Anaerobic Speed Reserve Research Articles

The Relationship Between the Anaerobic Speed Reserve and Acute Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training in Female Soccer Players.

Aspin, GL, Graham, M, Franklin, J, Hicks, KM, and Taylor, JM. The relationship between the anaerobic speed reserve and acute responses to high-intensity interval training in female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-The anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) is a popular method of profiling soccer players, often used to individualize training prescription. This study explored the reliability of ASR profiling, and the relationship between the ASR and acute physiological responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Acute physiological responses to different HIIT types were also compared. Thirteen subelite female soccer players aged 20.2 ± 4.6 years completed 6 exercise sessions. In sessions 1-2, players completed a 40-m sprint to assess maximal sprint speed (MSS) and 1600-m time-trial to estimate maximal aerobic speed (MAS), which were used to calculate ASR and assess test-retest reliability. In sessions 3-6, players completed 4 HIIT sessions (repeated-sprint training, sprint interval training, long intervals, and short intervals HIIT). Intensities for long and short intervals HIIT were individualized according to MAS. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), and postsession blood lactates were recorded throughout. Relationships between the ASR and acute responses to HIIT, and between HIIT session comparisons in outcome measures were assessed. Anaerobic speed reserve (coefficient of variation ± 95% confidence limits; 3.1 ± 1.5%), MAS (1.8 ± 1.3%), and MSS (0.8 ± 0.6%) indicated acceptable reliability. Moderate correlations between ASR and RPE (r = 0.33), postsession blood lactate (r = 0.34), and HR (r = 0.37) were observed during long intervals HIIT. A strong correlation was observed between ASR and RPE during SIT (r = 0.50). Sprint interval training elicited higher RPE's and postsession blood lactate's than other HIIT sessions. Anaerobic speed reserve has good reliability and may influence acute physiological responses to HIIT in female soccer players.

Physiological and Locomotor Profiling Enables to Differentiate Between Sprinters, 400-m Runners, and Middle-Distance Runners.

Thron, M, Woll, A, Doller, L, Quittmann, OJ, Härtel, S, Ruf, L, and Altmann, S. Physiological and locomotor profiling enables to differentiate between sprinters, 400-m runners, and middle-distance runners. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): 1419-1427, 2024-Different approaches exist for characterizing athletes, e.g., physiological and locomotor profiling. The aims of this study were to generate and compare physiological and locomotor profiles of male and female runners and to evaluate relationships between the different approaches. Thirty-four highly trained adolescent and young adult female and male athletes ( n = 11 sprinters; n = 11,400-m runners; n = 12 middle-distance runners) performed two 100-m sprints on a running track to determine maximal sprinting speed (MSS) and maximal lactate accumulation rate (ċLa max ). A cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed on a treadmill to determine maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇ o2 max). Anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) was calculated as the difference between MSS and MAS. Group comparisons were conducted with a 2-way ANOVA (discipline × sex; p < 0.05) and Bonferroni post hoc tests and Cohen's d as effect size. Parameters were correlated by Pearson's correlation coefficients. Maximal aerobic speed and V̇ o2 max were higher in 400-m and middle-distance runners compared with sprinters ( p ≤ 0.02; -2.24 ≤ d ≤ -1.29). Maximal sprinting speed and ċLa max were higher in sprinters and 400-m runners compared with middle-distance runners (0.03 ≤ p ≤ 0.28; 0.73 ≤ d ≤ 1.23). Anaerobic speed reserve was highest in sprinters and lowest in middle-distance runners ( p ≤ 0.03; 1.24 ≤ d ≤ 2.79). High correlations were found between ASR and MAS, MSS, and ċLa max ( p < 0.01; -0.55 ≤ r ≤ 0.91) and between ċLa max and MSS ( p < 0.01; r = 0.74). Our results indicate that athletes of different sprinting and running disciplines show differing physiological and locomotor profiles, and that the parameters of these approaches are related to each other. This can be of interest for assessing strengths and weaknesses (e.g., for talent identification) or training prescription in these disciplines.

Does anaerobic speed reserve influence post-activation performance enhancement in endurance runners?

We investigated the influence of anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) on post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE). Twenty-two endurance runners and triathletes were evaluated for maximum sprinting speed (MSS) and countermovement jump (CMJ) before (non-fatigued) and after (fatigued) an incremental running test. They were allocated in LASR (low-ASR) and HASR (high-ASR) groups for comparisons between conditions. HASR showed greater CMJ and MSS (both p≤0.005) performances, with enhanced CMJ in fatigued condition (p≤0.008). Significant correlations were found between ASR, CMJ, and MSS in both conditions (p≤0.01) for the entire sample, and between ∆CMJ and ∆MSS (p≤0.001) in LASR. Our results show that ASR profile influences PAPE.

Individualizing Basketball-Specific Interval Training Using Anaerobic Speed Reserve: Effects on Physiological and Hormonal Adaptations.

We compared the adaptive responses to supramaximal high-intensity interval training (HIIT) individualized according to anaerobic speed reserve (ASR), the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VIFT), and velocity associated with maximum oxygen uptake (MAS) to determine which approach facilitates more identical adaptations across athletes with different profiles. Thirty national-level basketball players (age = 28.4 [5]y; body mass = 88.9 [6.3]kg; height = 190 [4.8]cm) were randomly assigned to 3 training groups performing 2 sets of 4, 6, 8, 6, 8, and 10-minute runs (from first to sixth week, respectively), consisting of 15-second running at Δ%20ASR (MAS + 0.2 × ASR), 95%VIFT, and 120%MAS, with 15 seconds recovery between efforts and a 3-minute relief between sets. All 3 interval interventions significantly (P < .05) enhanced maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), oxygen pulse (V˙O2/HR), first and second ventilatory threshold (VT1 and VT2), cardiac output (Q˙max), stroke volume, peak and average power output, testosterone levels, and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio following the training period. Different values of interindividual variability (coefficient of variation) for the percentage changes of the measured variables were observed in response to HIITASR, HIITvIFT, and HIITMAS for V˙O2max (8.7%, 18.8%, 34.6%, respectively), V˙O2/HR (9.5%, 15.0%, 28.6%), VT1 (9.6%, 19.6%, 34.6%), VT2 (21.8%, 32.4%, 56.7%), Q˙max (8.2%, 16.9%, 28.8%), stroke volume (7.9%, 15.2%, 23.5%), peak power output (20%, 22%, 37.3%), average power output (21.1%, 21.3%, 32.5%), testosterone (52.9%, 61.6%, 59.9%), and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (55.1%, 59.5%, 57.8%). Supramaximal HIIT performed at Δ%20ASR resulted in more uniform physiological adaptations than HIIT interventions prescribed using VIFT or MAS. Although hormonal changes do not follow this approach, all the approaches induced an anabolic effect.

Match-Play Running Performance in Professional Male Soccer Players: The Role of Anaerobic Speed Reserve

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to compare match-play running performance between players with a high (HASR) and low (LASR) anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) profile in professional soccer players. Method: Thirty-six male players from the same club (age: 23.3 ± 5.4 years) took part in this study. Match data were collected from 43 home matches of the first and second division of the Brazilian National Championship over two consecutive seasons. Players had their maximal sprinting (MSS) and aerobic speeds (MAS) determined during field test-based assessments. ASR was defined as MSS minus MAS. Total distance (TD), sprinting distance, number of accelerations and decelerations, absolute peak (PMS(abs)) and mean match sprint speed (MMSS(abs)) and its relative values expressed as a percentage of MSS (PMS(rel) and MMSS(rel)), distance covered > 100% MAS(abs) and > 50% MSS(abs) were compared between the groups and halves. Results: HASR presented greater sprint demand (d > 0.80), PMS(abs) (d = 1.57), and MMSS(abs) (d = 0.99) than the LASR group. The opposite was observed for PMS(rel) and MMSS(rel). The TD and amount of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations were moderately (0.77<d < 0.90) and largely (1.21<d < 1.63) reduced between halves for HASR and LASR, respectively. LASR players also had their distance >MAS(abs) and > 50% MSS(abs) decreased between halves (d = 0.72 and 0.77), while the HASR did not (d < 0.10). Conclusion: Our findings indicated that players with larger ASR had greater sprint demand, with a lower relative running intensity, and covered longer distances above MAS. The amplitude of ASR also affected the player’s running ability between halves.

The relationships between distances covered above generic and relative speed thresholds by male soccer players in English Premier League matches across two competitive seasons. The effects of positional demands and possession.

The aims of this study were to: a) examine the relationships between high-intensity distances covered above generic and relative speed thresholds in English Premier League (EPL) matches across two consecutive seasons and b) analyze the effects of playing position and team possession. Sixteen elite male soccer players (seven defenders, six midfielders and three forwards) participated in this study (age 27.8 ± 3.5 years, height 183.7 ± 5.4 cm, body mass 83.9 ± 7.1 kg). An Optical Tracking System was used to collect the following variables: total distance covered; high-speed running distance (HSRD) (> 5.5 m/s); high-intensity running distance (HIRD) (5.5-7 m/s); sprint distance (> 7 m/s); total distance covered above Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS); distance covered > 85% peak speed (PS); and distance > 30% Anaerobic Speed Reserve (ASR). All measures were analyzed as whole match totals and as distances covered in the periods of the team in possession (TIP), opponent team in possession (OTIP), and ball out of play (BOP). Analysis by position based on defenders, midfielders and forwards was also performed. Distance > 30% ASR was almost perfectly correlated with HSRD (r = 0.98), while distances > MAS were highly correlated with both HIRD (r = 0.91) and HSRD (r = 0.91), and distance > 85% PS were highly correlated with SD (r = 0.70). Although the generic and relative speed thresholds show almost perfect correlation, the differences between HSRD, HIRD and distance > MAS indicate that players may be exposed to more HIRD when using relative thresholds.

A Perspective on High-Intensity Interval Training for Performance and Health

Interval training is a simple concept that refers to repeated bouts of relatively hard work interspersed with recovery periods of easier work or rest. The method has been used by high-level athletes for over a century to improve performance in endurance-type sports and events such as middle- and long-distance running. The concept of interval training to improve health, including in a rehabilitative context or when practiced by individuals who are relatively inactive or deconditioned, has also been advanced for decades. An important issue that affects the interpretation and application of interval training is the lack of standardized terminology. This particularly relates to the classification of intensity. There is no common definition of the term “high-intensity interval training” (HIIT) despite its widespread use. We contend that in a performance context, HIIT can be characterized as intermittent exercise bouts performed above the heavy-intensity domain. This categorization of HIIT is primarily encompassed by the severe-intensity domain. It is demarcated by indicators that principally include the critical power or critical speed, or other indices, including the second lactate threshold, maximal lactate steady state, or lactate turnpoint. In a health context, we contend that HIIT can be characterized as intermittent exercise bouts performed above moderate intensity. This categorization of HIIT is primarily encompassed by the classification of vigorous intensity. It is demarcated by various indicators related to perceived exertion, oxygen uptake, or heart rate as defined in authoritative public health and exercise prescription guidelines. A particularly intense variant of HIIT commonly termed “sprint interval training” can be distinguished as repeated bouts performed with near-maximal to “all out” effort. This characterization coincides with the highest intensity classification identified in training zone models or exercise prescription guidelines, including the extreme-intensity domain, anaerobic speed reserve, or near-maximal to maximal intensity classification. HIIT is considered an essential training component for the enhancement of athletic performance, but the optimal intensity distribution and specific HIIT prescription for endurance athletes is unclear. HIIT is also a viable method to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and other health-related indices in people who are insufficiently active, including those with cardiometabolic diseases. Research is needed to clarify responses to different HIIT strategies using robust study designs that employ best practices. We offer a perspective on the topic of HIIT for performance and health, including a conceptual framework that builds on the work of others and outlines how the method can be defined and operationalized within each context.

Anaerobic Speed Reserve and Performance Relationships Between International and World-Class Short-Track Speed Skating.

Short-track speed skating race distances of 500, 1000, and 1500 m that last ∼40seconds to ∼2.5minutes and require a maximal intensity at speeds beyond maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Recently, the anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) has been applied by scientists and coaches in middle-distance sports to deepen understanding of 1- to 5-minute event performance where different physiological profiles (speed, hybrid, and endurance) can have success. World-class (women, n = 2; men, n = 3) and international-level (women, n = 4; men, n = 5) short-track speed skaters completed maximal aerobic speed and maximal skating speed tests. ASR characteristics were compared between profiles and associated with on-ice performance. World-class athletes raced at a lower %ASR in the 1000- (3.1%; large; almost certainly) and 1500-m (1.8%; large; possibly) events than international athletes. Men's and women's speed profiles operated at a higher %ASR in the 500-m than hybrid and endurance profiles, whereas in the 1500-m, endurance profiles worked at a substantially lower %ASR than hybrid and speed profiles. Women's 500-m performance is very largely associated with maximal skating speed, while women's maximal aerobic speed appears to be a key determining factor in the 1000- and 1500-m performance. World-class short-track speed skaters can be developed in speed, hybrid, and endurance profiles but achieve their performance differently by leveraging their strongest characteristics. These results show nuanced differences between men's and women's 500-, 1000- and 1500-m event performance across ASR profile that unlock new insights for individualizing athlete performance in these disciplines.

Using Anaerobic Speed Reserve To Prescribe High-intensity Interval Training

Using Anaerobic Speed Reserve To Prescribe High-intensity Interval Training

The Anaerobic Speed Reserve Influences Speed And Power Improvements From Repeated-sprint Training In Hypoxia (RSH) In World-class Short-track Speed Skaters

The Anaerobic Speed Reserve Influences Speed And Power Improvements From Repeated-sprint Training In Hypoxia (RSH) In World-class Short-track Speed Skaters

Comparison of anaerobic speed reserve and maximal aerobic speed methods to prescribe short format high-intensity interval training.

The purpose of the study was to compare the degree of intersubject variability in the cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and perceptual responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) prescribed based on the relative anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) or maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and to identify the optimal % ASR for execution of such HIIT. Seventeen male physical education students (age: 23.6 ± 1.1 years, height: 180.2 ± 5.9, body mass: 78.3 ± 8.1 kg; % body fat: 14.3 ± 2.7%) volunteered to execute three randomly scheduled 10-min HIIT exercises at 110% vVO2max , Δ15% ASR, or Δ25% ASR. Analysis of variance for repeated measures and the least significant difference post-hoc test were used to compare the physiological responses and the mean of individual residuals between the training sessions. The coefficients of variation (CV) of time spent ≥90% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max ) and maximal heart rate (HRmax ), peak VO2 , mean VO2 , peak HR, mean HR, blood lactate [La], and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were 48.7%, 35.9%, 9.3%, 7%, 3.5%, 4.8%, 32%, and 16.9% during 110% vVO2max , 47.2%, 31%, 7.5%, 6.7%, 3.9%, 4.6%, 24.2%, and 14.6% during Δ15% ASR, and 48.1%, 31.5%, 7.6%, 8.4%, 3.6%, 4.1%, 20.2%, and 3.4% during Δ25% ASR session, respectively. Only the residuals in RPE were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in 110% vVO2max and Δ15% ASR in comparison to Δ25% ASR. Time spent ≥90% HRmax /VO2max was maximized during Δ15% ASR session, albeit this was not significantly different from other sessions. The ASR-based method leads to reduced CVs of physiological and perceptual responses during 10-min HIIT; however, only reductions in [La] and RPE may be considered practically meaningful. Practitioners can use vVO2max for prescription of 10-min HIIT session comprised of 15-s work and passive recovery intervals.

Physiological, Spatiotemporal, Anthropometric, Training, and Performance Characteristics of a 75-Year-Old Multiple World Record Holder Middle-Distance Runner.

This study assessed the cardiorespiratory capacity, anaerobic speed reserve, and anthropometric and spatiotemporal variables of a 75-year-old world-class middle-distance runner who previously obtained several European and world records in the age categories of 60-70years, achieved 13 European titles and 15 world champion titles, and also holds several European records for the 75-year-old category. Heart rate, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, ventilation, step frequency, contact time, and velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were measured during treadmill running. Maximal sprinting speed was assessed during track sprinting and used to compute anaerobic speed reserve. Body fat percentage was assessed using air displacement plethysmography. Body fat percentage was 8.6%, VO2max was 50.5mL·kg-1·min-1, maximal ventilation was 141L·min-1, maximum heart rate was 164beats·min-1, maximum respiratory exchange ratio was 1.18, and velocity at VO2max was 16.7km·h-1. The average stride frequency and contact time during the last 30 seconds of the 4-minute run at 10km·h-1 were 171steps·min-1 and 241ms and 187steps·min-1 and 190ms in the last 40seconds at 17km·h-1, respectively. The anaerobic speed reserve was 11.4km·h-1, corresponding to an anaerobic speed reserve ratio of 1.68. This 75-year-old runner has an exceptionally high VO2max and anaerobic speed reserve ratio. In addition, his resilience to injuries, possibly due to a relatively high volume of easy runs, enabled him to sustain regular training since his 50s and achieve international performance in his age group.

Anaerobic Speed Reserve and Middle-Distance Performance: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) allows us to measure an athlete's metabolic and neuromuscular capacities and to profile the different types of middle-distance runners. The main objective of this systematic review was to investigate the relationship between ASR and performance in middle-distance events. Five databases were consulted, and after the screening and selection process, 7 studies were selected. The results show that ASR has no relationship with performance. However, it may do so when one of its variables is equalized or considered as an interaction with its edges. Nonetheless, both maximal sprint speed and maximal aerobic speed influence performance in 800 and 1500 m, with major implications for pacing behavior or tactical decisions.

Relationship Among the Change of Direction Ability, Sprinting, Jumping Performance, Aerobic Power and Anaerobic Speed Reserve: A Cross-Sectional Study in Elite 3x3 Basketball Players.

The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among sprinting performance, change of direction ability (COD), change of direction deficit (CODD), and aerobic power expressed by maximal oxygen velocity (VmaxIFT), anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) as well as jumping performance (countermovement jump with (CMJa) and without an arm swing (CMJ)) in elite 3x3 basketball players. A total of 15 Polish Olympic 3x3 team players (age: 26.86 ± 8.28 years; body height: 191 ± 5.33 cm; body mass: 90.68 ± 10.03 kg, basketball experience: 15.53 ± 5.8 years) participated in the study. Athletes were tested for the following measures: the linear speed at the first section (5 m), the second section (9 m), the third section (10 m) and total distance (24 m), two sets; the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (first session); COD speed by the Change of Direction and Acceleration Test (CODAT) (the same sections and total distance as in the linear speed test), five repetitions, two sets; and jumping performance by the CMJ with and without an arm swing (second session). CODD was calculated by subtracting the COD speed time from linear speed time at adequate sections and total distance. Maximal sprinting speed (MSS), maximal aerobic velocity (VmaxIFT), and anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) were also considered. Anaerobic Speed Reserve (ASR) was calculated as the difference between MSS and VmaxIFT. A Pearson's correlation test was used to determine the relationship between power-speed-related variables and CODD, final velocity attained at the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VmaxIFT), ASR, and COD performance. Moderate to strong correlations were registered between COD and linear speed at 5, 10, and 24 m, while moderate to strong negative correlations were detected between COD, CODD, and CMJ, CMJa. Moreover, moderate to strong correlations were observed between COD, CODD, and VmaxIFT, MSS at 9, 10, and 24 m sprints. No relationship was detected between COD, CODD, LS, and ASR in any measured sector. Finally, statistically significant differences were registered in COD and CODD between trial 1 and trial 2.

Effects of a paddling-based high-intensity interval training prescribed using anaerobic speed reserve on sprint kayak performance.

The aim of this study was to investigate physiological and performance adaptations to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) prescribed as a proportion of anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) compared to HIIT prescribed using maximal aerobic speed (MAS). Twenty-four highly trained sprint kayak athletes were randomly allocated to one of three 4-weak conditions (N = 8) (ASR-HIIT) two sets of 6 × 60s intervals at ∆%20ASR (MAS-HIIT) six 2min paddling intervals at 100% maximal aerobic speed (MAS); or controls (CON) who performed six sessions/week of 1-h traditional endurance paddling at 70%-80% maximum HR. A graded exercise test was performed on a kayak ergometer to determine peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak), MAS, V̇O2/HR, and ventilatory threshold. Also, participants completed four consecutive upper-body wingate tests to asses peak and average power output. Significant increases in V̇O2peak (ASR-HIIT = 6.9%, MAS-HIIT = 4.8%), MAS (ASR-HIIT = 7.2%, MAS-HIIT = 4.8%), ASR (ASR-HIIT = -25.1%, MAS-HIIT = -15.9%), upper-body Wingate peak power output and average power output (p < 0.05 for both HIIT groups) were seen compared with pre-training. Also, ASR-HIIT resulted in a significant decrease in 500-m , and paddling time. Lower coefficient of variation values were observed for the percent changes of the aforementioned factors in response to ASR-HIIT compared to MAS-HIIT. Overall, a short period of ASR-HIIT improves 500-m and 1,000-m paddling performances in highly trained sprint kayak athletes. Importantly, inter-subject variability (CV) of physiological adaptations to ASR-HIIT was lower than MAS-HIIT. Individualized prescription of HIIT using ASR ensures similar physiological demands across individuals and potentially facilitates similar degrees of physiological adaptation.

Effects of a small-sided games training program in youth male soccer players: variations of the locomotor profile while interacting with baseline level and with the accumulated load

PurposeThis study aimed to (1) analyze the impact of a small-sided game training program in the locomotor profile of youth male soccer players (while interacting with the baseline level – higher and lower level); and (2) test the relationships between variation in locomotor profile and the accumulated demands in 3v3, 5v5 and match over the period of observation.MethodsThe cohort lasted 3-weeks. Twenty under-17 male amateur soccer players (16.8 ± 0.41 years; experience: 6.35 ± 0.67 years) were assessed twice for their final velocity at 30−15 intermittent fitness test (VIFT), peak speed at 30-m sprint test (PSS) and anaerobic speed reserve (ASR). The PSS was estimated using a Global Positioning System, while the VIFT was estimated using the maximum level attained by the players during the test. Based on the baseline levels, the scores were standardized using the Z-score. The total score of athleticism (TSA) was calculated per player to organize the players into two groups: lower TSA and higher TSA. Over the three weeks of observation, the small-sided games of 3v3 and 5v5 and match demands were monitored using polar team pro. The heart rate responses (mean and peak), distance covered (overall and split by speed thresholds), and peak speed in these games were obtained and summed over the weeks. The repeated measures ANCOVA tested the variations (time) of the locomotor profile of players while considering the baseline as covariable and the group as a factor. The Pearson-product correlation test analyzed the relationships between variations in locomotor profile (Δ, post-baseline) and the accumulated demands in 3v3, 5v5, and match.ResultsBetween-groups analysis (lower TSA vs. higher TSA) revealed no significant differences on VIFT (p = 0.915), PSS (p = 0.269), ASR (p = 0.258) and TSA score (p = 0.138). Within-group (baseline vs. post-observation) analysis revealed significant difference on VIFT (p < 0.001), PSS (p = 0.008), while no significant differences were found on ASR (p = 0.949) and TSA score (p = 0.619). Significant correlations were found between ΔPSS and match total distance (r = 0.444; p = 0.050), match Z2 (r = 0.481; p = 0.032) and match Z3 (r = 0.454; p = 0.044). Significant correlations were found between ΔTSA and match total distance (r = 0.457; p = 0.043), match Z1 (r = 0.451; p = 0.046), match Z2 (r = 0.500; p = 0.025) and match Z3 (r = 0.468; p = 0.037).ConclusionSignificant improvements were observed after the period of observation. However, the fitness baseline level and the accumulated training load in the small-sided games seem to have no significant impact on the observed improvements.

Anaerobic speed reserve in young female rugby players: Methods and applications

This study aimed to identify differences and concordances among anaerobic speed reserve calculated considering different tests of maximal sprint speed and aerobic fitness in young female athletes. Ten female rugby players (15.00 ± 0.21 years) performed sprint tests (20 m, 30 m and 40 m) to measure maximal sprint speed and aerobic tests to measure speed associate to maximum oxygen uptake, maximal aerobic speed and speed associated to intermittent fitness test. Nine combinations of anaerobic speed reserve were calculated. Anaerobic speed reserve using 20 m (speed associate to maximum oxygen uptake = 2.01 ± 0.59 m·s −1 , maximal aerobic speed = 1.84 ± 0.59 m·s −1 , speed associated to intermittent fitness test = 2.09 ± 0.46m·s −1 ) showed lower values when anaerobic speed reserve was determined with 30 m (speed associate to maximum oxygen uptake = 2.20 ± 0.63m·s −1 , maximal aerobic speed = 2.03 ± 0.52 m·s −1 , speed associated to intermittent fitness test = 2.28 ± 0.51 m·s −1 ; p = 0.009) and 40 m (speed associate to maximum oxygen uptake = 2.21 ± 0.60 m·s −1 , maximal aerobic speed = 2.04 ± 0.48m·s −1 , speed associated to intermittent fitness test = 2.29 ± 0.41 m·s −1 ; p = 0.037). Also, the methods presented concordance among maximal sprint speed tests and aerobic tests. This suggests the viability of different tests to evaluate anaerobic speed reserve, and sprint tests of at least 30 m are more suitable for calculating anaerobic speed reserve. Cette étude visait à identifier les différences et les concordances entre la réserve de vitesse anaérobie calculée en tenant compte de différents tests de vitesse maximale de sprint et de capacité aérobie chez de jeunes athlètes féminines. Dix joueuses de rugby (15,00 ± 0,21 ans) ont effectué des tests de sprint (20 m, 30 m et 40 m) pour mesurer la vitesse maximale de sprint et des tests aérobies pour mesurer la vitesse associée à la consommation maximale d’oxygène, la vitesse aérobie maximale et la vitesse associée à test de condition physique intermittent. Neuf combinaisons de réserve de vitesse anaérobie ont été calculées. Réserve de vitesse anaérobie utilisant 20 m (vitesse associée à la consommation maximale d’oxygène = 2,01 ± 0,59 m·s −1 , vitesse maximale aérobie = 1,84 ± 0,59 m·s −1 , vitesse associée au test de condition physique intermittent = 2,09 ± 0,46 m·s −1 ) ont montré des valeurs inférieures lorsque la réserve de vitesse anaérobie a été déterminée avec 30 m (vitesse associée à la consommation maximale d’oxygène = 2,20 ± 0,63 m·s −1 , vitesse aérobie maximale = 2,03 ± 0,52 m·s −1 , vitesse associée au test de condition physique intermittent = 2,28 ± 0,51 m·s −1 ; p = 0,009) et 40 m (vitesse associée à la consommation maximale d’oxygène = 2,21 ± 0,60 m·s −1 , vitesse maximale aérobie = 2,04 ± 0,48 m·s −1 , vitesse associée au test de condition physique intermittent = 2,29 ± 0,41 m·s −1 ; p = 0,037). De plus, les méthodes présentaient une concordance entre les tests de vitesse maximale de sprint et les tests aérobies. Cela suggère la viabilité de différents tests pour évaluer la réserve de vitesse anaérobie, et les tests de sprint d’au moins 30 m sont plus appropriés pour calculer la réserve de vitesse anaérobie.

The role of the anaerobic speed reserve in female middle-distance running

Middle-distance running represents a complex interplay of metabolic and mechanical factors. A better understanding of the requirements of male 800 m running has been proposed using the anaerobic speed reserve construct. However, the anaerobic speed reserve is yet to be investigated within female middle-distance running. The anaerobic speed reserve, defined as the difference between maximal sprint speed and maximal aerobic speed, was assessed in 12 sub-elite female middle-distance runners using fastest 15 m sprint times and a maximal incremental treadmill test, respectively. Participants were allocated to either 400–800 m or 800 m–Mile subgroups. Comparisons between groups were made for anaerobic speed reserve, maximal sprint speed, maximal aerobic speed and the speed reserve ratio, defined as maximal sprint speed divided by maximal aerobic speed. The relationships between the anaerobic speed reserve components and 800 m season's best race times were assessed. Female 400–800 m middle-distance runners had a significantly larger anaerobic speed reserve ( P = 0.013), faster maximal sprint speed ( P = 0.001) and greater speed reserve ratio ( P = 0.042) than runners in the 800 m–Mile group. There was a significant negative correlation between maximal aerobic speed and 800 m time ( P = 0.012), but no statistically significant relationship was observed for anaerobic speed reserve ( P = 0.900), speed reserve ratio ( P = 0.558) or maximal sprint speed ( P = 0.057). Female middle-distance subgroups can be distinguished using the speed reserve ratio, with implications for coaches and physiologists to use the speed reserve ratio as a tool to characterize athletes and advise individualized training prescription. Aerobic power appears to underpin female 800 m performance as opposed to anaerobic or sprint abilities in these sub-elite athletes. La course de demi-fond représente une interaction complexe de facteurs métaboliques et mécaniques. Une meilleure compréhension des exigences de la course à pied de 800 m hommes a été proposée en utilisant le concept de réserve de vitesse anaérobie. Cependant, la réserve de vitesse anaérobie n’a pas encore été étudiée dans la course de demi-fond féminine. La réserve de vitesse anaérobie, définie comme la différence entre la vitesse maximale de sprint et la vitesse aérobie maximale, a été évaluée chez 12 coureuses de demi-fond féminines sous-élite en utilisant respectivement les temps de sprint les plus rapides de 15 m et un test incrémental maximal sur tapis roulant. Les participants ont été répartis entre des sous-groupes de 400–800 m ou de 800–Mile. Des comparaisons entre les groupes ont été faites pour la réserve de vitesse anaérobie, la vitesse maximale de sprint, la vitesse aérobie maximale et le ratio de réserve de vitesse, défini comme la vitesse maximale de sprint divisée par la vitesse aérobie maximale. Les relations entre les composants de la réserve de vitesse anaérobie et les meilleurs temps de course de la saison sur 800 m ont été évaluées. Les coureuses de demi-fond féminines de 400–800 m avaient une réserve de vitesse anaérobie significativement plus grande ( p = 0,013), une vitesse de sprint maximale plus rapide ( p = 0,001) et un rapport de réserve de vitesse plus élevé ( p = 0,042) que les coureurs du groupe 800–Mile. Il y avait une corrélation négative significative entre la vitesse aérobie maximale et le temps de 800 m ( p = 0,012), mais aucune relation statistiquement significative n’a été observée pour la réserve de vitesse anaérobie ( p = 0,900), le ratio de réserve de vitesse ( p = 0,558) ou la vitesse maximale de sprint ( p = 0,057). Les sous-groupes féminins de demi-fond peuvent être distingués en utilisant le ratio de réserve de vitesse, avec des implications pour les entraîneurs et les physiologistes d’utiliser le ratio de réserve de vitesse comme un outil pour caractériser les athlètes et conseiller une prescription d’entraînement individualisée. La puissance aérobie semble sous-tendre la performance féminine sur 800 m par opposition aux capacités anaérobies ou de sprint chez ces athlètes sous-élites.

An analysis of the relationship between critical velocity and anaerobic speed reserve with match running profile in football

Background and Study Aim. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between critical velocity (CV) and anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) with match running profile in football.&#x0D; Material and Methods. The research group consisted of fifteen young male football players (n=15, age=16.60±0.51 years, height=177.40±5.25 cm, weight=67.20±5.52 kg, body mass index=21.32±0.96 kg/m2). Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test (Yo-Yo IRT) was performed to determine maximal aerobic speed (MAS). Maximal sprint speed (MSS) was determined by 30-meter sprint test. CV and ADC parameters were obtained by linear regression model (Lin-TD: linear total distance model) between the covered distance and running duration in 800-meter and 2400-meter running tests. A 90-minutes football match was played to determine the subjects’ match running profile (covered distance in every running category), which was examined by means of a global positioning system (GPS) device in five running categories (walking: 0-6.9 km/h, low intensity running: 7-12.9 km/h, middle intensity running: 13-17.9 km/h, high intensity running: 18-20.9 km/h, sprint: &gt;21 km/h). Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis was employed to analyse the collected data.&#x0D; Results. It was found that CV was significantly and positively correlated with total running distance as well as low and middle intensity running (p&lt;0.05). A significant and negative correlation was found between ASR and all match running profiles (p&lt;0.05). Both CV and ASR were significant predictors of high intensity running, maximum running speed and total running distance during match (p&lt;0.05). However, while CV was a significant predictor of sprint running, ASR significantly predicted walking (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusions. Consequently, it may be concluded that in football, aerobic fitness is positively correlated to CV and negatively to ASR.

Does size matter? Effects of small versus large pitch small-sided game training on speed and endurance in collegiate soccer players

The aim of this study was to compare the training effect of small-sided games played using large and small area per player on speed and endurance in college soccer players. Twenty male NCAA division 1 soccer players were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups: small-sided games using a large area per player ( n = 10), or small-sided games using a small area per player ( n = 10). During the 4-week intervention, both groups performed three sets of 4–8 min of 5 versus 5 small-sided games using either a large (300 m2) or small (75 m2) area per player. Pre- and post-training, players completed linear sprint (20- and 40-m), repeated sprint, and aerobic endurance tests. Following the intervention, both groups exhibited improvements in 20-m, 40-m, and maximum sprinting speed (all p &lt; 0.05, g = 0.04–0.29). No differences or interaction effects in repeat-sprint ability were found for either group ( p &gt; 0.05). A decline in maximal aerobic speed occurred in the small area per player group ( p = 0.010, g = 0.60) whilst no change was reported for the large area per player group. Following the intervention, anaerobic speed reserve was lower for the large area per player group versus the small area per player group ( p = 0.013; g = −0.23). No further between-group differences were reported at either time-point. These results suggest that small-sided games played with a small area per player may not be adequate to maintain aerobic fitness.