Anaerobic Test Research Articles

Wingate normative-reference values for a large cohort of Canadian university students

Abstract Study aim: The Wingate Anaerobic Test evaluates anaerobic power and capacity. Used to assess performance, historically among athletic populations, its evaluative capacity for individuals of varying athletic abilities is limited by a lack of normative data based on large participant populations. This study developed Wingate normative-reference values based on a large-scale cohort that is representative of the Canadian university student population. Material and methods: Data were collected from 872 participants, aged 20 to 29 years (mean body mass index [BMI]: 24.44 kg/m2). Testing was completed on a cycle ergometer using a widely recognized protocol, with resistance set at 7.5% of participants’. An independent samples t-test was used to compared the means of dependent variables (i.e., peak power [PP], mean power [MP], and fatigue index fi) and test for statistical significance (p < 0.05) between sexes, and Cohen’s d determined effect size. Results: Males had higher PP and MP (W and W · kg−1), whereas females exhibited lower FI (%). Statistically significant differences between sexes were observed for all variables. Conclusions: Collected data yielded normative-reference standards, including percentile rankings and performance classifications. These norms will allow for significant practical applications, including an effective method to assess anaerobic performance and health.

The alternative coproporphyrinogen III oxidase (CgoN) catalyzes the oxygen-independent conversion of coproporphyrinogen III into coproporphyrin III.

Nature utilizes three distinct pathways to synthesize the essential enzyme cofactor heme. The coproporphyrin III-dependent pathway, predominantly present in Bacillaceae, employs an oxygen-dependent coproporphyrinogen III oxidase (CgoX) that converts coproporphyrinogen III into coproporphyrin III. In this study, we report the bioinformatic-based identification of a gene called ytpQ, encoding a putative oxygen-independent counterpart, which we propose to term CgoN, from Priestia (Bacillus) megaterium. The recombinantly produced, purified, and monomeric YtpQ (CgoN) protein is shown to catalyze the oxygen-independent conversion of coproporphyrinogen III into coproporphyrin III. Minimal non-enzymatic conversion of coproporphyrinogen III was observed under the anaerobic test conditions employed in this study. FAD was identified as a cofactor, and menadione served as an artificial acceptor for the six abstracted electrons, with a KM value of 3.95 μmol/L and a kcat of 0.63 per min for the substrate. The resulting coproporphyrin III, in turn, acts as an effective substrate for the subsequent enzyme of the pathway, the coproporphyrin III ferrochelatase (CpfC). Under aerobic conditions, oxygen directly serves as an electron acceptor, but is replaced by the more efficient action of menadione. An AlphaFold2 model of the enzyme suggests that YtpQ adopts a compact triangular shape consisting of three domains. The N-terminal domain appears to be flexible with respect to the rest of the structure, potentially creating a ligand binding site that opens and closes during the catalytic cycle. A catalytic mechanism similar to the oxygen-independent protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase PgoH1 (HemG), based on the flavin-dependent abstraction of six electrons from coproporphyrinogen III and their potential quinone-dependent transfer to a membrane-localized electron transport chain, is proposed.

ANAEROBIC CAPACITY OF POSTPUBESCENT FEMALESFROM THE LOWLAND AREAS OF ZAKARPATTIA

B a c k g r o u n d . Human physical health depends on the body's ability to adjust (adapt) to the conditions of the external environment, while maintaining normal functional parameters of all physiological systems. The urgent mechanism of such adaptation is carried out by a humoral and reflex way, however, this process is personified by the somatotype of a person. Therefore, determining the component composition of the body and somatotype allows to individualize the ways to prevent certain diseases, to choose effective treatment tactics, as well as to predict the effectiveness of the treatment. The purpose of the study is to establish the ability of females of different somatotypes, who are residents of lowland areas of the Zakarpattia region, to adapt to physical work in the anaerobic mode of energy supply. M e t h o d s . 118 healthy females aged 16 to 20, residents of lowland areas, participated in the study. To assess the ability to perform physical work on a cycle ergometer in anaerobic mode, we using the Wingate anaerobic test described by Yu.M. Furman et al. We also measured the capacity of anaerobic lactic processes according to the method of Shögy A., Cherebetin G. The somatotype was determined by the Heath-Carter method. R e s u l t s . The examined females, residents of lowland areas, were represented by 5 somatotypes: ectomorphic, endomorphic, endomesomorphic, mesoectomorphic, and balanced. The largest number of individuals were of balanced (34.7 %) and endomesomorphic (32.2 %) somatotype, the smallest of ectomorphic (10.2 %) and mesoectomorphic (9.3 %) somatotype. In individuals with an endomesomorphic somatotype, the average value WAnT 10 rel. (40.25±1.23 kgm·min-1·kg-1) significantly exceeds the average value of females only of the endomorphic (37.1±0.65 kgm·min-1·kg-1) somatotype. At the same time, the average value of WAnT 10 rel. in representatives of the balanced (40.5±1.28 kgm·min-1·kg-1) somatotype significantly (р<0.05) exceeds the value of females of the endomorphic somatotype by 9.2 % and those of the ectomorphic somatotype (37.4±0, 76 kgm·min-1·kg-1) by 8.2 %. It is worth noting that the lowest average values of WAnT 30 rel. are observed in representatives of lowland areas of ectomorphic (35.4±0.72 kgm·min-1·kg-1) and endomorphic (35.7±0.96 kgm·min-1·kg-1) somatotypes, which do not differ from each other (p>0.05). The highest average values of WAnT 30 rel. in residents of the lowland areas were found in females of the endomesomorphic (39.0±1.03 kgm·min-1·kg-1) and balanced (39.33±0.89 kgm·min-1·kg-1) somatotypes, which are significantly higher (by 6 %) than the values of the representatives of the mesoectomorphic somatotype, and higher than the values of representatives of the ectomorphic and endomorphic somatotype (by 11 % and 10 %, respectively). C o n c l u s i o n s . Anaerobic productivity of females from Transcarpathia is related to somatotypological features of the body. There are gender differences in the adaptation of young people to physical work of anaerobic orientation depending on the somatotype. Among girls living in lowland areas, endomesomorphs and individuals with a balanced somatotype exhibit the highest capacity of anaerobic alactate and lactate energy supply processes for muscle work, and ectomorphs have the lowest capacity.

Are There Sex Differences in Anaerobic Performance Following a Dynamic Warm-Up? A Randomized, Counterbalanced, and Crossover Design Study

The increasing trend of females participating in elite and historically male-dominated sports has also resulted in a rise in females performing dynamic warm-ups (DWs). DW is a widely used practice in hockey. However, there is scarce evidence describing how DWs impact subsequent anaerobic performance and whether this response differs between sexes. This study aimed to determine sex differences in anaerobic performance when preceded by a DW. Twenty National Collegiate Athletics Association Division-II hockey players (n = 20, 10 female) completed a Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) preceded by a DW or no warm-up in a randomized, counterbalanced order and followed a crossover design. The DW was ∼8 min long and consisted of 13 movements that targeted prime muscles and joints involved in ice skating. The WAnT consisted of a 30-s, maximal effort sprint against 7.5% of the participant’s body mass performed on a cycle ergometer. Peak power output (PPO), relative peak power (RPP), mean anaerobic power (MP), and fatigue index (FI) evaluated anaerobic performance during the WAnT. There were no significant differences between male and female scores following DW. MP was significantly higher in males and females, but PPO, RPP, and FI were not when a DW preceded the WAnT. In both conditions, males had higher PPO and MP than females, while there were no sex differences in RPP and FI. In conclusion, performing a DW before a WAnT improved MP for females and males with no adverse effects on PPO, RPP, and FI. This study suggests that DW might benefit hockey players independently of sex.

The Relationship Between Anaerobic Performance Test and Time of Useful Consciousness Determined in Low-Altitude Chamber (25.000 Feet) with Heart Rate Variability

Understanding the relationship between anaerobic performance and time of useful consciousness (TUC) is important for individuals engaged in activities at high altitudes such as climbers, pilots, or astronauts. The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between anaerobic capacity and TUC determined in a low-altitude chamber (LAC), in terms of performance and heart rate variability (HRV), in healthy males. Thirty male participants were included in the study as volunteers (mean age: 23.2±0.8 years; height: 180.6±6.0 cm; weight: 77.0±8.2 kg). In the scope of the research, participants were exposed to oxygen in a LAC at an atmospheric level of 25.000 feet after body measurements were taken on the first day, and TUC was determined. Anaerobic capacities of the participants were determined the following day using the Wingate Anaerobic test (WAnT). HRV was recorded before, during, and after both tests. According to the findings of our research, the parameter changes of Mean-RR, SDNN, and frequency domain parameters HFnu were significant for both WAnT and LAC in terms of TUC in the pre-test, during the test, and post-test periods. RMSSD change was significant for LAC, while LFnu change was significant for WAnT. In intra-group comparisons, there was a significant difference between pre-test and during the test for WAnT, but no significant difference between during the test and post-test. For LAC, there was a significant difference between pre-test and during the test, as well as between during the test and post-test. In terms of the relationship between anaerobic capacity and time to achieve TUC, TUC showed a non-significant negative correlation with relative peak power (r=-0.03; p=0.86), and non-significant positive correlations with total peak power (r=0.19; p=0.31) and total mean power (r=0.23; p=0.23). The most striking result of this research is the lack of significant relationship between TUC duration and anaerobic performance of the participants. Additionally, in terms of TUC, recovery was significant after TUC in LAC, while no recovery was observed after WAnT. According to the results of this research, anaerobic exercises are not a priority in terms of performance and HRV change to increase TUC. Anaerobic performance may not be the primary criterion for personnel selection for high altitude missions.

Investigation of the Relationship of Arm and Leg Volume with Anaerobic Power, Balance and Strength Characteristics in Elite Judokas

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between arm and leg volume, and anaerobic power, balance and strength characteristics in elite Judokas. 15 national Judokas participated in the study voluntarily from Burdur Municipality Sports Club. Frustum method to determine the arm and leg volumes of the athletes, Wingate anaerobic power test to determine their anaerobic performance, stabilometric balance platform test to determine the dynamic balance performances, and 1 RM method to determine the strength levels. “Spearman” Correlation Analysis was used to determine the relationship between the force, anaerobic power and balance results. Considering the results of the athletes, there was a significant relationship between peak power (Watt), mean power (Watt), average power (Watt / kg) and leg volume, while no relation was found in all other values. There was found no relation between the total leg volume and anaerobic power values in female Judokas, the total arm and leg volume and dynamic balance values of the male and female Judokas, the total arm and leg volumes of male Judokas with 1 RM. When the relation of total arm and leg volumes with 1 RM values in female Judokas was examined, positive significant relationship was found in calf raise repetition; no relation was found in all other values. To conclude, it can be suggested to sports scientists and coaches that they should plan training programs to enhance the strength and anaerobic power characteristics of Judokas.

Inorganic carbon as a key factor governing competition between methanogens and acetogens in high-rate anaerobic treatment of methanol wastewater

The anaerobic treatment of methanolic wastewater has become a crucial issue. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), as a typical representative of inorganic carbon substances, not only provides alkalinity in the anaerobic treatment of methanol but also governs the competition between methanogens and acetogens. However, a suitable dosage has rarely been mentioned. In this study, we demonstrate the crucial role of NaHCO3 in the anaerobic treatment of methanol using a long-term operated up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and batch tests. The UASB results revealed that by adding 3 to 5 g/L of NaHCO3 to the influent at a high organic loading rate of 50 gCOD/L/d, a significant accumulation of acetic acid was detected, with a maximum value of up to 1400 mg/L. In the context of microbial community evolution, this study profiled substrate competition between the acetogens Acetobacterium and Methanomethylovorans, which directly utilize methanol, as well as the synergistic effects of Acetobacterium and acetoclastic Methanosaeta. Abundance analysis of genes encoding relevant pathway enzymes also revealed that the acetic acid production pathway was significantly enhanced when more NaHCO3 was added. According to the dose–response mechanism in the batch test based on kinetic analysis, an acceptable threshold prediction scheme was beneficial in reasonably adding NaHCO3 to improve acid production capacity and rapid methanol degradation, and ensuring that the generated acetate could be rapidly degraded without inhibition, in the high-rate anaerobic treatment of methanolic wastewater.

Investigating the Effects of High Intensity Resistance Training on Physical Fitness of University Male Football Players

High intensity resistance training (HIRT) can enhance strength, power, speed, agility, endurance and reduce injury risk in football players contributing to improved performance on the field. The purpose of this study was to determine eight-week high intensity resistance training (HIRT) intervention affected the physical fitness of male university football players. A randomized controlled design was adopted for the study and (n=24) football players between the ages of 19 and 25 took part. Before and during the intervention, which included three weekly training sessions, the participants were evaluated. The Yo Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIRT1), the 30 m sprint time (ST), the running based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) and the change of direction time (COD) were among the physical fitness tests. Following the eight week HIRT intervention, all experimental group variables revealed significant changes between pre- and post-tests.

Examination of the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test Performance in Athletes and Sedentary Individuals Within the Scope of Five-Second Segments

Bu çalışmanın ana amacı; sporcu ve sedanter bireylerde Wingate anaerobik güç testi (WAnT) performansının beş saniyelik segmentler ekseninde incelenmesidir. Çalışmanın ikincil amacı ise fiziksel özellikler ile WAnT performansı arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmaya iyi antrene durumdaki 13 erkek sporcu (Ort. yaş: 23,31 ± 2,06 yıl) ve 13 sağlıklı sedanter (Ort. yaş: 22,84 ± 1,99 yıl) gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Öncelikle katılımcıların demografik ve antropometrik ölçüm aşaması tamamlanmıştır. Daha sonra katılımcılar, tek seanslık laboratuvar ölçümünde bir bisiklet ergometresi (Monark Wingate Ergometer model 834E) aracılığıyla 30 saniyelik WAnT (WAnT-30) protokolünü tamamlamıştır. Test yükü, vücut ağırlığının %7,5’i olarak belirlenmiştir. Test sonucunda ergometre yazılımından elde edilen WAnT-30 zirve güç (ZG) ve toplam altı segmentten oluşan beş saniyelik ortalama güç (OG) çıktıları kaydedilmiştir. Sporcular, WAnT-30 ZG ve tüm beş saniyelik segmentlere ait OG çıktılarında sedanterlere göre daha yüksek değerlere sahipti (p<0,001). Sporcularda WAnT-30 ZG değeri ile tüm beş saniyelik OG çıktıları arasında pozitif ilişki olduğu belirlenirken (p<0,05; r = 0,594- 0,970), sedanterlerde ise bu ilişki 3. segmentten sonra kaybolmuştur. Basit doğrusal regresyon sonuçlarına göre sporcularda boy uzunluğu ve vücut ağırlığı, WAnT-30 performansının en iyi belirteçleri olarak tespit edilmiştir (R2 = 0,362- 0,689 ve R2 = 0,457- 0,590 sırasıyla). Sonuç olarak, sporcuların WAnT-30’a ait tüm segmentlerde sedanter bireylere göre daha yüksek güç çıktısına sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca sporcularda tam eforlu bir anaerobik performansın fiziksel özelliklerden etkilenebileceği görülmüştür. Sonraki çalışmalarda spesifik spor dallarından katılımcılarda farklı segment aralıkları kullanılarak anaerobik performansın gelişmiş bir değerlendirmesi yapılabilir.

Ammonia Inhalants: Use, Misuse, and Role in Sports Performance.

Ammonia inhalants, also known as smelling salts, are preparations of ammonia designed to treat fainting but more commonly used by athletes to boost awareness and arousal during competition. Despite their widespread use, the physiological and performance-enhancing effects of ammonia inhalants remain poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to review the current literature surrounding the benefits, risks, and physiological effects of ammonia inhalants. An extensive literature review of articles pertaining to ammonia inhalants was performed through MEDLINE and Google Scholar. The search terms "smelling salts," "ammonia inhalants," "strength," "performance," "head injury," and "concussion" were used. Clinical review. Level 4. The physiological response to acute ammonia inhalation includes cerebral vasodilation and heart rate elevation without change in blood pressure. The existing evidence demonstrates an ergogenic benefit to ammonia inhalant use only during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise; in these subjects, ammonia inhalation was associated with increased power as measured by the Wingate anaerobic test. In contrast, there is no performance benefit to ammonia inhalants in a short burst of maximal effort despite elevated arousal and an associated perception of performance enhancement. Importantly, ammonia inhalants have no role in medical management of head injuries, as they have the potential to exacerbate an underlying brain injury due to the involuntary withdrawal reflex associated with ammonia inhalation. Furthermore, the signs and symptoms of a concussion or more threatening head injury may be masked by ammonia inhalation and lead to continued participation in competition, causing additional harm. Ammonia inhalants have no role in medical management of head injuries and have limited benefit with regards to sports performance. B.

The effect of a 2-week ischaemic preconditioning intervention on anaerobic performance in male academy football players: a randomized, single-blinded, SHAM-Controlled study

ABSTRACT Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC), brief periods of ischaemia immediately followed by reperfusion applied to a vascular bed, has emerged as a method to improve exercise performance. There is, however, a lack of research exploring repeated episodes of IPC on anaerobic performance. The aim of this study was to determine if a 2-week repeated IPC intervention could enhance anaerobic performance in male academy football players. Eight male academy football players completed two, 2-week intervention trials: six IPC episodes (4 × 5 min at 220 mmHg per episode), and six SHAM episodes (4 × 5 min at 20 mmHg per episode). Prior to and following each intervention trial, the participants completed assessments of anaerobic performance (Running Anaerobic Sprint Test [RAST]), and superficial femoral artery endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation [FMD]). IPC significantly enhanced peak and mean power output by 12% (p = 0.026) and 11% (p = 0.019) and significantly improved superficial femoral artery FMD (p = 0.049). The increase in endothelial function suggests that this may be a mechanism contributing to this enhancement of anaerobic performance. The present study supports the use of repeated IPC prior to matches and training sessions to enhance anaerobic performance.

Effects of Contrast Training with Two Sessions Weekly Frequency on Physical Fitness of University-Level Male Soccer Players

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a six-week contrast training intervention conducted twice per week during the preparatory period on the measures of physical fitness in university-level male soccer players. Materials and methods. Sixteen players were selected as participants and randomly assigned to an experimental group or an active control group. Data were collected at baseline and after a six-week training intervention period for 15 m and 30 m linear sprint, medicine ball throw (MBT), standing long jump (SLJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), change of direction speed (CODS), peak torque (both legs) during extension and flexion, and running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST). Results. The analysis revealed reported significant small to very-large magnitude within-group improvement in all the dependent variables for the experimental group (p<0.001–0.028) but not for the control group (p=0.066–1.000). Further, the analysis of covariance with the pre-test scores as covariates revealed significant differences at post-intervention assessments for all the dependent variables, favoring the contrast training group (p<0.001–0.05). Conclusions. A six-week contrast training intervention with two weekly sessions during the preparatory period may be sufficient to induce small improvement in the 30 m linear sprint and isokinetic strength of both legs, moderate improvement in the 15 m linear sprint, and MBT, large improvements in SLJ, RAST, and a very large improvement in vertical jump (CMJ) and CODS.

The operational and financial impact of adding anaerobic screening of platelets.

We evaluated the operational and safety impact of implementing anaerobic culture screening of apheresis and pooled platelets at the American Red Cross on the already established use of the aerobic culture screening of each donation performed no sooner than 24 h following collection. Platelets were screened for bacterial contamination with the BACT/ALERT 3D® (bioMérieux, Durham, NC) microbial detection testing system. The addition of anaerobic culture to the already existing aerobic culture resulted in sampling an additional 8-10 mL from each donation. Implementation of anaerobic testing resulted in an approximate 3.5-fold increased rate of False Positive BACT/ALERT alarms. There was a modest increase in the rate of True Positive alarms of 1.4-fold with increased detection of Klebsiella and Propionibacterium species, including Cutibacterium acnes. In addition, there was an approximate 3.5-fold increase rate of False Positives and a 13.5-fold increase rate of Indeterminates, the majority (~57%) were due to Cutibacterium acnes. The combined costs and lost revenue associated with adding anaerobic screening increased by ~$1,000,000/year due to testing cost and product discards. The addition of anaerobic culture to aerobic culture to the original donation (without the introduction of sampling delay) resulted in a significant increase in the rate of alerts. The 40% increased rate of True Positive alarms may have modestly improved platelet safety. However, there was a disproportionate increase in the rate of False Positive and Indeterminate bacterial culture alarms, which added substantial cost and overall loss of platelet products.

Exploring associations between sprinting mechanical capabilities, anaerobic capacity, and repeated-sprint ability of adolescent ice hockey players.

Sprinting ability and anaerobic capacities are the determinant variables of the performance of ice hockey players. Recent research in sprinting showed the existence of distinct force-velocity (F-V) profiles, but the link between these profiles and anaerobic capacities remains unclear. This study explores the associations between F-V variables and anaerobic capacities among cohorts of highly trained adolescent ice hockey players. Data from 36 men (age, 15.1 ± 0.2 years) and 34 women (age, 16.5 ± 0.7 years) were collected during off-season camps. All athletes completed a 30-m sprint test, a Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), and a repeated-sprint anaerobic (RSA) test. F-V variables were calculated from the 30-m sprint test. Partial Pearson correlation coefficients for pooled data and Pearson correlation coefficients for individual male and female datasets were calculated. Among the F-V variables, maximal theoretical velocity and power were moderately to largely associated with WAnT and RSA performance (|r| = 0.30-0.70). Maximal theoretical force was moderately associated with the RSA (r = -0.32 to -0.33). The results indicate the importance for highly trained adolescent players to be able to apply force at high velocities to maximize anaerobic capacities. Important differences between male and female players suggest training priorities may differ according to sex.

Bioconversion of citrus waste by long-term DMSO-cryopreserved rumen fluid to volatile fatty acids and biogas is feasible: A microbiome perspective

Preserving rumen fluid as the inoculum for anaerobic digestion of food waste is necessary when access to animal donors or slaughterhouses is limited. This study aims to compare two preservation methods relative to fresh ruminal inoculum: (1) cryoprotected with 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stored at −20 °C and (2) frozen at −20 °C, both for 6 months. The fermentation activity of different inoculum was evaluated by rumen-based in vitro anaerobic fermentation tests (volatile fatty acids, biomass digestibility, and gas production). Citrus pomace was used as the substrate during a 96-h fermentation. The maximum volatile fatty acids, methane production, and citrus pomace digestibility from fresh rumen fluid were not significantly different from rumen fluid preserved with DMSO. Metagenome analysis revealed a significant difference in the rumen microbial composition and functions between fresh rumen fluid and frozen inoculum without DMSO. Storage of rumen fluid using −20 °C with DMSO demonstrated the less difference compared with fresh rumen fluid in microbial alpha diversity and taxa composition. The hierarchical clustering tree of CAZymes showed that DMSO cryoprotected fluid was clustered much closer to the fresh rumen fluid, showing more similarity in CAZyme profiles than frozen rumen fluid. The abundance of functional genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism and methane metabolism did not differ between fresh rumen fluid and the DMSO–20 °C, whereas the abundance of key functional genes significantly decreased in frozen rumen fluid. These findings suggest that using rumen liquid preserved using DMSO at −20 °C for 180 days is a feasible alternative to fresh rumen fluid. This would reduce the need for laboratories to maintain animal donors and/or reduce the frequency of collecting rumen fluid from slaughterhouses.

Fatigue Index Analysis in Student Soccer Clubs after 45 Minutes of Soccer Match

The purpose of this study was to determine and see the value of the fatigue index in student football athletes after playing a match for 45 minutes in the first halfs. This study used a quantitative descriptive method with 22 sample. The instrument used in this study is the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST), which is a test carried out by sprinting with a distance of 35 meters for 6 repetitions and a 10 second rest interval for each repetition performed by the athlete. The test results showed that from 22 students who played soccer for 45 minutes, 15 students (68.18%) had a high fatigue index value, while 7 students (31.82%) had a low fatigue index value. Based on the results of data analysis and discussion, it can be concluded that 15 out of 22 people (68.18%) of student soccer athletes after playing a soccer match for 45 minutes in the first half had a high fatigue index value.

Role of the hydrolytic-acidogenic phase on the removal of bisphenol A and sildenafil during anaerobic treatment

This paper presents the main results of the removal of two pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), bisphenol A (BPA) and sildenafil (SDF), by applying anaerobic biological batch tests. The biomass used was previously acclimatized and the experiment lasted 28 days. The effect of factors such as compound (BPA and SDF), concentration and type of inoculum was assessed, considering the factorial experimental design. The results indicated that evaluated factors did not significantly affect the PPCPs elimination in the evaluated range with a confidence level of 95%. On the other hand, the removal percentages obtained with BPA were mainly related to mechanisms, such as sorption and abiotic reactions. Regarding SDF, biodegradation was the predominant mechanism of removal under the experimental conditions of this study; however, the degradation of SDF was partial, with percentages lower than 43% in the tests with hydrolytic/acidogenic inoculum (H/A) and lower than 41% in the tests with methanogenic inoculum (MET). Finally, these findings indicated that hydrolysis/acidogenesis phase is a main contributor to SDF biodegradation in anaerobic digestion. The study provides a starting point for future research that seeks to improve treatment systems to optimize the removal of pollutants from different water sources.

Кореляційні зв’язки між функціональним станом організму та конституційними характеристиками складу маси тіла юнаків гірських районів Закарпаття

Aerobic and anaerobic productivity of the body are integral indicators of physical health. assessment of physical health based on indicators of aerobic and anaerobic productivity makes it possible to characterize it not only qualitatively, but also quantitatively [3]. The ability to demonstrate aerobic capabilities largely depends on the content of muscles, which are the main consumer of oxygen in the body [10]. Fat does the role of a regulator of metabolic processes in the body and is the main source of energy during long-term work of low intensity, which is performed due to aerobic energy supply mechanisms of muscle activity. To clarify the degree of influence of somatotype components and components of body weight on the functional capabilities of young men living in the mountainous districts of Zakarpattia, we conducted a correlation analysis. Researches was conducted in 124 young men of the post-puberty period of ontogenesis aged 17 to 21 years, residents of the mountainous districts of the Zakarpattia region. Physical health status was assessed by indicators of the aerobic productivity of the body, namely, the maximum oxygen consumption was measured (VО 2 max ) using the bicycle ergometry method. To evaluate the level of aerobic productivity, the Ya. P. Pyarnat’s rating scale was used [14]. Indicators of anaerobic productivity of the body were studied by: measuring the power of anaerobic alactic energy supply processes by the Peak Power Output in 10 s (WAnT 10 ); the power of anaerobic lactic energy supply processes by the Peak Power Output in 30 s (WAnT 30 ), using the Wingate anaerobic test described by Yu. M. Furman et al. [15]. The anaerobic lactic productivity of the organism was measured by the Peak Power Output (PPO) in 1 min using A. Shogy and G. Cherebetin’s method [16]. The component body mass composition was determined using the impedance method with the application of Somatotype was determined by the Heath-Carter method, which provides a three-component (fat, muscle and bone) anthropometric assessment [17]. Omron BF511 Body Composition Monitor to estimate the percentage of fat mass (subcutaneous and visceral fat) and the percentage of skeletal muscle [18]. The statistical processing of the material was carried out in Excel 7.0 and SPSS version 10.0 using Student’s t-test to find out the reliability of the difference between the average values. In young men, divided by somatotype, it was established that in representatives of the endomesomorphic somatotype, higher values of the fat component largely cause lower values of VO 2 max rel. to (r = -0.706; p < 0.001), correspondingly lower level of aerobic performance. Higher values of BMI in young men of endomesomorphic and mesomorphic somatotypes cause higher values of the absolute VO2 max indicator, as indicated by the correlation (r = 0.727; p < 0.001 and r = 0.880; p < 0.001, respectively). The degree of development of the components of the somatotype does not have a significant impact on the aerobic performance of young men of different morphological types, which is confirmed by a correlation that does not exceed the average degree. Among young men of different somatotypes, there is no correlation of body composition, BMI with the power of anaerobic lactate energy supply processes, or the strength of the connection does not exceed the average. It was found that higher BMI values significantly cause a higher level of anaerobic lactate productivity of the body only in representatives of the endomesomorphic somatotype, as indicated by a strong direct correlation (r = 0.740; p < 0.001) with the WAnT30 absolute indicator. A strong negative influence of percentage fat content in the body on the capacity of the anaerobic lactate productivity of the body in young men of the mesoectomorphic somatotype, which is evidenced by negative correlation (r = -0.445; p > 0.05) with the PPO rel. Higher values of BMI cause a lower level of anaerobic lactate productivity of the body in young men mesoectomorphic and endomesomorphic somatotypes, which is confirmed by a strong negative correlation with the PPO rel. (r = -0.594, p < 0.01; r = -0.430, p < 0.01 respectively). In addition, in young men of the endomesomorphic somatotype, higher values of BMI cause higher values of the absolute index of PPO (r = 0.628; p < 0,001).

Complete biodegradability assessment of polyoxyethylene glycerol ester non-ionic surfactant: Aerobic, anaerobic, combined biodegradation and inhibitory effects

Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability have become one of the most relevant characteristics for all contaminants. This is especially important in case of surfactants, which are discharged in wastewater treatment plants or directly into the aquatic bodies. The aim of this study is the integral assessment of the biodegradability of the non-ionic surfactant polyoxyethylene glycerol ester PGE-OE17. The aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of PGE-OE17 was evaluated at different initial surfactant concentrations, and the evolution of the toxicity of the surfactant and its by-products was followed during the aerobic and anaerobic processes using bacteria Vibrio fischeri. PGE-OE17 was not completely biodegradable neither aerobically nor anaerobically, and the increase in the initial surfactant concentration had a negative effect in the biodegradation. Toxicity of the surfactant solutions and degradation by-products had a first increase followed by a gradual decrease during both tests, revealing that toxic substances released can harm the microorganisms and therefore hinder the biodegradation. Additionally, combined aerobic-anaerobic biodegradation tests were performed, consisting in a first aerobic treatment of different duration and initial concentration, followed by a complete anaerobic treatment. Results showed that a balance between aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation duration can maximize the biodegradation rates in comparison with only aerobic or anaerobic tests.

Comparison of usefulness of two tests measuring anaerobic performance of untrained and soccer-training girls U12

The study aimed to investigate the usefulness of the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) in anaerobic performance estimation in trained and untrained girls U12, and the effect of an 8-week training period in female U12 soccer players on anaerobic performance. A comparative study of two structurally different anaerobic tests was performed to reach the goal. The study was designed as a non-randomized, controlled before-and-after trial. Fourteen female soccer players (FSP) and twelve untrained girls (UNT) participated in the study. During that time, all participants were subjected to school’s physical education classes and the FSP additionally participated in regular soccer training. The anaerobic performance was evaluated twice, within 8-weeks period, using the traditional Wingate test (WAnT) and the RAST. A significant increase in the anaerobic performance of the FSP was noted (p < 0.05). In both tests peak, average, and relative power were significantly improved (p < 0.005). Nevertheless, strong, statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlation coefficients (0.50 < r < 0.70) were found for pre-training measurements between the WAnT and the RAST power parameters in absolute values. In UNT group significant improvement was found in peak, average and min power (p < 0.05) in the RAST. The improvement in anaerobic performance after training along with the strong correlation noted between the WAnT and the RAST power parameters prove the usefulness of the RAST in assessing anaerobic capacity in female youth athletes. Its simplicity encourages its use in monitoring anaerobic capacity in both trained and untrained girls.