Amount Of Absorbed Water Research Articles

Physical and mechanical properties of kenaf/seaweed reinforced polypropylene composite

Physical and mechanical properties of kenaf/seaweed reinforced polypropylene composite

Air Sensitivity and Degradation Evolution of Halide Solid State Electrolytes upon Exposure

AbstractHalide solid state electrolytes (SSEs) have attracted the attention of researchers as a new family of SSEs due to simple synthesis, high ionic conductivity, and good softness. However, until now, most of the reported works are focused on promotion of ionic conductivity, and little attention is paid to their air stability and degradation mechanism upon exposure. Herein, the degradation evolution of typical halide SSEs upon moisture is investigated in detail. It is found both Li3InCl6 and Li3YCl6 halide SSEs are easy to absorb water and deteriorate, and the air sensitivity is closely related to the contact area with air. In comparison, the water absorption rate of Li3InCl6 is faster than that of Li3YCl6, while the amount of water absorption of Li3YCl6 is larger than that of Li3InCl6, due to the higher solubility of InCl3 compared to YCl3. Along with water absorption, Li3InCl6 first forms a crystalline hydrate, then partially decomposes to InCl3 and LiCl, and InCl3 further hydrolyzes and produces acid which is corrosive; finally In2O3 impurities are formed. Coating the surface of Li3InCl6 with Al2O3 can effectively improve the air stability. This work can help to understand the degradation mechanism of halide SSEs and provide guidance for the future design of new halide SSEs.

Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate Using Waste Materials in Concrete as Roof Tile: A Review

The use of waste material as a partial replacement has become popular in concrete mixture studies. Many research has utilized waste materials like cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and reinforcing materials substitute. The current paper focuses on some of the waste elements that are utilized in a concrete mortar (use in roof tile) as a partial replacement for fine aggregates such as rubber ash, sawdust, seashells, crumb rubber, pistachio shells, cinder sand, stone dust, and copper slag. There are many variations of mix proportion and water-cement ratio for every waste material. Compressive strength was compared and found that stone dust and the combination of seashell and coconut fiber shows an incensement when used to replacing fine aggregate. The suitable replacement level for stone dust is 25% and 50%. While the suitable replacement levels for the combination of sea shell and coconut fiber are 20% and 30%. Material from the rubber families such as rubber crumb and rubber ash is only suitable for replacement levels. Rubber families especially rubber crumbs have shown low water absorption value which is good in the production of roofing products. As we know, the roof should have waterproof properties to prevent any leaks from happening when it rains. Most of the waste materials added as fine aggregates in concrete have increased the amount of water absorption and found that sawdust is the most abundant material with a high percentage of water absorption compared to the others. Research on the partial replacement of fine aggregates replaced with waste materials is needed more extensively to provide more confidence about their use in concrete mortars, especially on roof tiles.

Effects Wheat Gluten on The Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Local Burger

This study includes the production of beef substitute from wheat gluten and its introduction into the manufacture of beef Burger, the properties and sensory evaluation were tested, as the functional properties of gluten were tested. When estimating the water absorption capacity, the gluten recorded the highest water absorption at pH 7, where the water absorption amount reached 2.69 ml/g gluten. The susceptibility to binding of fat was 1.5 g oil/g of gluten, as the chemical nature of the ability to bind to the lipid molecules. As for the sensory evaluation, it included the treatment A of gluten with saline solution %3 NaCl and treatment B Solution 4% apple vinegar and treatment C 15% soaking tamarind. The treated gluten with saline solution %3 NaCl scored the highest total sensory evaluation of 78.7%, and as for the treatment of gluten with a solution 4% apple vinegar recorded the lowest sensory evaluation rate of 58.8%, and treatment C 61.9 % that all of the gluten treatment included the boiling of the gluten with the above solutions for 10 minutes, separately. The results of the microbial analysis referred to possibility of well-protected burger for 4 days in a refrigerator after preparation, where the microbial contamination is within the allowed limits for human consumption.

ВЛИЯНИЕ МИКРООРГАНИЗМОВ НА ФИЗИКО-МЕХАНИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА БЕТОНА

The article considers the change in the physical and mechanical characteristics of cement stone made of the CEM I 42,5 N Portland cement in the process of bacterial and fungal corrosion for 6 months in the air and moisture conditions. It is established that the density of concrete during microbiological corrosion increases under constant moistening of the sample. However, after drying, a decrease in the density of concrete is recorded by 10 % under the influence of Bacillus subtilis bacteria and by 14 % under the influence of black mold. The degree of influence of microorganisms on the amount of water absorption of cement stone is established experimentally. Bacteria increases water absorption by 7 %, black mold increases water absorption by 10 %. Within 6 months, water absorption increased from 21 to 24,5 % for bacterial corrosion in indoor conditions, and from 24 to 29 % for fungal corrosion. When exposed to capillary moisture for 6 months, the water absorption of concrete increased to 30,4 % under the influence of Bacillus subtilis bacteria and to 37,3% under the influence of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem fungi. An increase in the water absorption of concrete is associated with an increase in porosity due to biodegradation. Under room conditions of exposure to bacteria, the porosity increases from 14,1 to 15,3 %, and from 14,3 to 17,9 % after exposure to black mold. With constant moistening, the porosity of cement concrete increases to 19,1 and 25,6 % with bacterial and fungal corrosion, respectively. The loss of compressive strength of cement stone is 13 % under the influence of bacteria and 15 % under the influence of fungi in the air for 6 months. In case of microbiological corrosion of concrete under conditions of constant wetting, the strength decreases by about 35 % in 6 months

에폭시/실리카 콤포지트의 수분 흡수 및 건조에 따른 전기적 유전특성에 관한 연구

Epoxy-based microcomposites are currently used in a variety of high-voltage-based heavy electric machines (CT/PT, mold transformers, distribution insulators, etc.). Samples were prepared with three types of micro-silica-filled composites (W12est_65wt%, M10_65wt%) and epoxy prototype samples based on epoxy resin. The moisture absorption and drying properties of the three samples were evaluated. The moisture absorption process was performed until the moisture absorption of the sample was saturated in distilled water at 95°C, and the drying process was performed in a drying oven at 105°C until the moisture was saturated without any change. In the evaluation, the relationship between water absorption (M) and dielectric properties was evaluated under the conditions of steady state, moisture absorption and dry conditions. And dielectric characteristics (dielectric constant, dielectric loss and electrical conductivity) were evaluated according to the frequency change at room temperature as an evaluation environment. A large amount of water absorption resulted in a large increase in dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and electrical conductivity. In addition, it was found that the dielectric properties were restored because the dry state was based on the physical bonding with the absorbed water.

Water transport in recycled aggregate concrete under sustained compressive loading: Experimental investigation and mesoscale numerical modelling

Water transport in recycled aggregate concrete under sustained compressive loading: Experimental investigation and mesoscale numerical modelling

Resistive Response of Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites Subjected to Water Aging.

This work aimed to monitor, through the changes in electrical resistance, the evolution of the mechanical properties due to aging caused by water sorption in carbon nanotube-based epoxy composites. The epoxy/CNT nanocomposites were prepared by dispersing the filler in the precursor through the ultra-sonication process and mixing the hardener by mechanical stirring. After an evaluation of the electrical properties, detected through a two-probe electrical measurement method, of nanocomposites at different percentages by weight of the filler (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0), a concentration (0.1% by weight), close to that of the electrical percolation threshold, was chosen to evaluate the resistive response. This specific concentration was selected in order to obtain maximized values of the variation detected for the changes in the electrical resistance resulting from phenomena of structural relaxations/rearrangements due to water absorption. In particular, the electrical conductivity value switched from 8.2 × 10−14 S/m for the unfilled epoxy resin to 6.3 × 10−2 S/m for carbon nanotube-based epoxy composite at 0.1% by weight of the nanofiller. The water sorption caused a reduction in the mechanical properties (storage modulus and tan δ) due to swelling and plasticization phenomena, which caused the structural reorganization of the conductive interparticle contacts in the matrix with a consequent variation in the electrical resistance of the material. The found ‘non-Fickian’ water diffusion behavior was very similar to the variation in the electrical resistance with time. This last correlation allows the association of the measurement of the electrical resistance with the quantity of absorbed water and, therefore, with the aging of the material to water absorption, through the sensitivity factor (β). The resistive nature of the composite can be used to monitor the amount of water absorption and the changes in the structure of the material subject to water aging.

Investigation of the properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastics after the seawater exposure

The results of experimental studies of the mechanical characteristics of carbon fibers (CFRPs) before and after their exposure at seawater are presented. The choice of seawater as an operation medium is due to the fact that this carbon fiber is intended for the manufacture of power elements of a manned underwater vehicle. Carbon fibers were made using vacuum infusion technology based on an epoxy binder, and biaxial carbon fabric was used as a reinforcing material. The prepared samples were kept in seawater for 384 h, which made it possible to estimate the amount of water absorption, as well as the change in mechanical characteristics after exposure to seawater. It has been established that the strength of CFRPs does not change during interlayer shear, decreases by 14% during bending, and the value of the elastic modulus, after exposure to seawater, decreases by 17%.

Study on the Influence of Formation Temperature on the Water Absorption and Weathering of Swelling Rock in Marine Coal Mines

Study on the Influence of Formation Temperature on the Water Absorption and Weathering of Swelling Rock in Marine Coal Mines

Permeation Characteristics and Surface Accumulation of Chloride in Different Zones of Concrete along Altitude in Marine Environments

The accumulation characteristics of surface chloride in concrete in different zones are different in the marine environment. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the surface chloride and permeation characteristics of concrete in a simulated marine environment. The experimental results indicated that the surface chloride and chloride profiles of concrete in different zones of marine environment decreased in the following order: tidal zone > splash zone > submerged zone > atmospheric zone. The width of the ascent zone of Cl− concentration at tidal and splash zones was far less than that of the influential depth of moisture transport (IDMT), and the range of convection zone was dependent on the IDMT. Cl− at splash and tidal zones penetrated into concrete as a bulk liquid by non-saturated permeation driven by a humidity gradient. The change of chloride profiles in concrete along the altitudinal gradient was consistent with that of the cyclic water absorption amount (CWAA). The transport rate of chloride was the highest at the highest point of the tide.

Mechanical properties and durability of compressed nylon aggregate concrete reinforced with Forta-Ferro fiber: Experiments and optimization

Mechanical properties and durability of compressed nylon aggregate concrete reinforced with Forta-Ferro fiber: Experiments and optimization

Effect of Water Absorption and Loss Characteristics of Fine Aggregates on Aggregate-Asphalt Adhesion

Effect of Water Absorption and Loss Characteristics of Fine Aggregates on Aggregate-Asphalt Adhesion

Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Based on Cobalt-Organic Framework with High Water Vapor Adsorption.

Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is desired to effectively alleviate the serious crisis of energy and the environment, and the utilization of low-cost photocatalysts, especially cobalt-based MOF catalysts, is meaningful, but rarely investigated. Herein, through a self-assembly strategy, we synthesized a Co clusters-based MOF (Co3-XL) by the ligand N,N'-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-ene-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxdiimide bi(1,2,4-triazole), containing abundant carbonyl O atoms in the channels of the 3D skeleton, and a large porosity of 50.7%. The as-synthesized MOF can be stable in the pH range of 3-10 and shows a narrow band gap of 1.82 eV. Furthermore, its maximum amount of water absorption can reach 192 cm3/g. Under irradiation of simulated solar light, the rate of hydrogen evolution is 23.05 μmol·h-1·g-1 among 12 h with the presence of co-catalyst Pt and photosensitizer RhB. The reaction mechanism has been probed by the transient photocurrent response and steady-state photoluminescence spectra. Therefore, as a narrow band gap photocatalyst, the cobalt clusters-based MOF (Co3-XL) has potential applications for hydrogen evolution from water.

펄프몰드의 국부적 고벌크 구조화 방법 연구

In this study, the surface embossing treatment was developed for providing bulkier and more soft surface on the local area of wet pulp mold. The changes in the surface structure of wet pulp mold by the treatment depending on the various process condition were evaluated. A pilot simulator for wet pulp mold manufacturing was used for this study. The surface embossing treatment resulted in the bulkier local structure by increasing the thickness of the area. The effects of the surface treatment were greatly affected by the moisture contents of the wet pulp mold samples, the suction pressure, the size of suction inlet. Although the higher moisture contents and the higher suction pressure resulted in the bulkier surface structure, the possibility of crushing structure was increased. At the proper process conditions, the surface embossing treatment provided the bulkier local structure which led to the increase in the cushioning property and the higher water absorption amount.

The influence of different glass fiber/epoxy matrix combinations on the durability under severe moisture impact

The growing success of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) as material for the construction of high-performance lightweight structures used under maritime environmental conditions, requires foremost the knowledge about their long term durability. As the supplier market is still growing fast, methods which allow manufacturers to distinguish between suitable and less suitable composites are needed. In this study, the effects of moisture on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) using different glass fiber fabrics are investigated under several ageing and testing conditions. Focusing on the fabrics and introducing an ageing method prior to composite manufacturing, allows to describe the proportions of fiber, matrix, sizing and interphase damage to the composites durability in more detail. Absorption quantity related testing after ageing at temperatures between 8°C and 50 °C highlights the resulting effects on the tensile strength of mostly unidirectional GFRPs. The strength of composites based on fabrics with high resistance to moisture degradation decreases steady but moderate during absorption. This effect is mainly associated with changes of matrix properties. However, less durable composites show a two-stage behavior. In this case, severe interphase damage and cracking leads to an additional drastic strength decrease when exceeding a defined amount of water absorption.

Dynamic simulation water storage of different parts in peach tree under drought stress

Dynamic simulation water storage of different parts in peach tree under drought stress

Vitamin B12-loaded polycaprolacton/gelatin nanofibrous scaffold as potential wound care material

The current study aimed to develop a potential wound dressing using vitamin B12-loaded polycaprolacton/gelatin nanofibrous scaffold. In order to produce wound dressings, 1000 mcg of vitamin B12 was added to polycaprolacton/gelatin solution and the nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated through electrospinning method. The obtained scaffolds were studied regarding their hydrophobicity, microstructure, amount of water absorption, water vapor permeability, tensile strength, release test, and cellular proliferation assay. In vitro studies revealed that the incorporation of vitamin b12 into polycaprolacton/gelatin scaffolds could significantly augment L929 cells proliferation at 1 and 3 days post-seeding. However, there was not statistically significant difference between Vitamin B12-containing and polymer-only scaffolds in tensile strength study, surface wettability measurement, water vapor transmission test, the capacity for water absorption, and nanofiber's diameter. Both vitamin containing and free dressings were applied on the full-thickness excisional wound in rat model to compare their healing potential. Our results showed that after 14 days, vitamin B12 containing dressing could significantly enhance wound closure compared to vitamin B12 free scaffolds (92.27 ± 6.84% vs. 64.62 ± 2.96%). Furthermore, histopathological examinations showed significantly greater epithelial thickness in polycaprolacton/gelatin/vitamin B12 group compared to other experimental groups. This preliminary study suggest potential applicability of the proposed dressing to treat skin wounds in clinic.

Effects of Surfactant Compounding on the Wettability Characteristics of Zhaozhuang Coal: Experiment and Molecular Simulation

Abstract It is important to study the mechanism of wettability of Zhaozhuang coal with surfactant compoundings in order to prevent dust disaster in the process of coal seam mining. By means of molecular simulation, the amounts of water absorbed by different systems, which are composed of monomer surfactant molecules and Zhaozhuang coal molecules or compounding surfactant molecules and Zhaozhuang coal molecules, were compared in this paper. The simulation results show that the system composed of 0.2% sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and 0.3% alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO3) had the maximum water absorption amount of 479, which is significantly better than that of other compounding methods and of each monosurfactant system. Analysis results show that the interference of non-ionic surfactant can greatly reduce the electrostatic repulsion between ionic surfactants and make the adsorption sites on the Zhaozhuang coal molecule more compact. The experimental results show that the decreasing percentage of the contact angle of this type of compounding solution on Zhaozhuang coal was 83.74%, which is the best of the six compounding methods. It has a high degree of consistency with the simulation results, and the molecular simulation method applied in this paper shows that it is convenient and accurate. This research plays a guiding role in dustproof work in Zhaozhuang coal mining.

Thermoplastic Composites reinforced with Multi-layer Woven Jute Fabric: A Comparative Analysis

ABSTRACT Three commonly available thermoplastic matrices – High-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP) and nylon 6 – are reinforced with hessian jute fabric in multi-layer sequence to prepare composite laminates by compression moulding technique. The composite had a nominal fibre content of 18% in terms of weight and a nominal thickness of 6.5 mm. The mechanical and fracture behaviours of the resultant laminates are tested and compared. It was found that the Nylon-Jute composite exhibited the highest values of tensile strength, Young’s modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus and hardness. On the other hand, HDPE-Jute composite showed relatively poor performance. Interestingly, the HDPE-Jute composite exhibited the highest impact strength and the Nylon-Jute composite was the poorest in this regard. The amount of water absorption by the composites from highest to the lowest was found in the following order: Nylon-Jute > HDPE-Jute > PP-Jute.