Anacanthorus Penilabiatus Research Articles

First record of metazoan parasites of hybrids between the genera Colossoma and Piaractus in natural environments.

The practice of hybridization is carried out globally in fish farms. Here, we present the first record of the parasitic fauna of hybrids among genus Colossoma and Piaractus in natural environments. We identified a total of 48 hybrids, nine F1 hybrids (nuclear DNA from both species present in the cross) and 38 advanced hybrids (nuclear DNA from one species), both from crosses between Piaractus brachypomus and Piaractus mesopotamicus, and one F1 "tambacu" corresponding to cross between Colossoma macropomum and Piaractus mesopotamicus. This is the first record of Anacanthorus penilabiatus, Anacanthorus toledoensis, Mymarothecium viatorum, Mymarothecium ianwhittington, Haementeria sp., Dadaytrema oxycephala, Rondonia rondoni, and Echinorhynchus gomesi parasitizing hybrids collected in a natural environment. With this, we expand knowledge about the diversity of fish and parasites in the upper Paraná River and warn about the risk that fish escapes can cause in the basin.

Molecular identification of Mymarothecium viatorum and Anacanthorus penilabiatus in extensive native fish farming systems of the Peruvian Amazon

Piaractus brachypomus (Pacú) is the main native fish species cultivated in Peru and holds great potential for growth in aquaculture from the Peruvian Amazon. Between October 2021 and January 2022 in two fish producing farms in the Amazon region of San Martín in Peru, P. brachypomus individuals were examined for parasite evaluation. A total of 6366 monogeneans were isolated from the gills of 30 fish, revealing a prevalence of 100%, with an abundance and mean intensity of 212 parasites per fish. Monogeneans were morphologically identified as Mymarothecium viatorum and Anacanthorus penilabiatus. The genetic divergence in the 28S rDNA gene found among A. penilabiatus sequences was 0.1% and among Anacanthorus spp. it ranged from 0.9% to 7.5%. The genetic divergence found among the M. viatorum sequences was 0.3%. These finding represents the first molecular data of M. viatorum and A. penilabiatus in Peru using the 28S rDNA gene of these monogeneans. The new sequences obtained will contribute to future studies on the phylogenetic relationships among dactylogyrids. However, further research with a broader range of host-parasite samples and additional genetic markers is needed to clarify these relationships and provide stronger support for the phylogenetic positions.

Parasitological assessment in hybrids Serrasalmidae fish farmed in Brazil.

This study evaluated the parasitic fauna of hybrids tambacu (Colossoma macropomum × Piaractus mesopotamicus) and patinga (P. mesopotamicus × Piaractus brachypomus) and their host-parasite-environment interaction during the warm and cold seasons in two fish farms located in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, South America. A total of 120 fish, being 60 fish for species (30 in the warm season and 30 in the cold season) were examined. Water quality was measured weekly to evaluate the interaction between environmental conditions and parasitism. Fifteen species of parasites were found: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Chilodonella hexasticha e Trichodina sp. (Protozoa), Henneguya piaractus, Myxobolus colossomatis and Myxobolus cuneus (Myxozoa); Anacanthorus penilabiatus, Mymarothecium boegeri, Mymarothecium viatorum, and Notozothecium janauachensis (Monogenoidea), Goezia spinulosa and Goezia sp. (Nematoda), Echinorhynchus jucundus (Acanthocephala), and Dolops carvalhoi, Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea). The ciliate protozoan I. multifiliis and monogenoids were the most prevalent parasites in the cold and warm seasons for both hybrids in the different culture systems intensive production and sportive fishing. It was observed that the serrasalmid hybrids are more susceptible to parasites and harbor high diversity of parasites in relation to the parental species C. macropomum, P. mesopotamicus and P. brachypomus, with a predominance of ectoparasites.

Parasites in farmed Piaractus brachypomus (Serrasalmidae) in the state of Acre, western Brazilian Amazonia

ABSTRACT This study investigated the parasite fauna in Piaractus brachypomus grown in fish farms in the state of Acre, in the western Brazilian Amazon. We examined 160 fish from four farms. Overall parasite prevalence was 66.9%. The fish were parasitized by Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium viatorum, Anacanthorus penilabiatus, Clinostomum marginatum, Echinorhynchus jucundus and Henneguya sp., but monogenean species were the dominant parasites. Monogeneans showed an aggregated distribution pattern and there was a weak correlation between host size and abundance of M. viatorum and A. penilabiatus. No difference in the condition factor of parasitized and non-parasitized fish was detected. The fish of all farms had the gills parasitized by A. spathulatus and M. viatorum, but A. penilabiatus was found only in fish from two farms. Echinorhynchus jucundus, C. marginatum and Henneguya sp. were found in only one farm. The differences in parasitism level among the farms are attributable to differences in management and quality of cultivation environments.

Parasitism by Monogenoidea in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Characiformes, Characidae) cultivated in Paraná River (Brazil).

This study investigated the occurrence, prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity of monogenoidean parasites in Piaractus mesopotamicus farmed in cages in the reservoir of the Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Station, Paraná River, Brazil. The parasite distribution pattern and the correlation of prevalence and abundance with the total length of hosts were also investigated. Four monogenoidean species were collected: Anacanthorus penilabiatus, A. toledoensis, Mymarothecium ianwhitingtoni and M. viatorum. All the parasites collected in P. mesopotamicus showed the typical aggregated distribution pattern, and the abundance and the prevalence did not shown any correlation with the total length of hosts.

Levamisole reduces parasitic infection in juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)

Anthelmintic drugs are successfully used in aquaculture to control parasitic infections or infestations. This study analyzed the effectiveness of levamisole as an antiparasitic and its effect on the liver of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). A total of 300 fish (180±1.27g; 16±0.4cm) were fed a diet containing levamisole hydrochloride (LHC) for fifteen days. A control group (T0) and four treatments were tested: T1 (100), T2 (150), T3 (300) and T4 (500) mgkg−1 LHC in quadruplicate (15 fish per repetition). Four fish per treatment (n=20) were euthanized by sectioning the spinal cord; the sample was forwarded for parasitological analysis. The gill arches and intestines were removed and preserved in formaldehyde 10% for identification and quantification of the parasites. For evaluation of the liver histology, four fish per treatment (n=20) were euthanized with benzocaine (100mgL−1) for liver removal. In intestines and gills, we identified the parasites Rondonia rondoni (Nematoda, Atractinae) and Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae), respectively. Both were at high prevalence and intensity of infection and infestation, respectively. The 300mgkg−1 LHC treatment reduced the infection by R. rondoni but not the infestation by A. penilabiatus. Concentrations of 150 and 300mgkg−1 LHC caused moderate liver changes, and no changes were observed in fish treated with 100mgkg−1 LHC. The highest concentration of LHC (500mgkg−1) induced a high occurrence of sinusoid dilation, blood congestion and leukocyte infiltration in fish liver. Our results indicate that LHC (300mgkg−1) was effective in controlling the infection by R. rondoni and caused moderate histological changes in pacu liver.

Copaifera duckei oleoresin as a novel alternative for treatment of monogenean infections in pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus

Monogeneans are major parasites of fish and cause large economic losses in aquaculture. Treatment for this parasitic infection is done with products that are mostly toxic to fish and the environment. Essential oils (EOs) of Melaleuca alternifolia and Mentha piperita and the oleoresin (OR) of Copaifera duckei were tested for their in vitro anthelmintic activity against the monogenean parasites (Anacanthorus penilabiatus and Mymarothecium viatorum) of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus. Naturally infected gills were bathed with the herbal solutions (100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600mg/L) and monitored every 15min for 4h. Because of its greater efficacy in vitro (p<0.05) compared to the other herbal medicines, C. duckei OR was selected for in vivo testing. The in vivo treatment consisted of 10 and 50mg/L baths of C. duckei OR for 10min. Parasitological, hematological, and histological analyses were conducted post-bath and seven days after treatment. Parasite loads decreased by approximately 45% in fish treated with 50mg/L of C. duckei OR. No hematological changes caused by treatment with C. duckei OR at 10 and 50mg/L were observed. Histology revealed branchial and hepatic alterations in fish from all groups, whereas spleen and kidney tissues were not affected. Histopathological alterations observed in all fish were due to parasitism or nutritional/farming conditions. Hematological and histological results showed that short baths were safe for fish. Based on the strong anthelmintic activity observed, C. duckei OR offers a promising alternative treatment against monogenean parasites.

Hematological and histopathological assessment of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) after treatment of pathogens with veterinary medicinal products

Fish species are impacted by multiple pathogens, and they are exposed to the chemicals used to treat these diseases at several stages during the aquaculture production cycle. This study performed hematological and histopathological evaluations of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) that had been naturally infected with Aeromonas sp., Streptococcus sp., Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina heterodentata, and Anacanthorus penilabiatus and treated with enrofloxacin and toltrazuril or with florfenicol and thiamethoxam. After 7 days of treatment from nine fishes were collected blood, via caudal puncture, and samples of the gills, liver, and kidneys. Following toltrazuril and enrofloxacin treatment, fish exhibited leukocytosis with lymphocytosis. With thiamethoxam and florfenicol treatment, the fish showed an increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin level, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and a decrease in red blood cells. The infected control fish presented aneurysms and a disruption of the secondary lamellae, which can cause death. The drugs used in this study stimulated the immune systems in the fish or caused electrolyte imbalances, which were temporary.

Supplementary studies on Anacanthorus penilabiatus and Mymarothecium viatorum (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from Piaractus mesopotamicus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) in Brazil.

The dactylogyrid monogeneans Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Boeger, Husak and Martins, 1995) and Mymarothecium viatorum(Boeger, Piasecki and Sobecka, 2002), commonly found in large quantities in farmed Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) in Brazil, were collected from three fish farms located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Morphological and molecular identification, scanning electron microscopy, histopathological and descriptive parameters data were performed. A total of 278 specimens of P. mesopotamicus were gathered from February 2008 and July 2010. Prevalence (P) and mean intensity of infection (MII) data was taken at each location. The data showed prevalence and mean intensity of infection annually, with numbers such as P = 91.2% and MII = 50 worms/fish (Pirassununga), P = 60% and MII = 39.2 worms/fish (Mogi Mirim), and P = 100% and MII = 204.8 worms/fish (Itapira). Histopathological results showed hyperplasia of the secondary lamellae, and hypersecretion of mucus was also observed. A phylogenetic topology was inferred using complete SSU (18S) ribosomal rDNA, positioning Anacanthorus penilabiatus and Mymarothecium viatorum among other monopisthocotyleans available in GenBank.

Haematological and histopathological analysis in South American fish Piaractus mesopotamicus parasitized by monogenean (Dactylogyridae).

Monogeneans are the parasites mostly found on the body surface and gills of fish and can cause large losses in farmed fish. Some studies demonstrate elevated parasitic levels causing hematological alterations. But few of them relate the effects of parasitism on the hematology and histopathology of native freshwater farmed fish. This study evaluated the host-parasite relationship in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) parasitized by the monogenean Anacanthorus penilabiatus. Hematological and parasitological assessments were obtained in 60 fish captured in a fish farm located in Dourados, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Central Brazil. Fish were analyzed in different categories of parasite number: class I (n=13; 0-200 parasites), class II (n=17; 201-1200 parasites); class III (n=7; 1201-2200 parasites); and class IV (n=23; more than 2200 parasites per host). The highest levels of parasitism caused significant decrease (p<0.05) in the hematocrit, red blood cells (RBC), mean hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and basophils number. Thrombocytes, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and LG-PAS did not present significant difference among the parasitic levels. In contrast, increased number of total leukocytes and lymphocytes were found in highly-parasitized fish. A positive linear correlation (p<0.01) was found between the amount of parasites and fish weight. Histopathology revealed severe hyperplasia, sub-epithelial edema, fusion of the secondary lamellae, focal and multifocal necrosis in highly parasitized fish.

Effectiveness of therapeutic agents in disease treatment in Piaractus mesopotamicus

The use of drugs in aquaculture is necessary to combat pathogens responsible for causing the high rate of mortality in fish farming, such as infection by ectoparasites. The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficacy: (A) of toltrazuril (TOL) treatment against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina heterodentata and Anacanthorus penilabiatus; (B) of thiamethoxam (TH), in treating fish infected by A. penilabiatus and (C) of enrofloxacin (ENR) and florfenicol (FFC) against Aeromonas sp. and Streptococcus sp. The drugs TOL and TH were administered in therapeutic baths while ENR and FFC were mixed with the fish food. The drug concentrations were adjusted according to the experimental conditions (laboratory, microcosm or mesocosm). The drug TOL presented a treatment efficacy rate of 100% against I. multifiliis in microcosm and T. heterodentata in mesocosm. Moreover, ENR presented an efficacy rate of 100% in treating fish infected by Aeromonas sp. and Streptococcus sp. in mesocosm. Finally, TH efficacy rate in controlling A. penilabiatus infection was 81.86% in mesocosm and FFC decreased the overall bacterial load in infected fish. Aeromonas sp. and Streptococcus sp. strains were found in the samples collected for microbiological analysis. In conclusion, TH presented a high efficacy in treating fish against A. penilabiatus infection while TOL was better in controlling T. heterodentata. The antibiotics used in mecoscosm condition presented potential to be used against bacterial infection in aquaculture.

Parasitic infections of Piaractus mesopotamicus and hybrid (P. mesopotamicus xPiaractus brachypomus) cultured in Brazil

This study evaluated the occurrence of parasitic infections in the "pacu" fish Piaractus mesopotamicus and the "patinga" hybrid (P. mesopotamicus x Piaractus brachypomus) in the northwest of São Paulo State, Brazil. Fish from the following three fish farms were evaluated every two months: A, a hatchery and larviculture farm (n = 16 pacu / n = 19 patinga), B, a growout farm (n = 35 patinga) and C, a fee-fishing property (n = 28 pacu / n = 7 patinga). Thirty-five fish from each property were collected from February 2010 to February 2011 and subjected to parasitological analysis. The parasites found were the following: Mymarothecium viatorum, Anacanthorus penilabiatus, Notozothecium janauachensis (Dactylogyridae, Monogenea), Trichodina spp., Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Chilodonella sp. (Protozoa), Myxobolus spp., Henneguya spp. (Myxozoa), Rondonia rondoni, Contracaecum sp. (Nematoda), and Dolops carvalhoi (Crustacea). Of the fish examined, 62.9% from "A" and 100% from "B" and "C" were infested with at least one parasite species. Pacu fish (n = 44) showed a higher susceptibility to Anacanthorus penilabiatus infestations, whereas patinga (n = 61) were more susceptible to Mymarothecium viatorum (p < 0.05). Appropriate fish handling (nutrition, transport and storage), in conjunction with monitoring of water quality, can reduce the stress to which the farmed fish are exposed and is essential for pathogen control.

Effects of chromium supplementation on the infrapopulations of Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenoidea) and Piscinoodinium pillulare (Dinoflagellida) parasites of Piaractus mesopotamicus (Characidae)

This study evaluated the parasitism by Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenoidea) and Piscinoodinium pillulare (Dinoflagellida) in the gills of "pacu", Piaractus mesopotamicus supplemented with chromium in the diet. Randomised delineation by using factorial scheme (4x2x2) for Monogenoidea and 4x2x3 for Dinoflagellate with four levels of chromium (0, 6, 12, 18mg/kg diet), two stocking densities (4kg/m³ and 20kg/m ³), two classes of length (higher and lower than 17 cm) for a period of 7, 60 and 90 days, and four replicates was used. The fishes in low density which received 12 and 18mg/kg showed decreased monogeneoidea values, seven days after the experiment begin. Six, 12 and 18 mg/kg caused reduction in the dinoflagellate number in the fishes maintained at 20kg/m³. It was possible that chromium supplementation (12 e 18mg/kg) favoured the fishes health by reducing Monogenoidea and Dinoflagellida number in lower and higher densities, respectively.

On Dactylogyridae (Monogenea) of four species of characid fishes from Brazil

Material collected from the fishes from the dams and fish farms of the Departamento Nacional de Obras contra as Secas (DNOCS) and from the tanks of the Itaipu Hydroelectric Station was examined in order to analyze the index and the infestation of Monogenea. Specimens of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus) and the hybrid tambacu (Colossoma macropomum X Piaractus mesopotamicus) were examined and five species of Monogenea were identified including: Mymarothecium viatorum Boeger, Piasecki &amp; Sobecka, 2002, Mymarothecium boegeri Cohen &amp; Kohn, 2005, Notozothecium euzeti Kritsky, Boeger &amp; Jégu, 1996, Notozothecium januachensis Belmont-Jegu, Domingues &amp; Martins, 2004 and Anacanthorus penilabiatus Boeger, Husak &amp; Martins, 1995. Infection prevalence and intensity of infection and new data concerning Monogenea are presented. Key words: Monogenea, Parasites, Brazil, freshwater fishes.

Praziquantel, levamisol e difubenzuron no controle de Dolops carvalhoi (Crustacea: Branchiura) e Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) em Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Osteichthyes: Characidae)

This assay evaluated the control efficacy of diflubenzuron, praziquantel and levamisole added to the diet of pacu (Piaractus mesoptamicus) infected with Anacanthorus penilabiatus and Dolops carvalhoi. 19 water tanks of 300 L capacity were utilized with 28 fish in each one. The treatments were made by mixing the active principles in the diet. The experiment was evaluated in four harvests done 1 day before and 3, 7 and 15 days after the treatment. The medicated feeding was applied for 7 days. The results of efficacy suggest that the diflubenzuron alone or associated with levamisole and praziquantel was efficient against the crustacean D. carvalhoi and the efficacy in the 3, 7 and 15 days evaluations ranged from 96.2 to 100%. Against the monogenean the drugs did not present efficacy. The results suggest the use of diflubenzuron for the control of D. carvalhoi in captive fishes in special conditions.

Recentes estudos de infecções parasitárias em peixes cultivados no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

The present work relates diagnosticated cases of fish diseases in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil between January/1999 and December/2000. During 1999, the monogenean was the most important parasite (72.9%), followed by Piscinoodinium pillulare (43.2%), Henneguya piaractus (34.2%), Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (23.4%) and copepodids of Lernaea cyprinacea (9.0%). However, in 2000, monogenean showed 78.9%, trichodinids 52.1%, P. pillulare 35.7%, I. multifiliis 29.8% and L. cyprinacea 11.9%. The most infected fish was Piaractus mesopotamicus, followed by Leporinus macrocephalus, hybrid tambacu and Oreochromis niloticus. This work showed the highest susceptibility of “tambacu” and L. macrocephalus to P. pillulare and P. mesopotamicus to monogenean Anacanthorus penilabiatus. The authors emphasize the importance of prophylaxis in farmed-fish, as well as adequate transport and water quality. The regular accompaniment of fish health, strategic applications of sodium chloride in the water and vitamin C supplementation in the ration to avoid the unbalance of the host/parasite/environment system.

Relação parasito-hospedeiro em peixes de pisciculturas da região de Assis, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. 2. &lt;em&gt;Piaractus mesopotamicus&lt;/em&gt; (Holmberg, 1887)

Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) is one of the most abundant native species in fish farmings in Brazil. This study was conducted in three fish farmings in São Paulo State, during February and December, 2004. Eighty-three specimens (92.2%) were parasitized by at least one parasite species. Eight species of ectoparasites were registered. Anacanthorus penilabiatus, A. spatulathus and Mymarothecium sp. 2 were classified as centrals, and Mymarothecium sp. 1 as secondary. Other species were considered satellite. It is possible to consider that despite of the high prevalence of the species, few of them are abundant. Anacanthorus penilabiatus presented significant negative correlation between the abundance of parasitism and the standard length in the fish farming of Tarumã, São Paulo State. Mymarothecium sp. 2 presented significant positive correlation in the fish farming of Cândido Mota, São Paulo State. In this study, the results of the relative condition factor show that only in the fish farming of Palmital, São Paulo State, a positive correlation occurred between Kn and the abundance of parasitism. Anacanthorus penilabiatus and A. spatulathus presented positive correlation with hepatosomatic relation in the fish farming of Tarumã and Cândido Mota, São Paulo State. Considering the splenosomatic relation, only the Ergasilidae species presented significant negative correlation in the fish farming of Cândido Mota, São Paulo State.

Suplementação com DL-&amp;alpha; acetato de tocoferila e parasitismo por &lt;em&gt;Anacanthorus penilabiatus&lt;/em&gt; (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) em &lt;em&gt;Piaractus mesopotamicus&lt;/em&gt; (Osteichthyes: Characidae)

The rates of Anacanthorus penilabiatus parasitism were investigated in 126 pacus, ( Piaractus mesopotamicus ) -with initial weight of 95.71 ± 24.23 g and final weight of 155.76 ± 28.62 g, from the same spawn and naturally infested. Fishes were randomly distributed among three groups of 42 animals each and submitted to treatment with 0, 100 and 450 mg of DL-α tocopheryl acetate/Kg of dry diet, fed twice a day during 18 weeks. The gills were evaluated according to the presence of parasites and collected blood samples. Although 100% of pacus examined were parasited, the results did not show statistical difference (P > 0.05) for parasite counting among the groups treated. Therefore, fish supplemented with vitamin E demonstrated lower parasites counts. In the same way, fish fed with low rates of vitamin E did not differ statistically (P > 0.05) to erythrocyte counts, hematocrit and average corpuscular volume when compared to the pacus supplemented with 100 and 450 mg of DL-α tocopheryl acetate. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E did not affect the pacus growth rates

Alterações hematológicas e histopatológicas em pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Osteichthyes, Characidae),

Lab. de Patol. Organismos Aquaticos Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo

Alternative treatment for Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) infection in cultivated pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Osteichthyes: Characidae) in Brazil and its haematological effects.

The present work, studied the effect of 0, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 mg of garlic powder/kg dry ration for Piaractus mesopotamicus (Osteichthyes: Characidae), weighting 73.6 +/- 39.4 g and measuring 15.0 +/- 2.7 cm, fed for a period of 15, 30 and 45 days. Fifteen days after treatment with 1,000 and 2,000 mg of garlic/kg dry ration, significant reduction of Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in the gills was related. Nevertheless, the addition of garlic to the ration caused significant increase in the erythrocyte number and in the thrombocyte percentage in the circulating blood. However, a decrease in the lymphocyte percentage was also observed. After 45 days, fish fed with garlic showed significant increase in the erythrocyte number, leucocyte, haemoglobin rate, hematocrit and thrombocyte.