Analysis Of Interaction Patterns Research Articles (Page 6)

So what happens when the tutor walks in? Some observations on interaction in a university discussion group with and without the tutor

Recently, Northey et al. (1998) reported equivocal support for the Psychosomatic Family Model based on their analysis of parent interaction patterns in 20 families having a male child with asthma and 20 families having a male child without asthma. We extend their work by first examining the child response patterns in the same families and then, using family-level data, develop a hierarchy of behavior patterns that discriminates between family types. Among asthma families: children were more likely to intrude into marital conversations that lasted longer than two talk turns, this was associated with higher marital quality, and marital dyads were more likely to solicit children into parent conversations and their children were more likely to respond. At the family level, clear pattern differences were found—children in asthma families are more active in parent discussions, and asthma family parents have higher contingencies for agreement. Marital quality did not consistently predict child involvement.

In Cognitive Linguistics the study of conceptual interaction has attracted the attention of many scholars. Analyses have primarily focused on the role of image-schemas in the construction of metaphors and on the types of interplay that can take place between metaphor and metonymy. In this paper, we examine the role three image-schemas (namely, the CONTAINER, PART/WHOLE and EXCESS schemas) play in conceptual interaction, especially in relation to metonymy. Our analysis reveals that image-schemas have two basic functions: they structure the relationship that exists between the source and target domain of a metonymic mapping and they provide the axiological value of an expression. Finally, we discuss that the pervasiness of image-schematic structure in conceptual interaction between metaphor and metonymy

Alternative foundations for Reiter's default logic

Social and sociomathematical norms in an advanced undergraduate mathematics course

This paper is based on a small scale investigation into the way knowledge is constructed and the way ideas are framed (developed and linked with each other) in writing by overseas students on a British undergraduate programme. This paper applies the taxonomy of idea framing, which has been developed from the analysis of group interaction patterns (speaking) of the same students in academic settings, to the analysis of written data, comparing the differences and similarities between writing and speaking in terms of idea framing and knowledge construction. Two major types of idea framing are discussed: reactive framing and additive framing. This paper aims to examine the different patterns of framing of ideas employed by students in writing (the multi-dimensionality of knowledge construction and idea framing in writing) and also discusses the pedagogical implications of the study.

Two-way bilingual programs have the potential to promote bilingualism, biliteracy, and pluralism in minority and majority group students who study together in two languages. This paper examines how a focal group of Mexican-background middle school students enrolled in a two-way maintenance bilingual program learned to value English over Spanish at school. Evidence supporting students’ choice of English over their native language came from close analysis of interactional patterns with peers and teachers in classes and informal settings and from students’ explanations of their lived school experiences in interviews over a three year period during middle school. Elements of the hidden curriculum, instructional practices, and assessment policy served to devalue students’ native linguistic cultural capital compelling them to use English in the classroom and within peer culture.

Analysis of data from two-level full factorial designs often ends up with a final prediction equation that gives only the significant main-effect and interaction terms. When the number of interactions is small, simple and useful interpretation of the equation can then be drawn immediately. This article addresses a different situation in which the number of significant interactions may be large so that additional efforts are needed to sort out the pattern and the relationship between them. In particular, we bring out a class of models in which most interactions can be attributed to just one or two (or very few) factors, and conditional on these factors, the models become essentially linear. We offer a strategy for uncovering this structure by linear domain splitting, whereby a complicated global model is replaced by a series of local domain-specific linear models. We present a recommended methodology (PHD—principal Hessian direction) for systematically proceeding from the global equation to local split-domain analyses. The net result is that guided tree-structured paths are offered for visiting the source-of-interaction factors in sequence, which appropriately reflects their relative importance and mutual relationship. The final stage modeling is simpler (linear). The quality of the fit can be assessed separately in each region, and the analyst comes away with greater insight as to the sensitivity and robustness of the various factor effects over various regions. Applications in digital electronics testing are illustrated by analyzing a dataset collected for studying the conversion error of a digital-to-analog converter.

Analysis of data from two-level full factorial designs often ends up with a final prediction equation that gives only the significant main-effect and interaction terms. When the number of interactions is small, simple and useful interpretation of the equation can then be drawn immediately. This article addresses a different situation in which the number of significant interactions may be large so that additional efforts are needed to sort out the pattern and the relationship between them. In particular, we bring out a class of models in which most interactions can be attributed to just one or two (or very few) factors, and conditional on these factors, the models become essentially linear. We offer a strategy for uncovering this structure by linear domain splitting, whereby a complicated global model is replaced by a series of local domain-specific linear models. We present a recommended methodology (PHD—principal Hessian direction) for systematically proceeding from the global equation to local split-dom...

ABSTRACT Research on classroom interaction within an ethnographic perspective views the classroom as a cultural setting with its own norms of behavior. Recent studies from this perspective have Focused on uncovering the (often‐unspoken) norms of behavior that need to be internalized in order to be a successful member of the classroom community. This article illustrates how to use ethnographic techniques to achieve a better understanding of classroom dynamics, which will be of value to teachers and supervisors in planning and evaluating their courses. Focusing on the characterization of “success” in an Italian class through the analysis of interaction patterns and purposes of the participants, the study reveals the need For a continuity of teacher and students' goals, methods, and Forms of evaluation.

Most research to date on communication and interaction patterns in aging is based on linguistic and discourse analyses. This article is aimed at the behavioral analysis of interaction patterns. A series of empirical studies designed as convergent operations to elucidate the role of the social world of older people support two interaction patterns, the dependence-support script coupled with an independence-ignore script. The social world of older people can be characterized as one in which their dependent behaviors are immediately attended to, while independent behaviors are widely ignored. This is particularly so in personal maintenance situations, although it is also present in prosocial engagement situations. The scripts are highly robust across settings (institutional and private dwellings), social partners of older people (staff, family members), sex, length of institutionalization, and health status, but are age specific. Attempts to change the scripts proved successful and led to a significant incre...

The plant enzyme S-adenosylmethionine:methionine S-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.12, MMT) catalyzes the synthesis of S-methylmethionine. MMT was purified 620-fold to apparent homogeneity from leaves of Wollastonia biflora. The four-step purification included fractionation with polyethylene glycol, affinity chromatography on adenosine-agarose, anion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. Protein yield was about 180 micrograms/kg of leaves. Estimates of molecular mass from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and native gel filtration chromatography were, respectively, 115 and 450 kDa, suggesting a tetramer of 115-kDa subunits. The 115-kDa subunit was photoaffinity labeled by S-adenosyl[3H]methionine. Antibodies raised against W. biflora MMT recognized a 115-kDa polypeptide in partially purified MMT preparations from leaves of lettuce, cabbage, clover, and maize. The pH optimum of W. biflora MMT was 7.2. Kinetic analysis of substrate interaction and product inhibition patterns indicated an Ordered Bi Bi mechanism, with S-adenosylmethionine the first reactant to bind and S-adenosylhomocysteine the last product to be released. The enzyme catalyzed methylation of selenomethionine and ethionine, but not of S-methylcysteine, homocysteine, cysteine, or peptidylmethionine. Tests with other substrate analogs indicated that a free carboxyl group was required for enzyme activity, and that a free amino group was not.

A principal interaction pattern (PIP) analysis aims at finding a limited number of structures in seemingly very complicated physical scenarios that are time independent up to their amplitudes and phases. These vary according to nonlinear equations determining the interaction between the different structures. By minimizing a suitably chosen error function, calculated by comparing a PIP model with observed or synthetic datasets, both the structures and their interaction coefficients are determined simultaneously. This might therefore be a useful tool for identifying basic structures and processes underlying baroclinic wave life cycles. As a first step in this direction, an accordingly devised PIP model has been applied to a synthetic dataset obtained by numerically integrating the tendency equations of a very simple spherical and quasigeostrophic two-layer model incorporating surface drag and thermal damping. For fairly typical dissipative parameters, a PIP analysis identifies three basic structures that give a good description of the complete dynamics. The shape of these patterns and their interaction coefficients seem to be controlled by the diabatic parameters of the two-layer model. The initial conditions of an examined time series have virtually no influence. The role of the three PIPS in the baroclinic life cycle is discussed. An analysis of their interplay with each other and the zonal wind indicates that dissipation and forcing of the eddies themselves is an important factor in the maintenance of multiple baroclinic wave life cycles. Comparative analyses of cases with stronger and weaker dissipation indicate that the number of dynamically relevant patterns decreases with increasing dissipation, so that PIPS appear to he a valuable tool for the analysis of sufficiently dissipative systems.

Few researchers have assessed family interaction patterns associated with childhood depression, especially using observations in natural settings. We directly sampled the interaction patterns of families with depressed, conduct-disordered, mixed depressed-conduct-disordered, and comparison children ages 7-14 years in their homes during the evening meal. Observational measures were taken of positive and aversive behaviors and affect expression for both parents, the referred children, and their siblings. Results replicated previous research showing that conduct-disordered children express high levels of aversive behavior and anger and are part of a family system marked by conflict and aggression. The depressed children were exposed to maternal aversiveness but did not show any evidence of elevated levels of anger or aversiveness in their own behavior. Surprisingly, this was also true for the mixed-disorder children. High levels of depression in both groups of depressed children were associated with low levels of conflict and anger in family members. Overall, siblings showed very similar patterns of behavior, and were exposed to similar patterns of parental behavior, as the referred children. Results are discussed in terms of family models that emphasize the function of aggression and depression in the maintenance of child psychopathology.

A method of semiempirical identification of structural domains is proposed. The procedure is based on the comparison of amino acid sequences in groups of homologous proteins. This approach was tested using 32 known protein sequences from different cytochrome b5, cytochrome c, lysozyme, hemoglobin, and myoglobin proteins. The method presented was able to identify all structural domains of these reference proteins. A consensus secondary structure provided information on structural content of these domains predicting correctly 21 of 23 (91%) of alpha-helices. We applied this method to six homologous phytochrome sequences from Avena, Arabadopsis, Cucurbita, Maize, Oryza, and Pisum. Some of the identified domains can be assigned to the known tertiary structure categories. For example, an alpha/beta domain is localized in the region known to stabilize the phytochrome chromophore in the red light absorbing form (Pr). One alpha-helical and one alpha/beta domains are localized in regions important for the chromophore stabilization in the far-red absorbing form (Pfr). From an analysis of noncovalent interaction patterns in another domain it is proposed that a phytochrome dimer contact involves two segments localized between residues 730 and 821 (using numbering of aligned sequences). Also, a possible antiparallel beta-sheet structure of this region has been suggested. According to this model, the long axis of the interacting structures is perpendicular to a twofold symmetry axis of the phytochrome dimer.

Childhood depression and conduct disorder: II. An analysis of family interaction patterns in the home.

This study investigated differences in the verbal interactions of 14 gifted and 14 average-ability preschoolers and their mothers during three problemsolving tasks. Results indicated that mothers of gifted children were significantly more likely to encourage metacognitive strategies such as predicting consequences of intended actions, monitoring the ongoing activity and reality testing. Mothers of average children provided more direct solutions and talked more about child non-task behaviour. Gifted children showed greater verbal fluency and focused more often on multiple problem components but their verbal behaviour did not suggest child differences in autonomous metacognitive functioning. Sequential analyses of mother-child interaction patterns indicated that gifted preschoolers primarily used metacognitive tactics after maternal modelling, but also significantly more often as responses to less direct maternal prompts, suggesting increasing skill in child use of these tactics with decreasing maternal support. In keeping with Vygotskian theory, it is argued that 4-year-olds are in a transitional phase where social factors constrain both the internalisation and the coordination of cognitive tactics necessary for the construction of more mature problemsolving strategies.

This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of some of the major findings, and considers future issues, in the area of sibling relationships involving a child who is handicapped. The review includes an analysis of interaction patterns for nonhandicapped children, both preschool- and school-age, as well as an analysis of the impact of a sibling with a handicap. Factors that contribute to the sibling's adjustment, including family size, socioeconomic status, and characteristics of the child who is handicapped, are also explored. The interaction patterns and potential instructional roles of siblings are also evaluated. Finally, some suggestions for future research are presented, in particular, looking at the influences of siblings on another and at factors such as temperament and context.

The role of grandparents in infancy was examined in a comparative analysis of grandparent-infant grandchild and parent-infant interaction patterns. A second focus of the study was an exploration of the extent to which grandparents function as social support agents for their adult children and infant grandchildren. Grandparents (30 grandmothers and 21 grandfathers) and parents (30 mothers and 30 fathers) of seven-month-old infants were observed in individual five-minute dyadic play sessions with the infant in the parents' homes, yielding twenty minutes of agent-infant interaction. The observations were scored using both time-sampling and global coding schemes. Information on grandparental support to the young parents and infants, relative to other social support sources, were also obtained from grandparents and parents. Results indicated that both grandmothers and grandfathers are active interactive and support agents, with a pattern of similarities and differences in interactive style across generation and gender. Although there was a high degree of overlap in parent and grandparent interaction styles, parents were rated as more competent. Gender consistencies were found between female agents (mothers and grandmothers) and male agents (fathers and grandfathers). High levels of intergenerational contact were reported, with both parents and grandparents highly satisfied with the contact. The results of this study support an expanded view of the effects of various agents in young children's social environment.

Automatic fringe pattern analysis: A review