Risk Analysis Research Articles

Survival benefit of adjuvant TACE for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and child-pugh B7 or B8 after hepatectomy.

The benefit of postoperative adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (pTACE) for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially those with Child-Pugh (CP) B, remains controversial. This study aimed to assess the survival benefit of pTACE for HCC patients with CP B. Data from 297 HCC patients with CP B7 or B8 were analyzed, dividing them into groups with and without pTACE (70, 23.6% vs. 227, 76.4%). Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to control for confounding bias, and competing-risk regression was applied to address bias from non-cancer-specific death (NCSD). Preliminary findings suggest that pTACE did not increase the incidence of severe complications in HCC patients with CP B7 or B8. Survival analysis indicated that the group receiving pTACE had better overall survival and recurrence-free survival than the group without pTACE after PSM. Furthermore, competitive risk analysis revealed that pTACE was an independent prognostic factor associated with reduced cancer-specific death incidence (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] 0.644, 95%CI: 0.378-0.784, P = 0.011) and recurrence (SHR 0.635, 95% CI: 0.379-0.855, P = 0.001). Importantly, pTACE did not increase NCSD. Subgroup analysis corroborated these results. Adjuvant TACE demonstrates the potential to significantly enhance the long-term prognosis of HCC patients with CP B7 or B8 following hepatectomy, particularly those with multiple tumors, large tumor size, macrovascular or microvascular invasion, and narrow resection margin. Hence, pTACE should be considered for patients at high risk of recurrence following thorough evaluation.

The Effect of Leverage, Corporate Governance, and Profitability on Firm Value

This research analyzes the influence of debt on firm value with corporate governance as a variable presumed to moderate the relationship between debt and firm value. The research sample was selected using a purposive sampling method, resulting in 44 non-cyclical consumer sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2018 to 2022. The study results indicate that corporate governance and profitability positively affect firm value, and firm size affects firm value. Corporate governance as a moderating variable can negatively moderate the relationship between debt and firm value. The findings of this study provide insights into institutional ownership, profitability, and firm size that affect firm value. Investors can use this information to conduct risk analysis and inform their investment decisions. Investors should choose companies with strong corporate governance and high profitability, considering institutional ownership in the corporate governance variable. Investors should preferably select companies with high institutional ownership and high profitability to ensure high firm value but choose companies with smaller sizes where the company uses total assets productively.

УПРАВЛІННЯ РИЗИКАМИ ДОРОЖНЬОГО БУДІВНИЦТВА

The development of the road network plays a key role in the social, economic and environmental development of a country, region cities. A key aspect for achieving the set goals and ensuring the sustainability and efficiency of road construction projects is the management of risks that arise during project planning and execution. The purpose of the work is the research and classification of risks that arise during the implementation of road construction projects, the formation of a risk management system and the search for ways to minimize their negative consequences. The paper proposes a road construction risk management mechanism, the main purpose of which is to ensure the successful implementation of the road construction project, taking into account all possible risks that may affect the process of its implementation and results. The classification of road construction risks by origin, nature, stages of the project, impact on participants, scale, which will ensure the identification of potential risks, the probability of their occurrence and the establishment of the scale of consequences from their impact, is considered. The successful implementation of road construction projects is ensured by measures to minimize the negative consequences of the impact of risks. The authors identified the main areas of risk minimization during road construction, including detailed planning, risk analysis, use of technologies and innovations, reserve time planning, quality control, stakeholder participation, insurance, environmental management, creation of reserve funds, contingency scenario or plans. A contingency scenario of risk minimization in road construction is proposed, which makes it possible to define measures and strategies for the active management of risks that may arise during a road construction project. A contingency scenario allows you to prepare for unforeseen circumstances and negative events that may occur during the implementation of a road construction project. The application of this scenario is absolutely necessary in cases where there is a high probability of the occurrence of specific risks or when these risks can have a serious impact on the project

Probabilistic risk analysis of local verification of Load Model 1 in Eurocode for Soil-Steel Composite bridges in Sweden

Bridges must be designed to ensure safety for all users. At the same time, the design should be performed with an appropriate risk level. In Sweden, Soil-Steel Composite bridges (SSCB) are the most common bridge type. For SSCB, local verification of Load Model 1 in Eurocode is most often governing the design. The objective of this study was to investigate whether local verification of LM1 load case could be modified without decreasing the agreed risk level in Eurocode. Weight in motion measurements from real traffic were extrapolated with Rice formula. Monte Carlo simulations were used to simulate the 1000-year return period event to obtain the acceptable risk level as prescribed in Eurocode. The results show that the local verification of LM1 is conservative, considering the acceptable risk level in Eurocode. With a modified implementation of local verification, this paper shows that a potential saving of up to 14% in terms of economic cost and CO2-equivalents is possible. A modified implementation of local verification of LM1 in Eurocode for SSCB is proposed, which could reduce the climate impact by up to 14% associated to the construction of new SSCB in Sweden.

Risk assessment for soil contamination from artisanal lead-glazed pottery production in Maragogipinho, Bahia, Brazil

Pollution risk analyses are essential for the management of contaminated sites. In the village of Maragogipinho, Bahia, Brazil, artisans have been producing decorative and utilitarian pottery for almost 300 years. A lead-glaze is used on some of the products causing health concerns. An estimation of indexes for pollution and ecological and human health risks in the region around the pottery workshops was performed. The soil Pb content data from a recent study was used to evaluate the ecological and health risk indicators. These showed high values close to the pottery workshops. The risk for disease through Pb soil contamination is very high for children and high for adults close to the pottery workshops. It is estimated that about 1270 people are at risk in this region.

Risk analysis of urea manufacturing plant using fuzzy logic approach

The potential hazard element of chemical process industries has become severe with technological developments over the past few years. Fertilizer industries like the urea industry deal with highly toxic components in nature, causing severe consequences. This paper implements the fuzzy lambda-tau (λ-τ) approach with the Petri net (PN) model on a urea manufacturing plant. The PN model helps to reduce the complexity of the problem, whereas fuzzy logic helps to deal with the uncertainty and vagueness of data. The urea plant has been divided into three major units, that is, the reacting unit (RU), purifying unit (PU), and concentrating unit (CU). The different reliability parameters, such as failure rate, repair time, reliability, and mean time between failures (MTBF), are determined for all these units with different spread rates (±15%, ±25%, and ±35%). A significant change of around 75% and 9% was observed for overall repair time and MTBF, respectively, for a ±35% spread rate. The reliability parameters are found as a function of the square of the spread rate. These studies suggest that the PU of the urea plant is the most vulnerable one and thus requires timely maintenance to avoid any accidents in the future. Furthermore, a detailed qualitative study is done utilizing failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) to outline the numerous failure causes in order to enhance the system's availability and maintainability. The limitations of conventional FMEA are addressed in this study by obtaining fuzzy RPN values after application of the fuzzy FMEA technique. On comparison of the RPN and FRPN values, the FRPN values are found to be more reliable while prioritizing the failure causes in process industries.

Effect of frail phenotype on cardiorenal risk and healthcare utilization in older patients with chronic kidney disease.

Introduction Limited data have addressed frailty's role in cardiorenal risk among older adult patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated whether frailty could predict major renal and cardiovascular events, healthcare utilization, and mortality in these patients. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort enrolling patients ≥ 75 years with a stable estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Frailty phenotype consists of shrinking, low activity, exhaustion, weakness, and slowness, scored 0 to 5. The primary composite renal outcome was a ≥ 25 % decrease in eGFR concurrent with CKD stage progression or dialysis initiation. Secondary outcomes included major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), emergency room (ER) visits, all-cause mortality, and hospitalization. Using multivariate Cox models with/without competing risk analyses, we explored frailty's impact on these outcomes. Results Among 203 older CKD patients (mean age 81.6 ± 5.0 years, female 40.9 %, diabetes 33.0 %, body mass index 24.9 ± 3.7 kg/m2), 67.9% were frail. Over 3.47 years, 38.9% faced composite renal outcomes, 13.3% MACE, 15.3% mortality, and more than half utilized healthcare. Every one-point frailty elevated composite renal outcome risk by 28.0 % (HR: 1.28, 95% CI:1.03-1.59) and significantly increased secondary outcomes (hospitalization [HR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.06-1.46], unexpected ER visit [HR: 1.20, [95% CI:1.03-1.39], and mortality [HR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.06-2.16]) but not for MACE [HR: 1.43, 95% CI: 0.99-2.08]. Results were consistent across subgroups and competing risk analysis. Conclusion In CKD patients ≥ 75 years, frailty was associated with progressive kidney disease, increased mortality and healthcare utilization.

Risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure with different risk factors: A 10-year prospective cohort study

ObjectiveTo evaluate the recurrence risk following a first unprovoked seizure using both single-factor and multiple-factor approaches, as well as to further analyze the potential risk factors associated with recurrence. MethodsIn a prospective cohort study, a total of 201 individuals who experienced their initial unprovoked seizure were recruited from January 2010 to December 2019. The cumulative recurrence rates were calculated by Kaplan–Meier survival curves. Multivariate analyses for recurrence risk were conducted utilizing the Cox regression model. Additionally, interaction effects were evaluated by quantifying the attributable proportion due to interaction (AP). ResultsThe cumulative recurrence rates were as follows: 29.4 % at 6 months, 35.8 % at 1 year, 41.1 % at 2 years, 47.9 % at 5 years, and 57.5 % at 10 years. Notably, the majority of recurrences, specifically 61.2 %, manifested within the initial 6 months following the onset, with 74.4 % occurring within the first year, and 82.6 % within the initial 2 years. The recurrence risk of patients with epileptic abnormal discharges on VEEG, nocturnal seizure, abnormal MRI, prior brain insult and focal seizure was 71.9 %, 61.4 %, 61.5 %, 75.0 %, and 69.7 %, respectively. Epileptiform discharges (RR 2.5, 95 % CI 1.4–4.3, P=0.001) and prior brain insult (RR 2.1, 95 % CI 1.2–3.7, P=0.007) were predictors of recurrence. Interaction analysis showed the combination of epileptiform discharges and prior brain insult was associated with a 7-fold increased risk of recurrence (RR 7.0, 95 %CI 3.5–14.2)，with AP estimated at 0.34, the combination of epileptiform discharges and nocturnal seizure was associated with a 4-fold increased risk of recurrence(RR 4.3, 95 %CI 2.4–7.4), with AP estimated at −0.25,and the combination of prior brain insult and nocturnal seizures was associated with a 4-fold increased risk of recurrence(RR 4.1, 95 %CI 1.9–8.9), with AP estimated at −0.03. ConclusionsPatients with epileptiform discharges VEEG, nocturnal seizures, abnormal MRI findings, prior brain insult, or focal seizures exhibited a substantial recurrence rate. Specifically, the presence of epileptiform discharges in VEEG recordings, and a history of prior brain insult were identified as independent risk factors associated with recurrence following an initial unprovoked seizure. Notably, individuals with multiple risk factors exhibited a significantly higher recurrence risk compared to those with no or a single risk factor.

Letting losses be lessons: Human-machine cooperation in maritime transport

Navigation safety has been a critical guarantee of global shipping, and it becomes more challenging given the increasing employment of advanced technologies and novel ship design in the era of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). The human-centred risk analysis of human-machine cooperation is scarce in general and emerging in maritime transport in specific. This paper aims to develop a new approach enabling the analysis of significant risk influencing factors (RIFs) in human-machine cooperation through an in-depth investigation of the occurred mistakes and violations in the cooperative operations of seafarers and machines in maritime transport. Its novelties consist of (1) a novel approach to analysing and quantifying the connectivity between humans and machines in safety-critical operations, (2) new integration of the frequency and impact of RIFs in the human-machine cooperation model, and (3) ultilisation of graph theory to generate a network to analyse critical human-machine RIFs and their interactions with the system. The connectivity analysis of RIFs is conducted through a weighted undirected network, showing the features of RIF connectivity accommodating the closed-loop system. The proposed novel approach, which combines the frequency and impact features to identify critical RIFs and analyses graphical features, will aid to realise the human-centred risk analysis for MASS. The findings make contributions for ship designers to rationalise the clustering design of function-based automation and training organisations to improve seafarer skills by rationally considering the identified risk-based human-machine cooperation features, and providing new competence schemes that can fit the demands of MASS in future.

Quantitative analysis of construction risks in shallowly buried biased tunnel portal section

To address the prominent problem of collapse instability in shallow buried soft ground tunnels, a non-invasive stochastic finite element method was introduced. Taking Fujian Puyan Wenbishan tunnel as the background project, ABAQUS finite element software was used to analyze the tunnel excavation mechanics and parameter sensitivity. And developed the software interface program based on Python to output explicit limit state equation for the key mechanical indexes of the tunnel, so as to evaluate the tunnel reliability under different excavation methods, quantitatively. Study results show a significant improvement in efficiency and accuracy when calculating the probability of failure in tunnel excavation by the non-invasive stochastic finite element method. The maximum displacement monitoring points for the Wenbishan tunnel portal section were all vault settlement, with displacements of 33.6 mm, 30.2 mm, and 25.3 mm, respectively, using the annular retained core soil method, single sidewall guide pit and double sidewall guide pit method, with probabilities of failure of 36.11%, 28.03%, and 20.02%. It is found that the reliability of the tunnel is mainly determined by the geotechnical weight, elastic modulus and cohesion of the weak sandy soil layer, which can provide ideas for this type of engineering researches.

Cancer mortality risk in the Urals Cohort of Exposed Population Offspring

The objective of the study is to analyze solid cancer mortality and estimate the risk value of solid cancer mortality in the offspring of parents irradiated in the Southern Urals, depending on the dose to the parents' gonads as well as to conduct a preliminary assessment of the mortality risk from cancer of individual locations depending on the gonadal dose. The issue of the transgenerational effects of the human gonad exposure is still very important. There exists conclusive evidence of the presence of such effects in experimental animals. However, there is no proof of the existence of these effects in humans despite a great number of research on this subject. International scientific community and international organizations, UNSCEAR and ICRP being among them, regard this issue as the one that has not been solved yet and requires further studies. Urals Cohort of offspring of the population exposed on the Techa River and on the territory of the East Ural radioactive trace was established in the Urals research Center for Radiation medicine in 2022. The key feature of the cohort is the exclusion of the offspring with postnatal exposure. The size of the cohort as of September 2023 is 31,154 persons. The number of person-years over the whole follow-up period from 1950 through 2020 is 1 226 380. Mean dose to the gonads of mothers of all the cohort members is 41 mGy, to those of the fathers' — 35 mGy, mean combined gonad dose is 76 mGy. Over the whole follow-up period 3,774 deaths from all causes including 284 deaths from solid cancers were registered in the cohort. The mean age of the cohort members at the end of the follow-up period was 42 years. The risk of death was analyzed using Poisson regression by the programs of the EPICURE statistical software package. Three models of dose dependence were tested: linear, quadratic, and linear-quadratic models of paternal gonadal dose, maternal gonadal dose, and total gonadal dose. Mortality risk analysis of all solid cancers in the offspring cohort showed no statistically significant effect with parental gonadal dose (we have obtained positive although statistically insignificant values of solid cancers mortality risk) which is consistent with the results of other studies in human populations. At the same time, the analysis for the first time obtained a statistically significant linear dependence of the solid cancer mortality risk in offspring with father's age over 45 years depending on the dose to the father's gonads. The excess relative risk of death was 8.09/Gy, (0.51-22.93), p < 0.05. Also, for the first time, evidence of dose dependence of the mortality risk of lung cancer in male offspring on maternal gonadal dose, paternal gonadal dose, and combined gonadal dose was obtained. The values of excess relative risk of lung cancer and 95% confidence intervals according to the linear model were 5.39/Gy (0.46; 15.56) from paternal gonad dose, 4.36/Gy (0.15; 13.48) from maternal gonad dose, and - 3.95/Gy (0.55; 12.14) from combined gonad dose. Point risk estimates of lung cancer at this stage are characterized by wide confidence intervals and require additional studies to assess the influence of possible effect modifiers, but with a high degree of probability indicate the presence of dose dependence of this effect. Increasing the follow-up period and attained age, will increase the number of cancers in the future and will reduce dose response uncertainties and provide more accurate estimates of the risk of death in the offspring cohort.

The Problems (and possible solutions) of assessing risk, race and recidivism in long operating drug treatment courts

Formal criminogenic risk tools can be an important control in assessing racial inequities in access to treatment courts and in evaluating both proximal and distal outcomes from those programs. To achieve this potential, however, it is important that risk tools themselves operate in a racially neutral fashion and that they operate consistently over the period assessed. Tools that are not properly calibrated by race and changes in the tools used over the life of a program are therefore significant evaluation concerns. Our paper is the first to assess the adequacy of an important risk-needs instrument, the LSI-R, across racial groups in a drug treatment court setting. The main contribution of the current study is not as a test of that instrument, which has been widely studied in other settings. Rather, because two different criminogenic risk tools were used over the study time period, we took this opportunity to explore the use of a readily constructible “proxy” measure of risk to support analysis of risk and race interactions over the life of the program.

Flood Risks Analysis in Upton Upon Severn: Assessing the Baseline Conditions and Future Scenarios for 100 and 1000-year Flood Events with a 2050 Climate Change Perspective.

This paper investigates the flood risks in Upton upon Severn, a town in Worcestershire, England, which is prone to fluvial flooding from the River Severn. Historical events, such as the significant floods of 1947 and 2007, highlight the town’s vulnerability and underscore the importance of analysing current and future flood risks. This research uses a one-dimensional hydraulic model, using Flood Modeller and QGIS software, to assess baseline flood conditions and predict the potential impacts of severe and extreme flood events, including 1 in 100-year and 1 in 1000-year flood scenarios. Additionally, it examines the projected effects of climate change by incorporating a 20% increase in flood risk estimates for the year 2050. The model results reveal that the baseline scenario poses limited flood risks, with only 17 properties affected, and key infrastructure like the A4104 road remains passable. However, under the 1 in 100-year event, approximately 336 properties are at risk, with significant road blockages and a flooded area of 5.09 Km2. The 1 in 1000-year flood scenario predicts a peak flow of 1807 m3/s, threatening more properties and covering a larger area of land. When climate change is factored into the 1 in 100-year scenario, the risks become similar to those of the 1 in 1000-year event, with 500 properties and key infrastructure, including the fire station and primary school, at risk and the A4104 road becoming impassable. These findings provide vital insights for flood risk management, especially given the possible effects of climate change, and stress the need for long-term solutions to flooding.

Peripheral Retinal Abnormalities and Retinal Detachment in Pathologic Myopia

Pathological myopia is associated with changes in various structures of the eye, primarily the retina. Peripheral retinal degenerations are common findings in patients, and serious vision loss can develop as a result of retinal detachment, whether or not it occurs on a background of degeneration. The dynamic interaction between the retina and the vitreous plays an important role in the formation of degenerations and the development of retinal detachment with tears. A careful retinal examination that evaluates all quadrants during patient check-ups can prevent permanent vision loss by conducting risk analyses for observed degenerations and holes and taking appropriate precautions.

Spatial analysis and mapping of malaria endemic-prone areas using environmental risk factors and spatial multi criteria decision analysis in the Northern Zone of Plateau State, Nigeria.

Compressive mapping and in-depth analysis of malaria vulnerability risk foci are important tools for strategic planning, vector surveillance, implementing necessary interventions, and managing scarce resources to combat the daunting challenges of malaria infections in Nigeria. The study utilized environmental risk factors and spatial multi-criteria decision analysis techniques to analyze and map the spatial variations in malaria-endemic prone areas within the Northern Zone of Plateau State. Analysis of the criteria's weights of environmental risk factors and the stratification of the malaria risk vulnerability revealed that high-risk areas covered a total of 4017.25 Km2, while low-risk areas covered 1294.83Km2, having a close resemblance to the corresponding ground conditions. The results showed that a significant 60% of the study areas were characterized by high risk of malaria transmission, particularly in most settlements around the Jos North, Jos South and Barkin Ladi Local Government Areas. The malaria risk map's predictive abilities demonstrated a high level of accuracy, as indicated by the area under the curve score of 0.989. Furthermore, the risk map demonstrates a high-performance rate in identifying malaria hotspots, with a sensitivity of 98%, a proficiency rate of 54%, and a statistical significance confidence level ranging from 90% to 99% for identifying malaria hotspots and coldspots. The malaria risk analysis and mapping within the endemic prone areas of the Northern Zone of Plateau State not only equips policymakers with effective tools for identifying malaria foci but also offers a deeper comprehension of the appropriate intervention measures to be implemented.

Risk Factors Associated With Ventricular Dysfunction in Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

BackgroundWolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is associated with ventricular dysfunction in the absence of sustained tachyarrhythmias. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of ventricular dysfunction and to assess risk factors associated with this condition. MethodsA single-centre retrospective analysis of all patients <18 years of age with WPW syndrome and normal cardiac anatomy who underwent an electrophysiology study ablation over a 14-year period was performed. Patients with an ejection fraction <55% were defined as having ventricular dysfunction. ResultsAmong 305 patients, 14 cases (4.5%) with ventricular dysfunction were identified. In 4 of 14 cases (28%), the presenting symptom was heart failure, and only 6 of 14 (43%) had symptoms of palpitations or documented supraventricular tachycardia. The vast majority of patients with dysfunction had right-sided pathways, and only 2 patients had a left-sided pathway locations. Right anteroseptal, anterior, and anterolateral accessory pathway locations were more common in the dysfunction group. The presence of multiple pathways and pathway characteristics assessed during electrophysiology study were comparable between the 2 groups. ConclusionsThe prevalence of ventricular dysfunction in WPW syndrome in children was 4.5%, and this is seen more frequently with right anteroseptal, anterior, and anterolateral pathway locations. Risk analysis identified these pathway locations to be associated with a 4-fold risk of developing ventricular dysfunction (odds ratio: 4.32 [confidence interval: 1.38-14.18], P = 0.012). Because of this rare complication, serial assessment of ventricular function is recommended regardless of arrhythmia burden and an ablation should be considered in the presence of dysfunction.

Zagrożenia w pracy lekarzy orzekających zgon i przyszłych koronerów. Przegląd aktualnej sytuacji w Polsce

A physician’s work involves exposure to various harmful factors, mainly biological and psychosocial. Their source can be either living or deceased patients. In connection with the upcoming reform of the post-mortem procedure, it becomes important to present the risks affecting doctors involved in the determination of death. The purpose of this paper was to emphasize the psychological burden associated with constant dealing with death, which can reveal itself as a significant problem. The current legal regulations on the determination of death in Poland are contained in acts dating as far back as 1959 and 1961. Therefore, it is expected that the law will be amended to clarify the controversial aspects of the duty to declare death. Although the aspect of exposure to biological agents in the medical profession has been regulated by law, the psychological consequences of exposure, which revolve around post-traumatic stress syndrome and occupational burnout, are not covered by adequate prevention. Various forms of prevention of these phenomena through education and multidirectional self-therapy are currently under consideration. Determining death is an activity that requires not only knowledge but also appropriate emotional training. The dangers of contact with corpses are multifaceted, indicating the need for a thorough analysis of the occupational risks of coroners.

Hydro-geochemistry and age-dependent health risk assessment of nitrate, nitrite, and fluoride in health facilities water: a multivariate analysis.

Groundwater from alluvial fan plains is the prevailing water source, especially for arid/semiarid regions, but its contamination poses substantial risks to water supply and public health. The recent study aims to assess the hydro-geochemistry, distribution, and potential health risks of NO3-, NO2-, and F- concentrations in the groundwater of previously unexplored health facilities in District Vehari, Punjab, Pakistan. In total, 75 groundwater samples were evaluated for NO3-, NO2-, and F- levels as well as pH, EC, TDS, CO32-, HCO3-, Cl-, Na+, Fe, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, taste, odor, color, and turbidity. The Durav graph shows that the water type is Na-HCO3-Ca, with Na and HCO3 dominant, weak acids > strong acids, and alkaline ions > alkalis. Results revealed that drinking water samples (21.73% and 20%) taken from Tehsil Mailsi, and the Basic Health Unit (BHU) exceeded the WHO standard (1.5mg/L) for F- concentration, respectively. Moreover, the mean chronic daily intake (CDI) of F- was 0.044, 0.018, and 0.02mg/kg/day in children, men, and women, respectively. Similarly, the average CDI of NO3- was 0.113, 0.046, and 0.050 in children, men, and women, respectively, and the respective values of NO2- were 0.004, 0.001, and 0.001. The NO2- shows a significant range of hazard quotient (HQ) (0.0-1.172) in children. The range of HQ for F- was 0.0-3.114, 0.0-1.290, and 0.0-1.389 in children, men, and women, respectively. Additionally, the health risks analysis revealed an HQ > 1.0 for children in groundwater, indicating a potential carcinogenic risk from the F-. Pearson correlation and PCA analysis found a significant positive correlation (0.8) between NO3- and NO2- and a negative correlation (0.3) between F- and HCO3-. These findings highlight the need for groundwater treatment in healthcare facilities prior to water consumption. Enforcing international and national drinking water standards in healthcare units is vital to strengthening services and providing equitable access to safe drinking water. Legislative and efficient water management measures must be taken for the protection of public health.

Spatio-temporal heat risk analysis in construction: Digital twin-enabled monitoring

To effectively mitigate heat risks, it is crucial to pinpoint areas of high vulnerability and assess the severity of heat-related threats to construction workers. This paper advances the understanding of heat risks in construction by mapping the associated risks across time and space to support informed decision-making. This paper presents a framework for heat risk monitoring, enabled by a construction site digital twin. This framework leverages geometric modeling, incorporates real-time weather data from a weather station, and utilizes computational simulations for assessing spatio-temporal heat risks. Its effectiveness was validated through a case study in Stephenville, Texas, USA, where it demonstrated superior fidelity when compared to using the conventional black-globe thermometer. Moreover, the results substantiated that incorporating the spatio-temporal variability of heat risks enhances heat risk surveillance in construction workplaces. This approach offers practical insights into imminent heat-related threats, aiming to prevent potential heat-related accidents in construction.

Analisis Risiko Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja (K3) dengan Menggunakan Metode Hiradc di Pabrik Tempe Kabupaten Pamekasan

The aim of this research is to create a work environment that is free from work accidents at the tempe factory in Pamekasan district, specifically at the Ibu Syifa tempe factory by applying the HIRADC method. This research uses qualitative methods with the type of field research. Data collection procedures were carried out by interviews, observation and documentation. The results obtained from this research revealed that there were 20 identified hazards, with the results of the risk assessment namely that there were 9 risks categorized as low risk (L) with a value range (1-4), 9 risks categorized as medium risk (M) with a value range (5-9) and 2 more risks which are classified as high risk (H) with a value range of (10-16). Factors that cause work accidents are because workers are not careful in doing so, workers often lose concentration and rush to complete their work. With efforts, one of which is risk analysis using the HIRADC method, factories can reduce work accidents and this can support achieving targets while increasing productivity.