Amount Of Absorbed Water Research Articles

Multifunctional chitosan/dopamine/diatom-biosilica composite beads for rapid blood coagulation

Uncontrollable bleeding is the main cause of death in wars and accidents. The development of emergency material for rapid hemostatic can effectively reduce bleeding-related death. The commercial hemostatic materials available in the market are difficult to meet requirements of rapid hemostasis, good biocompatibility, low cost and ease of use. In this study, we developed chitosan/dopamine/diatom-biosilica composite beads (CDDs) for rapid hemostasis with good biocompatibility. CDDs were prepared by combining chitosan with diatom-biosilica (DB) using dopamine as bio-glue. The porous internal structure of CDDs led to rapid and large amount of water absorption, which contributed to the rapid hemostasis (83 s, 22% of the control group). The hemolytic rate of CDDs was less than 5% and cell viability was above 80%, confirming its good biocompatibility. All the above results indicated that CDDs had potential to develop into safe and non-toxic hemostatic material.

Synthesis of fully bio-based and solvent free non-isocyanate poly (ester amide/urethane) networks with improved thermal stability on the basis of vegetable oils

The purpose of this study is to synthesize non-isocyanate poly (ester amide/urethane) networks, based entirely on vegetable oil through a green method, i.e., without solvent and having any rigid and aromatic structures to improve their thermal stability. For this purpose, first, three amines were synthesized from castor oil and oleic acid. Second, carbonated sunflower oil (CSFO) was obtained by reaction of epoxidized sunflower oil with CO2 at atmospheric pressure. In the final step, CSFO easily reacted with bio-based amines by melt-blending without catalyst to give corresponding non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) networks. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques were applied to characterize the structural, thermal and physical features of NIPU networks. In addition, to determine the environmental stability the water absorption amount and the degradation percentage were calculated in the deionized water and phosphate saline buffer, respectively. These NIPU networks showed an excellent thermal stability (T5 wt% between 323 and 386 °C), low water absorption and degradation (4–10 and 1.04–1.40 wt% respectively). The results show the potential of this environmentally friendly strategy for preparing bio-based NIPU for high performances. Furthermore, the presence of an aliphatic ester group and their biodegradability nature may also make them proper for biological and/or biomedical applications.

Effect of fiber loading on mechanical and water absorption capacity of Polylactic acid/Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyhexanoate/Kenaf composite

Natural fibers have been found to be excellent reinforcing materials for preparing polymer matrix based composites. Environmental concerns also have resulted in replacing petrochemically derived polymer with the biodegradable renewable resource. In this study, mechanical properties and water absorption of polylactic acid (PLA)/polyhydroxybutyrate co-hydroxyhexanoate (PHBHH) matrix with blending ratio 75:25 and its composites reinforced with fibers of kenaf have been studied. The composites, with different fiber loading (10, 20, 30 and 40 wt%) were prepared by melt blending techniques using an internal mixer at 50 rpm and 165°C for 8 minutes followed by a hot compression moulding technique. The results showed that tensile strength and modulus increased with increasing of fiber content. The water absorption behavior of biocomposites as a function of days was also investigated. It was found that the water absorption amount of biocomposites increased with increasing of fiber content and exposure time. It can be summarized that the recent developments in PLA/PHBHH/Kenaf show highly promising perspectives for the replacement of traditional petrochemical based polymers in applications such automotive to encourage materials degradation.

Investigation on the production possibilities of high pressure laminate from borax and recycled papers as a cleaner product

Abstract High pressure laminate has a key role at the protection of wood-based panels. Borax and recycled papers can be used for production of high pressure laminate which may impart the multitude effects. The readily availability of waste papers and borax may be a useful alternative to expensive papers with high quality, and also can compensate the strength losses of recycled papers. The recycled paper and borax are relatively inexpensive and environmentally friendly, and this results the production of not only a cleaner product but also provides an excellent performance against applied load, humidity and high temperature. In this study, three types of waste papers including newsprint, writing and paperboard were first recycled to be used for production of high pressure laminate. Phenol formaldehyde and borax were utilized to improve the strength and fire retardancy of high pressure laminate. Bending resistance, flame resistance and water absorption of high pressure laminate samples were tested. The results of the experiments showed that high pressure laminate made of recycled newspaper and borax had a superior performance when compared to samples that made from writing paper and paperboard. For example, an increase up to 1.4 times was observed in the bending resistance. The mixing of borax with resin increased the strength of high pressure laminate at 95 percent confidence level. The amount of water absorption after 2 h, bending resistance, glowing time and char length of high pressure laminate with recycled newspaper and borax were equal to 14%, 41 mNm, 37 s and 0.7 cm, respectively. The bending strength of coated particleboard with this overlay increased up to 1.5 times. High pressure laminate produced from recycled paper and borax was introduced as an environmentally acceptable product.

Investigation of usability of limonite aggregate in heavy-weight concrete production

Limonite (Fe2O3·xH2O) is a soft or brown, hard iron mineral, usually in yellow colour. It is also used as a pigment since it contains iron ore. It is believed that it can also be used in the production of heavy concrete due to its 60% iron ore content. In this paper, an experimental study was carried out on radiation shielding properties and certain physical and mechanical properties of normal and limonite reinforced concrete. For this purpose, with the normal concretes prepared according to standards, amounts of aggregates were reduced at the rates of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% by volume respectively, and heavy concrete mixes were prepared that were obtained by adding limonite at the same rates in their place. With limonite reinforcement, compressive and flexural strength of the concrete produced decreased, water absorption amount increased and their radiation permeability significantly decreased.

Effect of Different Boiling Treatments on Physical Properties of Cork from Quercus variabilis

Effects of different boiling treatments were evaluated relative to various physical properties of cork from Quercus variabilis before and after treatment, including volume, density, hardness, compression resilience ratio, and color. The boiling water treatment decreased the density, hardness, and lightness of cork. Water absorption amount of cork boiled at 100 °C for 30 min to180 min increased from 28.85% to 52.50%, and expansion in the radial direction was 15.4% to 19.5%. The total color difference (ΔE*) of cork gradually increased with increased boiling time. The values of the compression resilience ratio of all corks after a pressure release at 24 h were >80%. Cork samples boiled at 100 °C for 60 min, and then dried under different temperatures (140 °C to 240 °C), had volume expansion between 35.6% and 65.3%. With increased drying temperature, the ΔE* of cork increased. Cork boiled at 100 °C for 60 min followed by microwave irradiation of different times (2 min to 8 min) had volume expansion of 39.7% to 54.5%. Microwave treatment had little influence on cork color. The sodium hydroxide solution boiling treatment decreased cork lightness, while the hydrogen peroxide-treated cork lightness increased with the increasing of solution concentration, and ΔE* slightly increased.

Water Absorption Characteristics of Successive Alkali Treated Jute/Polylactic Acid Composites

Hydrolytic degradation of polylactic acid composites incorporated with untreated (UTJ/PLA) and successive alkali treated short jute fiber at different concentrations of alkali (5STJ/PLA, 10STJ/PLA and 15STJ/PLA) with varying fiber weight fractions due to water absorptions were investigated at 23°C. The results revealed that the steadiness of UTJ/PLA and STJ/PLA composites in water depend less on jute fiber content and it is significantly influenced by fiber treatment. The water uptake of plain PLA after 30days was 0.97%, evidencing the hydrophobicity of neat PLA. From the results, it is depicted that the water uptake quantity rised in all types of composites with increase in the jute fiber fraction. The maximum water uptake of 10.82% was seen after 30days for composite with 25% of raw jute fiber. Further, the percentage of water absorption reduces in the composite with increasing NaOH percentage for treating the jute fibers. The amount of water absorption is 6.59, 5.73, and 4.60% for composites with 25% of treated fiber with 5%, 10%, and 15% of sodium hydroxide concentration followed by bleaching with H2O2, respectively. The Fickian behavior is observed in plain PLA and its composite with untreated and alkali treated jute fiber at 5 and 10% concentrations of NaOH in the treatment. But in case of PLA composite with successive alkali treated fiber at 15% NaOH concentration, there is a deviation in the Fickian behavior because higher concentrations of alkali in the treatment may lead oxidative damage to the fiber.

WATER ABSORPTION AND BIODEGRADATION PROPERTIES OF POTATO WASTE-BASED POLYURETHANE FOAMS

Potato-based polyurethane foams(PUFs) were prepared from the liquefied potato waste-based polyols. Potato wastes liquefied in the presence of polyethylene glycol/glycerin-dominant liquefaction reagent by using sulphuric acid as catalyst in a microwave oven system under stirring. The liquefied potato waste-based polyols were characterized for the preparation of polyurethane foams. The potato-based polyol which was obtained from 9% sulfuric acid catalyst within 30 min liquefaction reaction period was chosen for the preparation of PU foams. Biodegradation and water absorption properties of PU foams were measured and contrasted with syntetic petroleum-based commercial foams. Prepared PU foam was cut into small pieces of equal volume (10 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm) before biodegradation and water intake test. Biodegrability of PU foam-based on liquefied potato wastes-contained foams was determined according to service biodegradation test for three months. The mean amount of water absorption of potato wastes-based PU foams was measured within 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hour. The weight losses (resulted from a 3-month service biodegradation test) of the liquefied potato wastes-based foams along with commercial synthetic PU-type rigid foams had been found 17.84% and 0,107% respectively. The mean amount water intake at potato wastes-based PU foams were as to 137%, 156%, 226%, 249%, 393%, 608%, 1,030% within 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hour respectively. These measurements were as to 35%, 42%, 52%, 65%, 76%, 84%, and 89% within 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 hour at syntetic foams. Biodegradation and water absorption properties were found to be higher than those of petroleum-based PU foams dependently biomass content.

Preliminary evaluation of physical and chemical characterization of waste palm oil shell as cool material replaced in asphaltic concrete as fine aggregate

Malaysia is one of the biggest producer of palm oil product and currently as main source of economy for the country. During the production of crude palm oil, a large amount of waste material is generated, such as palm oil fibres, palm oil shells and empty fruit bunches. Palm oil shell aggregate (POSA) is identified as a material that shows good potential to be used as a fine aggregate replacement in asphaltic concrete. On other hand, the chemical compound that exist in the Palm Oil Shell (POS) have shown a good potential as reflective component in cool-material. The purpose of this study is to obtain the physical and chemical properties of palm oil shell. The result shows the apparent particle density of Palm Oil Shell is 1.6 mg/m3. The specific gravity of palm oil shell was obtained with the value 1.6 and the water absorption amount of palm oil shell recorded from this study was 25.1%. The X-Ray Fluorescence study shows that palm oil shell contains the highest amount of SiO2 (46.412 wt%) and the second highest amount of Fe2O3 (34.016 wt%), both is the main output of relectivity compound. As a conclusion, waste palm oil shell has a potential to be used as alternative material for fine aggregate replacement. Besides that, the amount of chemical element that consist in palm oil shell which high in SiO2 and Fe2O3, promising the benefit to mitigate urban heat island as a cooling material agent.

Thermoplastic Polyurethanes Stemming from Castor Oil: Green Synthesis and Their Application in Wood Bonding

We report an efficient and green approach to synthesize a linear castor oil-based polyurethane (CPU) without using any solvent or catalyst. Diol monomers were first synthesized by the aminolysis reaction between castor oil and diamines; this was accomplished within 6 h at 130 °C. Polymerization of the diols and isocyanate was further confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and gel permeation chromatography analyses. The resultant CPUs showed a good thermal stability with an initial degradation temperature higher than 300 °C, and their mechanical and wood bonding property can be modulated by the structures of diamine. In addition, the CPUs possessed a satisfying water resistance property with the water absorption amount lower than 2%. The green conversion of castor oil to thermoplastic polyurethane affords new opportunities in bio-based industries.

Anticorrosive performance of epoxy/modified clay nanocomposites

The effect of 2‐benzylbenzimidazole (2‐BBI) was evaluated as surface modifier on the performance of Na+‐Montmorillonite nanoparticles (Na+‐MMT) in epoxy‐based coatings. Four epoxy‐based samples were prepared including 0, 1, 2, and 3 wt% of 2‐BBI‐(Na+‐MMT). The intercalation behaviors of epoxy resin in presence of 2‐BBI‐(Na+‐MMT) were determined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM) analysis was carried out to depict the dispersion of 2‐BBI‐(Na+‐MMT). The pertaining reaction bonds of the 2‐BBI and (Na+‐MMT) were represented via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and pull‐off test was used for measuring the adhesion strength of the coated samples. Corrosion resistance and thermal properties of the coated samples were measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. On the basis of the EIS results, the coated samples with 3 wt% 2‐BBI‐(Na+‐MMT)/epoxy had the highest corrosion resistance after 120 days immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. Also, based on the Brusher–Kingsbury equation, the amount of water absorption was calculated, in which 3 wt% 2‐BBI‐(Na+‐MMT)/epoxy had only 1.92% water absorption while 3 wt% (Na+‐MMT)/epoxy had 82 wt%. The results showed that 2‐BBI can improve the dispersion of the Na+‐MMT in the epoxy matrix by entering into their galleries and providing better compatibility between the inorganic clay nanoparticles and polymeric matrix. This issue led to the enhancement of the thermal and barrier properties of 2‐BBI‐modified (Na+‐MMT)/epoxy nanocomposites rather than unmodified ones. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E2134–E2142, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

A study of biocomposite resins for creating orthodontic appliances using a 3D printer

PurposeThis study is to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of various biocomposite resins used with 3D printer for fabrication of orthodontic appliances used for cleft lip and palate patients and compare the results to the properties of self-curing resin used orthodontic appliances. Material and methodsDensity, flexural strength, elastic modulus, hardness, and water absorption and solubility dimensional change ratio, were performed on each sample of the biocomposite resins used in this study and the self-curing resin. For self-curing resin and the other samples, the difference in the average values were tested to determine whether there were significant differences in the average values. ResultThe results of the study showed that a photocurable resin: The elastic modulus and flexural strength were low. The hardness was equivalent. A Polyjet photopolymer: After water absorption, the flexural strength and elastic modulus were significantly lowered. The hardness was equivalent. Acrylic-type biocomposite resin (ABR): The elastic modulus and flexural strength were significantly lower. Furthermore, the amounts of water absorption and solubility were extremely large. When the material dried after water absorption, cracking occurred. Epoxy-type biocomposite resin (EBR): There were no significant differences in the elastic modulus and flexural strength. Hardness was equivalent. EBR showed strength greater than ABR. ConclusionThe domestically produced prototype EBR tested in this study showed greater strength than ABR and did not contain toxic substances such as Bisphenol A. This suggests that it has a potential to be used as a photocurable resin in the field of dentistry in future.

Effect of slaking on direct shear behaviour of crushed mudstones

This study investigates the effects of wetting and drying cycles, known as slaking, on the strength-displacement characteristics of crushed mudstone. A series of direct shear tests was conducted by simulating cyclic wetting and drying under different stress conditions using a modified direct shear apparatus. The effects of the stress ratio, the density of specimen, the initial water content before wetting, the slaking index, and the number of wetting and drying cycles on the test results was investigated. Experiments were also performed on less-slakable materials, including crushed sand stone, silica sand and glass beads, to compare the results with the crushed mudstone. Considerable creep displacement on the crushed mudstones was observed during both drying and wetting phases under the constant shear stress conditions. The creep displacement during the drying was more significant than during the wetting phase. The creep displacement accumulated with progressive wetting and drying cycles. The drying-induced displacement was observed when the water content became smaller than the amount of water absorption of the mudstone specimens. Correspondingly, a gradual decrease of the peak stress ratio was observed with the number of wetting and drying cycles. In contrast to the mudstones, the influence of cyclic wetting and drying on the crushed sand stone, silica sand and glass beads is almost negligible. A higher slaking index, a lower water content before wetting, and lower initial density accelerate the slaking of mudstones.

Properties of Composite Films from Sugarcane Bagasse, Coconut Coir, and Water Hyacinth Fibers/Poly(Vinyl Chloride)

Composite films from sugarcane bagasse fibers (SBF), coconut coir fibers (CCF) and water hyacinth fibers (WHF)/poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) were successfully fabricated by solvent-casting technique. Fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide alkali solution and followed by vinyltriethoxysilane solution. Both untreated fibers (USBF, UCCF, and UWHF) and treated fibers (TSBF, TCCF, and TWHF) were incorporated into PVC solutions at concentrations of 5-15% w/w based on total solid weight. The average diameters of TSBF, TCCF, and TWHF were 145±17 μm, 164±15 μm, and 128±12 μm, respectively. Tensile strengths of PVC/treated fibers were higher than those of PVC/untreated fibers. Tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation at break of composite films were lower than those of neat PVC films. In case of PVC/TSBF and PVC/TCCF, tensile strength and modulus were decreased, whereas, these properties of PVC/TWHF were increased with increasing amount of fibers. Among these composite films, PVC/15TWHF had the highest tensile strength and modulus which were 7.1±0.2 and 350±27 MPa, respectively. Composite films of PVC/15TSBF, PVC/15TCCF, and PVC/15TWHF were thermally stable than the neat PVC film. The amounts of water absorption of composite films were increased with time and with increasing amount of fibers. The results showed the potential for using PVC/natural fiber composite films in packaging application in which the tensile strength and tensile modulus were comparable to that of conventional film such as low density polyethylene (LDPE).

Femtosecond laser irradiation of the fluorescent molecules-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)

Molecular release from scaffolds is desired for tailoring cell-compatible tissue engineering. Several methods have been proposed to control molecular release, such as annealing, plasma treatment, and laser processing. In this study, we describe the alteration of Rhodamine B (RhB)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) after femtosecond laser irradiation, which was evaluated on the basis of the water absorption and mass remaining. Fluorescence measurement of released RhB molecules revealed the acceleration of the molecular release upon 400-nm laser irradiation, whereas 800-nm laser irradiation did not induce a comparable degree of change compared with non-irradiated samples. The result of the water absorption measurement indicates that the large amount of water absorption of 400-nm laser-irradiated PLGA sample may accelerate the diffusion of the loaded molecules through absorbing water, which resulted in the faster molecular release.

Synthesis and characterization of agarose–bacterial cellulose biodegradable composites

Agarose is an abundant and biodegradable polymer with strength comparable or higher than other commonly used natural polymers. Agarose can be used for wound dressing and tissue engineering applications. Excessive water uptake and moderate strength limit its applicability for various applications. The objective of this study was to enhance its strength by reinforcing with bacterial cellulose. The addition of bacterial cellulose exhibited remarkable enhancement of 140% in the tensile strength of agarose bioplastic. The strength increased from 25.1 MPa for agarose bioplastic to a maximum of 60.2 MPa for 20% (w/w) of bacterial cellulose. There was a decrease in the amount of water absorption; at 37 °C, the composite films absorbed 450% of their own weight of water, as against 700% absorption by un-reinforced bioplastic films at the same temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis did not reveal any perceivable change in the thermal stability of the bioplastic. Biodegradability of composite films was also established.

Novel Molecular Spectroscopic Multimethod Approach for Monitoring Water Absorption/Desorption Kinetics of CAD/CAM Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Prosthodontics.

Water absorbed to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based CAD/CAM (computer-assisted design/computer-assisted manufacturing) prosthodontics can alter their properties including hardness and stability. In the present contribution, water absorption and desorption kinetics under defined experimental conditions were monitored employing several supplementary and advanced Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic techniques in combination with multivariate analysis (MVA). In this synergistic vibrational spectroscopic multimethod approach, first a novel near-infrared (NIR) diffuse fiber optic probe reflection spectroscopic method was established for time-resolved analysis of water uptake within seven days under controlled conditions. Near-infrared water absorbance spectra in a wavenumber range between 5288-5100 cm-1 (combination band) and 5424-5352 cm-1 (second overtone) were used establishing corresponding calibration and validation models to quantify the amount of water in the milligram range. Therefore, 14 well-defined samples exposed to prior optimized experimental conditions were taken into consideration. The average daily water uptake conducting reference analysis was calculated as 22 mg/day for one week. Additionally, in this study for the first time NIR two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) was conducted to monitor and interpret the spectral dynamics of water absorption on the prosthodontics in a wavenumber range of 5100-5300 cm-1. For sensitive time-resolved recording of water desorption, a recently developed high-temperature, high-pressure FT-IR reaction cell with water-free ultra-dry in situ and operando operation was applied. The reaction cell, as well as the sample holder, was fully made of quartz glass, with no hot metal or ceramic parts in the vicinity of the high temperature zone. Applying a temperature gradient in the range of 25-150 ℃, mid-infrared (MIR) 2D-COS was successfully conducted to get insights into the dynamic behavior of O-H (1400-1800 cm-1) absorption bands with increasing temperature over time and the release of CO2 (2450 cm-1) from the polymers. In addition, an ATR FT-IR imaging setup was optimized in order to investigate the surface homogeneity of the PMMA-based resins with a spatial resolution to 2 µm. From this vibrational spectroscopic multimethod approach and the collection of several analytical data, conclusions were drawn as to which degree the surface structure and/or its porosity have an impact onto the amount of water absorption.

Moisture absorption by molding compounds under extreme conditions: Impact on accelerated reliability tests

The Highly Accelerated Stress Test (HAST) [130°C/85%RH or 110°C/85%RH with applied bias voltage] or Autoclave test [121°C/100%RH] are well-accepted tests during qualification and reliability testing of automotive microelectronics. These tests are often preferred since results can be obtained relatively fast due to the high acceleration. On the other hand, there is a risk of accelerating non-relevant failure modes e.g. due to changes in material behavior under test conditions, which will not occur during application. However, predicting what happens under test conditions is not straightforward since one needs to understand material behavior under such extreme conditions. Especially the amount of water absorption, which is highly relevant for test result interpretation, is challenging to obtain at temperatures above 100°C, since here we deal with pressurized conditions.In this paper a novel, and straightforward, method is proposed to determine the moisture absorption under pressurized conditions. To verify the method, data obtained under pressurized conditions is compared to behavior under standard conditions. Under autoclave conditions it is shown that the moisture uptake at higher temperatures is much higher than predicted by extrapolation. The reported data can also be used to predict more reliably the moisture saturation level, and rate of moisture saturation during HAST.

Development of injectable high molecular weight hyaluronic acid hydrogels for cartilage regeneration

ABSTRACTThe study focuses on developing hyaluronic acid (1200 kilo Dalton) hydrogels for cartilage regeneration. In spite of being highly biocompatible; a large amount of water absorption and easily degrading nature restricts the use of hyaluronic acid in the field of tissue regeneration. This can be rectified by crosslinking hyaluronic acid with a crosslinking agent such as divinyl sulfone; which results in a biocompatible hydrogel with superior rheological properties. Different amounts of divinyl sulfone have been used for crosslinking hyaluronic acid to get three types of hydrogels with differing properties. Swelling studies, rheology analysis, enzymatic degradation and scanning electron microscopic analysis were conducted on all the different types of hydrogels prepared. Viscoelastic properties of the hydrogel were analyzed so that a hydrogel with better elastic property and stability is obtained. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of the HA hydrogels. The cytotoxicity testing was conducted to prove the non-toxic nature of the hydrogels and cell culture studies using adipose mesenchymal stem cells showed better adhesion and proliferation properties in all the three hydrogels. Thus hyaluronic acid hydrogel makes a promising material for cartilage regeneration.

Thin particleboard quality: effect of particle size on the properties of the panel

Particle size and press time are always two effective factors in the manufacturing of particleboard. In this work we have investigated the effect of these factors on thin particleboard. Experimental 3 mm panels were made while particle size, press time and type of resin have been changed in 4, 3 and 3 levels respectively. Modulus of rupture, internal bond strength, modulus of elasticity, water absorption (2 and 24 h) and thickness swelling (2 and 24 h) of the panels made with a target density of 0.65 g/cm3 were investigated. Based on the results of this work, the particleboards made from phenol formaldehyde resin with mixed size particles in 180 s press time, showed the maximum flexural strength (18/46 MPa). The highest MOE (2027/55 MPa) was found for particleboards that made from melamine formaldehyde resin with particle in size −12 + 18 mesh and 120 s press time. Internal bonding of the panels made with melamine formaldehyde resin, particle size −12 + 18 mesh and 180 s press time exhibited the best results (1/75 MPa). Besides, the best panels in term of thickness swelling were made from phenol formaldehyde with particle size −8 + 12 mesh and 180 s press time. The lowest amount of water absorption for panels manufactured from phenol formaldehyde resin with mixed particles and −18 + 20 mesh and 180 s press time happened.