence of information and communication technologies, organizations worldwide have been putting in meaningful efforts towards developing and gaining business insights by combining technology capability, management capability and personnel capability to explore data potential, which is known as big data analytics (BDA) capability. In this context, variables such as sensing capability—which is related to the organization’s ability to explore the market and develop opportunities—and analytics culture—which refers to the organization’s practices and behavior patterns of its analytical principles—play a fundamental role in BDA initiatives. However, there is a considerable literature gap concerning the effects of BDA-enabled sensing capability and analytics culture on organizational outcomes (i.e., customer linking capability, financial performance, market performance, and strategic business value) and on how important the organization’s analytics culture is as a mediator in the relationship between BDA-enabled sensing capability and organizational outcomes. Therefore, this study aims to investigate these relationships. And to attain this goal, we developed a conceptual model supported by dynamics capabilities, BDA, and analytics culture. We then validated our model by applying partial least squares structural equation modeling. The findings showed not only the positive effect of the BDA-enabled sensing capability and analytics culture on organizational outcomes but also the mediation effect of the analytics culture. Such results bring valuable theoretical implications and contributions to managers and practitioners.

Customer relationship management with WeChat: How to apply analytics principles to social media in China

WeChat is by far the most important social communication platform in China, encompassing more than a billion daily active users across an entire ecosystem of touch points. It combines peer-to-peer messaging, online payments, business accounts, miniprograms, social sharing and business productivity. This presents great opportunities for brands looking to do business in China as well as serious challenges. This paper contextualises WeChat’s development from app to superapp since its launch in 2011. It looks at how the WeChat account itself is changing and what that this indicates about the average Chinese netizen. The paper then delineates the changes in WeChat and how marketing and sales people are leveraging them, including some of the most common tactics for conducting successful customer relationship management via WeChat. Finally, the paper discusses how WeChat is likely to develop in the coming years.

A Miniaturized QuEChERS Method Combined with Ultrahigh Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Oregano Samples.

Recent and unexpected food alerts about relatively high amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in oregano samples have stressed the need to develop analytical strategies to ensure food safety in this type of foodstuff. Accordingly, this work presents the development of a miniaturized strategy based on the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method combined with ultrahigh liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of 21 pyrrolizidine alkaloids suggested by the European Food Safety Authority to be monitored in food. The analytical method was properly validated, with overall average recoveries from 77 to 96% and relative standard deviations <13% (n = 9). The method proved to be a sustainable analytical strategy which meets green analytical chemistry principles as it showed good performance by using small amounts of sample (0.2 g), organic solvents (1000 µL), clean-up sorbents (175 mg) and partitioning salts (0.65 g). Its feasibility was verified through the analysis of 23 oregano samples. Of the samples analyzed, 100% were contaminated, with an average concentration of 1254 µg/kg. Lasiocarpine, lasiocarpine N-oxide, europine, europine N-oxide, senecivernine, senecionine, echimidine N-oxide, lycopsamine N-oxide and intermedine N-oxide were the alkaloids which significantly contributed to the contamination of the samples.

Membrane-based colorimetric flow-injection system for online free chlorine monitoring in drinking water

The majority of water utilities currently employ the in-lab tests of the grabbed samples to determine the free chlorine (FC) residual levels. Under certain circumstances, such approaches are inadequate to timely and accurately reflect the dynamically changed FC residual levels, leading to inappropriate dosages. This work reports a uniquely configured membrane-based colorimetric flow-injection system (MCFIS) capable of accurately and reliably online monitoring drinking water FC residual levels in a rapid (1−5 min per measurement) fashion. The embedded gas-permeable membrane makes MCFIS an interference-free FC monitoring system. The developed pre-calibration strategy avoids the need for on-going calibration. The accuracy of the conventional analytical principles is almost exclusively determined by the absolute analytical signal value of one measurement data point, and any errors from such a single-data point measurement will be directly transferred to the result, which induces uncertainties, hence, poor accuracy and reliability. Differing distinctively from such conventional analytical principles, MCFIS quantifies chlorine concentration based on N, N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine – Cl2 colorimetric reaction-controlled membrane transport process that enables the determination of gaseous chlorine concentration according to multiple measurement data points to greatly enhance the accuracy and reliability. The inherent analytical features of this slope-based signal quantification principle, interference-free and on-going calibration-free empower MCFIS with an enormous superiority over other systems for online FC monitoring applications.

An ultrasensitive K+ fluorescence/absorption di-mode assay based on highly co-catalysiscarbon dot nanozyme and DNAzyme

Doped carbon dots (CD) exhibit novel luminescence properties that was commonly used as fluorescence probesinnanoanalysis. The another excellent property of catalysis was also interesting to analysts to amplify signal in spectral assay. In this article, highly catalysis N,Au co-doped carbon dots (CDN/Au) were quickly fabricated by microwave irradiation, using corn starch, ethylenediamineand chloroauric acid as precursors. Some preparedCDs were characterized in details by molecular spectroscopy, diffraction of X-ray (XRD) and Michaelis constant. The CDN/Aushowedpowerful catalysis in the fluorescence/absorption indicator reaction of H2O2-3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to from oxidized productTMBOXwith fluorescencepeak at 403 nm and absorption peak at 563 nm. The nanoenzyme reaction was coupled with the DNAzyme reaction of K+-aptamer(Apt)-hemin (HM), a new dienzymecatalytic fluorescence/absorption di-modemethod for ultratrace K+ was developed. In addition, the analytical principle and the dienzyme co-catalysis mechanism were studied.

Mass Spectrometry Supports That the Structure of Circulating Human Insulin-Like Factor 3 Is a Heterodimer

The structure of the testicular peptide hormone insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) has been the subject of discussion for more than a decade. Some studies support that the central C-domain of INSL3 is proteolytically removed and that INSL3 is secreted by the testicular Leydig cells into circulation as a small heterodimer consisting of an A- and a B-chain linked by two disulfide bridges. Other studies support that the INSL3 peptide remains uncleaved and that the predominant structure of circulating INSL3 is the larger pro-form. Furthermore, the structure of INSL3 could differ between species, and both structural forms of INSL3 could, in principle, be present in circulation. Recently, we have developed a mass spectrometry (MS)-based method for INSL3 in human serum that provides new information about the structure of circulating INSL3. Based on recent and newly presented data, we argue that in healthy men, the common, and probably the only, form of circulating INSL3 is the smaller AB heterodimer. For the first time, we demonstrate that the same analytical principle, with slight modifications, can also be applied to sera from other species, and we show that the INSL3 AB heterodimer is also present in serum from rodents. Improved understanding of the structure and biochemistry of circulating INSL3 could be valuable for the interpretation of INSL3 as a marker for reproductive and developmental disorders in humans and domesticated animals.

Scale-Up of Plasmid DNA Downstream Process Based on Chromatographic Monoliths.

Purification of high-quality plasmid DNA in large quantities is a crucial step in its production for therapeutic use and is usually conducted by different chromatographic techniques. Large-scale preparations require the optimization of yield and homogeneity, while maximizing removal of contaminants and preserving molecular integrity. The advantages of Convective Interaction Media® (CIM®) monolith stationary phases, including low backpressure, fast separation of macromolecules, and flow-rate-independent resolution qualified them to be used effectively in separation of plasmid DNA on laboratory as well as on large scale. A development and scale-up of plasmid DNA downstream process based on chromatographic monoliths is described and discussed below. Special emphasis is put on the introduction of process analytical technology principles and tools for optimization and control of a downstream process.

Evaluating Physical Functioning in Survivors of Critical Illness: Development of a New Continuum Measure for Acute Care.

Evaluation of physical functioning is central to patient recovery from critical illness-it may enable the ability to determine recovery trajectories, evaluate rehabilitation efficacy, and predict individuals at highest risk of ongoing disability. The Physical Function in ICU Test-scored is one of four recommended physical functioning tools for use within the ICU; however, its utility outside the ICU is poorly understood. The De Morton Mobility Index is a common geriatric mobility tool, which has had limited evaluation in the ICU population. For the field to be able to track physical functioning recovery, we need a measurement tool that can be used in the ICU and post-ICU setting to accurately measure physical recovery. Therefore, this study sought to: 1) examine the clinimetric properties of two measures (Physical Function in ICU Test-scored and De Morton Mobility Index) and 2) transform these measures into a single measure for use across the acute care continuum. Clinimetric analysis. Multicenter study across four hospitals in three countries (Australia, Singapore, and Brazil). One hundred fifty-one ICU patients. None. Physical function tests (Physical Function in ICU Test-scored and De Morton Mobility Index) were assessed at ICU awakening, ICU, and hospital discharge. A significant floor effect was observed for the De Morton Mobility Index at awakening (23%) and minimal ceiling effects across all time points (5-12%). Minimal floor effects were observed for the Physical Function in ICU Test-scored across all time points (1-7%) and a significant ceiling effect for Physical Function in ICU Test-scored at hospital discharge (27%). Both measures had strong concurrent validity, responsiveness, and were predictive of home discharge. A new measure was developed using Rasch analytical principles, which involves 10 items (scored out of 19) with minimal floor/ceiling effects. Limitations exist for Physical Function in ICU Test-scored and De Morton Mobility Index when used in isolation. A new single measure was developed for use across the acute care continuum.

New moral rituals in the prose of M. Zemskov

The article is devoted to the analysis of the novel «Sectarian» by a young Kazakh writer M. Zemskov.In the new literary process of Kazakhstan, new artistic trends are emerging, one of which can be calledintellectual. It reflects the characteristic strengthening of the analytical principle in modern literature.Such works are characterized by a first–person story that preserves the speech characteristics of the maincharacter, while the other characters are presented through the focus of his perception. Тhe author’spersonality is consciously diminished, his individuality is shown only in the choice of the hero, which ismost noticeable in the presence of the phenomenon of «text in the text» in the work.The purpose of the article is to determine the essence of the new hero’s morality. The characterization of the new hero is determined not by personal or individual parameters, but by masking. Here is theprinciple of so–called «double redirection», characteristic of works of modern literature.Many traditionalvalues are undergoing a significant transformation. This is perceived as a stage of a special spiritual worldof illusions – simulacrum, as a result of which the prospects of reality become uncertain.According to the authors, the writer uses a multi–level organization of the text, the most importantlaw of realistic depiction of life becomes dominant, and the hero’s image is conditioned by the socialbackground: everyday, historical, and spiritual circumstances of his existence. The modern hero is in akind of vacuum, the author conducts a consistent and conscious game in the text: it seems that the workis built from a kind of cubes, cultural codes that form its structure. It is as if the texts contain a varietyof writing experiences and thus form a special cultural text space.Fundamental problems of human existence, the study of the deep contradictions of the hero and modern society performs a plot – formingfunction.

Development of an Eco-Friendly Reversed-Phase HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Three Emerging Contaminants in Water Samples

Nowadays, applying green analytical principles in analytical chemistry without affecting the figures of merit is challenging to perform. One of the most important factors that contribute to greening an analytical method is to avoid the use of hazardous solvents and the tendency to use what is so-called green solvents since most of the chromatographic methods depend on using hazardous solvents. In this work, a green reversed-phase HPLC/DAD method has been developed for the simultaneous detection of three emerging contaminants in environmental water samples that have a highly negative impact on the environment. The simultaneous determination of the three emerging contaminants including diclofenac, carbamazepine, and triclosan, carried out in two different types of water samples, was achieved on Atlantis T3 RP C18 column (250 mm ×4.6 mm i.d×5 µm) using a green isocratic mobile phase; ethanol: water (85:15, v/v) pumped at a flow rate 0.8 mLmin-1. The linear concentration ranges obtained were 20-1000 ng.mL-1, 60-1000 ng.mL-1 and 60-2000 ng.mL-1 for diclofenac, carbamazepine, and triclosan respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were (3.66, 11.09), (7.51, 22.75) and (7.22, 21.88) ng.mL-1 for diclofenac, carbamazepine, and triclosan, respectively. The method was validated by the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Finally, two evaluation tools known as Analytical Eco-scale and Green analytical procedure index were adopted to evaluate the greenness of the proposed method. A comparison between the obtained results and the published results was carried out and no significant differences were found.

Ultrathin-metal-film-based transparent electrodes with relative transmittance surpassing 100%

Flexible transparent electrodes are in significant demand in applications including solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and touch panels. The combination of high optical transparency and high electrical conductivity, however, sets a stringent requirement on electrodes based on metallic materials. To obtain practical sheet resistances, the visible transmittance of the electrodes in previous studies is typically lower than the transparent substrates the electrode structures are built on, namely, the transmittance relative to the substrate is <100%. Here, we demonstrate a flexible dielectric-metal-dielectric-based electrode with ~88.4% absolute transmittance, even higher than the ~88.1% transmittance of the polymer substrate, which results in a relative transmittance of ~100.3%. This non-trivial performance is achieved by leveraging an optimized dielectric-metal-dielectric structure guided by analytical and quantitative principles described in this work, and is attributed to an ultra-thin and ultra-smooth copper-doped silver film with low optical loss and low sheet resistance.

Translational data analytics in exposure science and environmental health: a citizen science approach with high school students

BackgroundTranslational data analytics aims to apply data analytics principles and techniques to bring about broader societal or human impact. Translational data analytics for environmental health is an emerging discipline and the objective of this study is to describe a real-world example of this emerging discipline.MethodsWe implemented a citizen-science project at a local high school. Multiple cohorts of citizen scientists, who were students, fabricated and deployed low-cost air quality sensors. A cloud-computing solution provided real-time air quality data for risk screening purposes, data analytics and curricular activities.ResultsThe citizen-science project engaged with 14 high school students over a four-year period that is continuing to this day. The project led to the development of a website that displayed sensor-based measurements in local neighborhoods and a GitHub-like repository for open source code and instructions. Preliminary results showed a reasonable comparison between sensor-based and EPA land-based federal reference monitor data for CO and NOx.ConclusionsInitial sensor-based data collection efforts showed reasonable agreement with land-based federal reference monitors but more work needs to be done to validate these results. Lessons learned were: 1) the need for sustained funding because citizen science-based project timelines are a function of community needs/capacity and building interdisciplinary rapport in academic settings and 2) the need for a dedicated staff to manage academic-community relationships.

Designing robust anatase-branch@hydrogenated-rutile-nanorod TiO2 as accurate and sensitive photoelectrochemical sensors

It is of great significance to design a simple, robust, rapid, and sensitive method for detecting chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater. A photoelectrochemical COD sensor based on linear photocurrent-concentration analytical principle has attracted tremendous attention in the on-site determination of COD. However, insufficient accuracy, linear range, and short lifetime have been the major challenges impeding the commercialization of this analytical method for COD testing. To overcome these challenges, a high-performance anatase-branch@hydrogenated rutile-nanorod TiO2 (AB@H-RTNR) photoelectrode is fabricated. The as-prepared photoanodes successfully achieved sensitive determination of COD with a detection limit of 0.2 ppm (S/N = 3), an RSD% of 1.5 %, a wide linear detection range of 1.25−576 ppm and an average recovery rate fluctuating between 100 % ± 4 % for artificial wastewater sample analyses. Such performances are outstanding in comparison with the standard COD method. Furthermore, the AB@H-RTNR photoelectrode has a long lifetime, e.g., each electrode is capable of ca. 3000 measurements. The favorable performance of AB@H-RTNR can be attributed to the adoption of the in-situ growth method of TiO2 nanostructure and the oxygen vacancies in crystal lattice generated by the hydrogenation process. The result suggests that the as-prepared AB@H-RTNR has overcome the barriers for practical application and final commercialization of this photocurrent-based PeCOD technology.

Da opacidade da palavra selfie no discurso digital

O estudo que constitui este trabalho de pesquisa, fundamenta-se nos princípios teóricos e analíticos da Análise de Discurso, uma teoria linguística de caráter interpretativo que considera a relação língua, sujeito e história como indissociáveis. Deste modo, a reflexão desenvolvida concentra-se na produção de sentidos sobre a palavra selfie. Analisamos como o discurso digital sustenta a constituição desta palavra. Além disso, problematizamos como se configura uma memória da língua sobre a palavra selfie no espaço de enunciação brasileiro e nos posicionamos criticamente à definição formulada nos dicionários de língua inglesa e portuguesa, apostando nas diferentes historicidades constituídas entre o gesto de se auto fotografar e a relação com a palavra selfie.

Determination of ochratoxin A in coffee and tea samples by coupling second-order multivariate calibration and fluorescence spectroscopy

A new method to quantify the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) in coffee and tea samples is proposed based on second-order multivariate calibration and excitation-emission fluorescence matrix (EEFM) data. Experimental conditions were optimized by studying the effect of pH and various organized media on the fluorescence signal of OTA. For each analysed matrix (coffee grains and tea leaves), several sample pretreatments and calibration methods (external or standard addition) and data processing by chemometric models (e.g., parallel factor analysis/PARAFAC and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares/MCR-ALS) were evaluated and discussed. The MCR-ALS algorithm provided an adequate fit to the data for both samples, while PARAFAC was satisfactory only for the tea samples. Regarding the figures of merit, the limits of detection were in the range of 0.2–0.3 ng mL−1; furthermore, low relative prediction errors, between 2% and 4%, were achieved in both the fortified and real samples. Accordingly, the proposed methodology was applied to analyse fortified roasted and green coffee and real tea leaf samples. Satisfactory recoveries were achieved (ranging from 92 to 110%), and the obtained concentrations were in agreement with the values obtained by the reference method (based on high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection/HPLC-FLD). In addition, all samples contained OTA levels lower than the maximum permissible levels. Finally, the proposed strategy allows the use of green analytical chemistry principles; for instance, the use of organic solvents and the generation of waste products were significantly lower than for similar analytical methods reported in the literature.

Current Status of Vancomycin Analytical Methods.

The glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of antimicrobial drugs that are an important alternative for cases of bacterial infections resistant to penicillins, besides being able to be used to treat infections in people allergic to pencilin. They have great activity against Gram-positive microorganisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), by inhibiting the cell wall synthesis. There are many analytical methods in the literature for determination of antimicrobial glycopeptide vancomycin in different matrixes that are very effective; however, all of them use toxic solvents, contributing to the generation of waste, causing damage to the environment and to the operator, as well as increased costs of analysis. The most prevailing method found was high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), followed by microbiological assays and, in less quantity, spectrometric methods. The chromatographic methods use organic solvents that are toxic, such as acetonitrile and methanol, and buffer solutions, that can damage the equipment and the column. In the microbiological assays the disc diffusion methods are still in the majority. The spectrophotometric methods were based in the UV-Vis region using buffer solutions as a diluent. All these methods can become greener, following green analytical chemistry principles, which could bring benefits both to the environment and the operator, and reduce costs. In this paper, a literature review regarding analytical methods for determination of vancomycin was carried out with a suggestion of greener alternatives.

Determination of potassium by the use of new calibration approach in potentiometric measurements

The implementation of a new calibration approach, termed the Signal Increment Standard Addition Method (SI-SAM), to the potentiometric determination of potassium in the synthetic samples and certified reference materials, is investigated. SI-SAM is a modification of SAM that is based on the change in the way in which the extrapolation is carried out. The calibration graph is extrapolated to the intersection with the signal of the first standard solution, not to the abscissa. Potentiometry is the method of choice due to its simplicity, rapid measurements, wide linear range and fulfilment of green analytical principles. However, careful attention is required to the calibration procedure because various versions of the standard addition method, which are commonly used in potentiometry, may create some problems leading to serious systematic analytical errors. The present work proves that SI-SAM allows for the elimination of this drawback and, consequently, for the determination of the considered analyte with improved results, especially in terms of accuracy and precision.Graphic abstract

From metasemantics to analyticity

AbstractIn this paper, I argue from a metasemantic principle to the existence of analytic sentences. According to the metasemantic principle, an external feature is relevant to determining which concept one expresses with an expression only if one is disposed to treat this feature as relevant. This entails that if one isn’t disposed to treat external features as relevant to determining which concept one expresses, and one still expresses a given concept, then something other than external features must determine that one does. I argue that, in such cases, what determines that one expresses the concept also puts one in a position to know that certain sentences are true—these sentences are thus analytic relative to this determination basis. Finally, I argue that there are such cases: some sentences are analytic relative to what determines that we express certain key concepts, and these sentences include ones that have always been thought to be the best candidates for being analytic, namely, stipulative truths, and first principles of mathematics.

Real-Time on-Line Photoelectrochemical Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand By Field-Effect Transistor Using an Extended Gate with Controllable Nanostructures

Introduction Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is the oxygen equivalent on degradation of the organic compounds, which is a significant parameter of water quality assessment.[1] Currently, photoelectrochemical (PEC) COD determination method has appealed intensive attention due to its strong oxidation ability and low recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. However, one common drawback in the conventional PEC measurements is the requirement of a three-electrode configuration which is an impediment for the device miniaturization.[2] Herein, we developed a real-time on-line PEC sensor toward sensitive and rapid COD determination based on extended-gate field-effect transistors (EGFETs). The performance of the EGFETs-based sensors can be easily modulated by alternating the sensing elements on the extended gate electrode.[3,4]Experimental sectionIn the PEC thin-layer COD detection cell, the working electrode is composed of 3D TiO2 nanotube arrays on Ti mesh (3D TNTAs/Ti) which was prepared by electrochemical anodization (Fig. 1). The 3D TNTAs/Ti working electrode was connected to the gate of MOSFET, forming an extended-gate field-effect transistor sensor. Characterization of electrodes, PEC measurements and COD determination were then conducted in details. Besides 3D TNTAs, photoelectrodes with other controllable nanostructures were also selected and the corresponding sensing performance was investigated. Results and Conclusions Using different sensing elements on the extended-gate electrode, EGFETs-based sensors have been developed to measure pH, DNA, protein, urea, glucose, etc. Here, self-assembled 3D TiO2 nanotube arrays decorated with Pt nanoparticles was firstly employed as the sensor electrode in the EGFET-based sensor toward COD detection. The COD detection conditions have been firstly optimized, and then the analytical principle has been proposed and validated.The COD sensor shows a low detection limit of 0.12 mg/L COD and a wide linear range from 1.44 mg/L to 672 mg/L at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/s, suggesting its great potential application in real-time on-line COD measurement. The validity of the proposed device has been testified in both synthetic and real water samples. The sensitive and stable detection can be attributed to synergistic effects from the superior oxidation ability of the 3D TNTAs/Ti sensing electrode, the flexibility of EGFET-based device, and the unique structure of the thin-layer reactor.In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed device in practical COD determination, the actual wastewater samples were analyzed by both conventional dichromate method and the proposed sensor. The relative standard deviation (RSD) obtained from the proposed sensor were below 9% indicating that the reproducibility is good. The COD values determined by the proposed sensor show excellent correspondence with the conventional dichromate method according to the small relative error within 10%. Moreover, other EGFET-based sensors with various controllable nanostructures were also investigated, and the underlying mechanism was verified.

Validation of the HAPPI Kids Continuous Age-Specific Pediatric Reference Intervals.

To facilitate best possible patient care, reference intervals (RIs) adopted by a laboratory must be appropriate for the population demographics and, where applicable, the analytical principle and/or the analytical instrument used. While guidelines from the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) recommend a validation process for discrete RIs, there are no current recommendations for the validation process for continuous RIs. This study aimed to validate recently published, HAPPI Kids continuous RIs, in a routine laboratory. Initially, the difference in test results between the primary study laboratory that contributed to previous RIs development and a routine laboratory was assessed using specimens from 77 children tested in both laboratories using the Siemens ADVIA 1800 or Centaur/XP/XPT. Later, validation of the HAPPI Kids RIs was undertaken using 279 pediatric samples tested on the same analyzer type in the routine laboratory. The previously published RIs were validated if more than 90% of results in the routine laboratory were within the RIs. There was minimal evidence of clinically significant differences in test results between the primary and routine laboratories. The continuous RIs were validated after initial analysis for 16 of the 18 biochemistry analytes tested, and after secondary analysis for the remaining 2 analytes. This study validates the HAPPI Kids RIs in a routine laboratory, satisfying the laboratory accreditation requirements for evaluation, implementation, and sourcing of RIs. In addition, this study presents a modification of the current CLSI method for validation of continuous RIs that will benefit routine laboratories in general.