Amount Of Polyethylene Glycol Research Articles

A novel application of electrospinning technique in sublingual membrane: characterization, permeation and in vivo study

Isosorbide dinitrate–polyvinylpyrrolidone (ISDN–PVP) electrospinning fibers were formulated and explored as potentially sublingual membrane. The addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the formulation improved flexibility and reduced fluffiness of the fiber mat. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that the fibers tended to be cross-linking, and the crosslinking degree increased with the increase of PEG amount. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that ISDN existed in non-crystalline state in the fibers (except at the highest drug content). The infrared spectroscopy suggested that ISDN had better compatibility with the ingredients owing to the hydrogen bonding (or hydrophobic interactions). The fibers were highly favorable for the fabrication of sublingual membrane due to neutral pH, large folding endurance and rapid drug release (complete dissolution within 120 s). The permeation study of ISDN through both dialysis membrane (DM) and porcine sublingual mucosa (SM) were carried out. A significant relationship of drug permeation rate through DM and SM was built up, which indicated that DM could be used to partly simulate SM and assess formulation. The pharmacokinetic study in rats demonstrated that the electrospinning fiber membrane had a higher Cmax and lower Tmax compared to the reference preparation, and the relative bioavailability of the fiber membrane was 151.6%.

A sensitive and highly linear capacitive thin film sensor for trace moisture measurement in gases

This paper presents the experimental work on the sensitivity enhancement of porous aluminium oxide based capacitive humidity sensor for trace moisture measurement. The pore morphology of nanostructured Al2O3 sensing film has been tuned by adding the different amount of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the sol solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Bruner–Emmet–Teller (BET) were performed for pore morphology analysis of thin films prepared by sol–gel technique. Three parallel plate capacitive sensors with identical geometries but different pore morphologies have been fabricated on Fluorine doped Tin Oxide (FTO) substrate and experimented to analyze the effects of PEG addition. The electrical characterization of the sensors has been performed to determine sensitivity, hysteresis, response and recovery time using Agilent 4294A impedance analyzer with frequency range of 1–1000kHz. It has been observed that the addition of suitable amount of PEG improves the electrical characteristics of the sensor significantly in the range of 10–210ppm moisture. Response characteristics of the sensors are highly linear (R2=0.995) and the sensitivity is almost twice in comparison to a sensor without PEG addition.

Modification of dense TiO2 particles using polyethylene glycol template: Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity

In this study, an effort has been made to prepare TiO2 materials by sol–gel technique using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as pore directing agent. Different PEG amounts were used during samples preparation in order to investigate the change in intrinsic material properties. The photocatalytic activity of prepared catalysts was estimated by measuring the decomposition of arylazo pyridone dye. The optimum template amount was determined, resulting in catalyst with enhanced textural properties, optimal anatase/rutile ratio and hence improved photocatalytic properties. Specific surface area and anatase/rutile ratio were found to be the main contributing factors to the catalyst activity. A synergistic effect between anatase and rutile TiO2 has been observed, since the presence of relatively inactive rutile phase enhanced the photoactivity of mixed TiO2.

Impact of polyethylene glycol as additive on the formation and extraction behavior of ionic‐liquid based aqueous two‐phase system

Developing a novel Ionic‐liquid (IL) based aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as adjuvant for the separation of biomolecules is studied. This original work involves addition of various concentration of PEG (2000, 4000, and 6000 gr/mol) to 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate+ potassium hydrogen phosphate ATPS to investigate their subsequent effect on phase diagrams and partitioning coefficient of α‐amylase. In another innovative aspect of this work, response surface methodology (RSM) based on three‐variable central composite design was employed to understand the effect of phase forming components on extraction studies of α‐amylase. The addition of small amount of PEG improved the partitioning coefficient of biomolecule. The effective excluded volume theory was applied to correlate the salting‐out ability. As a result, it can be stated that the proposed system can effectively be used in separation and purification studies instead of task specific ILs. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 264–274, 2016

Effects of Types of Metal Oxides on Hydrothermal Gasification of Phenol over Novel Metal Oxide–carbon Composite Supported Ni Catalysts Prepared by Sol-gel Method

Novel carbon and oxide-supported Ni (Ni/C/TiO2, SiO2 or ZrO2) catalysts were prepared by the sol-gel method and investigated for hydrothermal gasification of aqueous solution of phenol (phenol water) as a model of wastewater, and compared with carbon and Al2O3 supported Ni catalysts. Catalysts were prepared by the combination of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TIP), tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) or zirconium tetrabutoxide (ZB) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as an organic template, with the addition of active metal, nickel nitrate hexahydrate, at the preparation of catalysts. After calcination under a nitrogen atmosphere, larger amounts of active metal species were deposited on the carbon skeleton in the catalysts. The introduction of PEG dispersed metal Ni with high loading on carbon derived from PEG. Hydrothermal gasification was performed under the following conditions: 350 °C, pressure 20 MPa, phenol water 2-20 g/L, catalyst 5 mL, LHSV 48 h−1. 16N11C73Z catalyst, which represents 16 wt% Ni, 11 wt% carbon in PEG, and 73 wt% ZrO2 at the preparation of the catalyst, showed the highest activity among the 16N11C73Oxide catalysts (Oxide: TiO2, SiO2, ZrO2 or Al2O3). The conversion of phenol decreased in the order 16N11C73Z>16N11C73A>16N11C73T>16N11C73S (16N: 16 wt% Ni; 11C: 11 wt% carbon in PEG; 73Z, A, T or S: 73 wt% ZrO2, Al2O3, TiO2 or SiO2). As the amount of PEG added was increased, TiO2, ZrO2 and Al2O3 containing catalysts showed 100 % of conversion whereas the yields of carbon and methane decreased in the order 16N63C21A>16N53C31Z>16N53C31T (16N: 16 wt% Ni; 53 or 63C: 53 or 63 wt% carbon in PEG; 21 or 31A, Z or T: 21 or 31 wt% Al2O3, ZrO2 or TiO2). 16N53C31Z and 16N53C31T did not show change in pore structure after the reaction, although the sizes of Ni species increased.

Synthesis of Various ZnO Nanotree Morphologies through PEG-Assisted Co-Precipitation Method

ZnO, with direct wide band gap of 3.37 eV and high excitonic binding energy of 60 meV has been attracting much attention due to its wide range of applications, for transparent electronics, solar cells, and other optoelectronics device. We present a simple, single step process to produce ZnO nanotrees using co-precipitation method. As a precursor, zinc nitrate dehydrate was stabilized by hexamethylene tetraamine (HMTA) and 3-9 mM polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added at 180°C for 3-6 hours followed by residual polymer removal. Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed the typical rod-like branched nanostructures were achieved. For longer annealing time the PEG-assisted growth process indeed exhibited a distinctive c-direction inhibition responsible for the lateral growth and subsequent branching of ZnO, in which the branch growth in sample with PEG amount of 0.05 g is the slowest. Some amounts of PEG up to 0.03 g are sensitive to affect several parameters, such as, lattice stress, unit cell volume, density of film and dislocation density.

Effect of mucin extraction method on some properties of metronidazole mucoadhesive loaded patches

To evaluate the effects of mucin extraction method and plasticizer concentration on the bioadhesive strength and metronidazole release profile from mucin-based mucoadhesive patches. Mucin was extracted from the giant African snail Archachatina marginata by differential precipitation with acetone and alum. Various batches of metronidazole loaded mucoadhesive film patches were prepared with the precipitated mucin and varying volumes (0.2, 0.5, and 1 ml) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as plasticizer. Properties evaluated include: thermal properties (DSC), weight uniformity, patch thickness, folding endurance, moisture content and uptake, bioadhesion, drug content and in vitro and ex vivo diffusion studies. DSC analysis showed no interaction between metronidazole and mucin irrespective of the means of extraction. Extraction of mucin with acetone and alum gave a percentage yield of 0.1 and 0.08 %w/w, respectively. Patch weight range from 0.17 - 0.28 g, moisture content (17 %) and moisture uptake was highest with patches prepared with acetone-precipitated mucin (up to 117 %) and decreased as PEG concentration was increased. All the patches showed bioadhesion values between 0.90 - 1.97 g/sec. Drug diffusion across rat fundus was highest at 74 % after 12 h from patches prepared from alum precipitated mucin containing least amounts of PEG. The potential for alternative extraction method of mucin (with alum) can be improved as suitable substitute for the expensive acetone extraction method. Keywords : Bioadhesion; Drug diffusion; Mucin; Acetone-precipitate; Alum-precipitate

Integration of poly(ethylene glycol) in N-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-l-tryptophan hydrogel influencing mechanical, thixotropic, and release properties.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is incorporated to improve the mechanical properties of N-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-l-tryptophan (FT) hydrogel producing the hybrid (FTP) gels designated as FTP1, FTP2.5, etc. having PEG concentrations of 0.05 and 0.125% (w/v), respectively. Both the FT and FTP1 gels exhibit fibrillar network morphology; the fibers of the FTP1 gel are thinner than those of the FT gel. FTP gels exhibit a magnificent improvement in mechanical properties, and the storage and complex moduli increase with a maximum of ∼2800% for the FTP2.5 gel. Creep recovery experiment exhibits a maximum strain recovery of 90% for the FTP1 gel. The thixotropic property is observed for both FT and FTP gels and the rate of recovery increases with increase of PEG concentration; the latter acts as a molecular adhesive to the gel fibers bringing back the network structure easily. Gelation of FT causes a 5-fold increase of fluorescence intensity due to molecular aggregation, and with increase of FT concentration the ratio of fluorescence intensities at 470 and 395 nm increases. Exploiting the thixotropic property of FT and FTP hybrid gels, doxorubicin (DOX) is successfully encapsulated, and tunable release of DOX using appropriate amount of PEG in the gel matrix under physiological conditions is observed.

Electrochemical study of multi-component additive behavior during copper electrodeposition with a microfluidic device and an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance

The adsorption behavior of multi-component additives during Cu electrodeposition was investigated to examine the role of single species in the early period of Cu electrodeposition. First, the current density (i) transition curves were measured using a microfluidic device for rapid exchange from the base electrolyte to electrolytes with bis(3-sulfopropyl)-disulfide (SPS), Janus Green B (JGB), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to determine the effective surface coverage ratio (θEFF) of the electrodes by PEG, which is the first result with the multi-component system using a microfluidic device. The desorption behavior of additives was also investigated, and the presence or absence of PEG was found to be a key factor in maintaining the additives’ effects. Finally, the increase in the weight on the electrode (Δm) by the additives was measured using a flow cell-type electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) to calculate θEFF by Δm, which revealed that the suppression of i was roughly dominated by the adsorbed PEG amount, even in a multi-component system.

Effect of Polyethylene Glycol on Bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate‐Based Polyurethane/Alginate pH‐Sensitive Blend for Oral Protein Delivery

ABSTRACTPolyurethanes (PUs) are synthesized by reacting two polyols, namely bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), taken in four different ratios and hexamethylene diisocyanate, where the polyol content is slightly higher than the stoichiometrically required amount. BHET is obtained by the glycolysis of polyethylene terephthalate waste. The synthesized PUs are blended with sodium alginate in the ratio of 7:3 and then cross‐linked by calcium chloride to get a pH‐sensitive protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) carrier. X‐ray diffraction patterns of different PU compositions indicate the presence of amorphous phase. The hydroxyl value of OH‐terminated PUs is found to be increasing with increasing amount of PEG in the composition. PEGylated PU shows higher water uptake and protection against hemolysis with a rising amount of PEG in the PU. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the blend shows characteristic peaks for both PU and alginate distinctly, indicating good dispersion of both the polymers. pH responsive swelling behavior in different pH media corresponding to the gastrointestinal tract (pH 1.2 and 7.4) is investigated for all the prepared blends. The minimum degree of swelling is observed for PU with the maximum amount PEG at pH 1.2, whereas the degree of swelling of the same PU significantly increased at pH 7.4. BSA encapsulation efficiency of the blends increases with an increase in PEG content in the PU and varies within the range of 88–99%. The release profile of BSA at pH 7.4 is found to be similar as observed in the swelling study.

Treatment of PCB‐Laden Transformer Oil with Polyethylene Glycols and Alkaline Hydroxide

The direct disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in transformer oil by polyethylene glycols (PEGs) under basic condition is reported. The transformer oil containing PCBs was treated by the required amounts of PEGs and potassium hydroxide (KOH) for different reaction times and temperatures. Complete reaction produces aryl PEGs, which are the products of nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The relative efficiencies of the PCB treatment process were assessed in terms of destruction and removal efficiency (DRE, %). At the experimental conditions of 100 °C and 7 h, 125 °C and 3 h, and 150 °C and 1 h, average DREs of PCBs better than 99.9999% were attained. In studying the chemical reaction of PCBs with PEG/KOH, it was confirmed that the process led to less chlorinated PCBs through a stepwise process with the successive elimination of chlorines. Particularly, the least chlorinated PCBs such as mono‐ and di‐PCBs were not produced in our study. Furthermore, the treated transformer oil can be reused through simple segregating procedures.

Modulation of release behaviors of methylene blue from degradable silica-methylene blue@octacalcium phosphate powders with different shell structures

Abstract Methylene blue-loaded silica (silica-MB) was coated by a shell of polyethylene glycol (PEG), citrate ions and octacalcium phosphate (OCP) through a facile sol–gel method. The influences of molecular weight of PEG, addition amount of PEG and citric acid on the phase, morphology and chemical composition of samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Compared with that of silica-MB, the sustained-release behavior of MB from silica-MB@OCP was sensitive to the shell structure and the pH value of culture solution. At each time interval, the ratio of absorbance of MB monomers over that of MB dimers released from silica-MB@OCP was higher than that from silica-MB, indicating that the significant influence of interaction density among the network of PEG, citrate ions and OCP on the release behavior of MB. Silica-MB and silica-MB@OCP were degraded when MB molecules diffused to the culture solution from solid silica matrix, which would shed light on the self-destruction investigation of drug/drug carrier systems in the biological system.

Lubiprostone Plus PEG Electrolytes Versus Placebo Plus PEG Electrolytes for Outpatient Colonoscopy Preparation

Bowel preparation using large volume of polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions is often poorly tolerated. Therefore, there are ongoing efforts to develop an alternative bowel cleansing regimen that should be equally effective and better tolerated. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of lubiprostone (versus placebo) plus PEG as a bowel cleansing preparation for colonoscopy. Our study was a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled design. Patients scheduled for screening colonoscopy were randomized 1:1 to lubiprostone (group 1) or placebo (group 2) plus 1 gallon of PEG. The primary endpoints were patient's tolerability and endoscopist's evaluation of the preparation quality. The secondary endpoint was to determine any reduction in the amount of PEG consumed in the lubiprostone group compared with the placebo group. One hundred twenty-three patients completed the study and were included in the analysis. There was no difference in overall cleanliness. The volume of PEG was similar in both the groups. The volume of PEG approached significance as a predictor of improved score for both the groups (P = 0.054). Lubiprostone plus PEG was similar to placebo plus PEG in colon cleansing and volume of PEG consumed. The volume of PEG consumed showed a trend toward improving the quality of the colon cleansing.

Preliminary Studies of the Effects of Polyethylene Glycol/Hydroxyapatite Powder-Binder System for 3D Printing Application

The role of binder in powder system has gained its importance lately in 3D printing (3DP) applications. This research aims to investigate the effect of powder system developed from incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) onto hydroxyapatite (HAP) powder for 3D printing application. Simple spray method was used to incorporate mixture of PEG into HAP powder. Raw commercial HAP powder was determined by using particle size analyser. The morphology and crystallinity of raw HAP powder and powder mixture were characterised by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffractive (XRD) analysis. Mean particle size of raw HAP was found to be 4.77 μm which is suitable for 3D printing and in good agreement with SEM micrographs. Based on the SEM micrographs, the powder mixture was found in agglomerated and small particle form. Small amount of PEG (2 wt. % to 7 wt. %) incorporation onto HAP powder exhibited absence of new phases on XRD analysis, demonstrating good chemical compatibility. Based on this study, it can be concluded that incorporating PEG onto HAP powder is able to maintain the initial characteristic of HAP and can work together as powder system.

ZrO2/PEG hybrid nanocomposites synthesized via sol–gel: Characterization and evaluation of the magnetic properties

A sol–gel process was used to synthesize class I organic–inorganic nanocomposite materials consisting of an inorganic ZrO2 matrix in which different percentages of polyethylene glycol (PEG) were incorporated. The formation of hydrogen bonds among the organic and inorganic components was proved by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis and confirmed by solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis highlighted the amorphous nature of the synthesized materials. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with Back-Scattered Electron Detector (BSED) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed that these materials have homogeneous morphology and nanostructured nature.Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometry confirmed the expected diamagnetic character of these compounds. The measured diamagnetic susceptibility values, which increase with PEG amount and are independent from temperature, make these hybrid materials potentially suitable to be synthesized in magnetic levitation under microgravity conditions.

Poly(acrylic acid)/polyethylene glycol hygrogel prepared by using gamma-ray irradiation for mucosa adhesion

A buccal delivery system provides a much milder environment for drug delivery compared to an oral delivery which presents a hostile environment for drugs, especially proteins and polypeptides, owing to acid hydrolysis. Local delivery in an oral cavity has particular applications in the treatment of toothaches, periodontal disease, and bacterial infections. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-based hydrogels prepared using a chemical initiator have been attempted for a mucoadhesive system owing to their flexibility and excellent bioadhesion. In this experiment, PAA and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were selected to prepare using a radiation process a bioadhesive hydrogel for adhesion to mucosal surfaces. PAA and PEG were dissolved in purified water to prepare a homogeneous PAA/PEG solution, and the solution was then irradiated using an electron beam at dose up to 70 kGy to make the hydrogels. Their physical properties, such as gel percent, swelling percent, and adhesive strength to mucosal surfaces, were investigated. In this experiment, various amounts of PEG were incorporated into the PAA to enhance the mucoadhesive property of the hydrogels. The effect of the molecular weight of PEG on the mucoadhesion was also examined.

Preparation and evaluation of gelling granules to improve oral administration.

We investigated the preparation of oral granules that are solid when stored and that will swell and gel via water absorption, to address problems experienced by patients when taking medication. Important physical properties of gelling granules include elasticity that is normally smooth, quick water absorption and swelling properties that allow easy swallowing. We selected gelatin (GEL), succinylated gelatin (SUC-GEL) and ι-carrageenan (CAR) as matrix polymers that can undergo gelation at room temperature or at cold temperatures. Saccharide and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were added to prepare the experimental granules. The best matrix gelling granule was SUC-GEL. When xylitol (XYL), sorbitol (SOR) and maltitol (MAL) were added, elasticity was improved, and PEG improved the granule's water absorption behavior, which is an important element involved in gelation. The best granules were prepared by selecting SUC-GEL as the matrix and adding a small amount of PEG and XYL in amounts equal to that of SUC-GEL.

Unusual thermo-responsive behaviors of poly(NIPAM-co-AM)/PEG/PTA composite hydrogels

Poly(NIPAM-co-AM)/PEG/PTA composite hydrogels were synthesized by aqueous copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and acrylamide (AM) in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) using potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator at 70°C. N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS) and phosphortungstic acid (PTA) acted as chemical and physical crosslinking agents, respectively. The hydrogel was found with unusual and reversible thermo-responsive behaviors. The hydrogel exhibited a higher critical solution temperature (UCST) of 59.6°C which can be readily tuned by the amount of PEG. This work provided a facile way to adjust the phase transition temperature of hydrogels and a new insight to develop novel stimuli-responsive hydrogels.

Fabrication of ionic liquid/polymer nanoscale networks by electrospinning and chemical cross-linking and their application in hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of NaBH4

This study reports the development of a new system of IL (ionic liquid) with metal complex, chemically crosslinked, electrospun nanofibers based on PVDF (poly(vinylidene fluoride)) as a polymer matrix. The nanofibers were fabricated with different amounts of ionic liquid, PEG (polyethylene glycol), and EGDMA (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) via electrospinning. The obtained nanofiber composites were thermal treated at 135 °C to produce physically bonded structures and chemically cross-linked networks, which were confirmed by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer) and FT-IR spectra (Fourier transform infrared). The elecrospun PVDF/PEG/EGDMA/IL chemically cross-linked nanofibers were tested for the hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride. The nanofiber composites showed high stability and recycling ability in repeated number of runs.

Impact of polyethylene glycol on aqueous micellar solutions of sodium oleate studied by small-angle neutron scattering

Abstract The structure and interaction parameters of micelles in solutions of anionic surfactant sodium oleate (SO) in deuterated water were studied by small-angle neutron scattering. The effect of addition of polymer, polyethylene glycol (PEG), on micelle solutions was investigated. The dependences of the micelle aggregation number, degree of ionization, axial ratio, average size, charge, inverse screening length, surface potential on the surfactant concentration with and without PEG in the solutions were obtained and analyzed. A change in the power-law type behaviour of the aggregation number on the SO concentration was observed at 2 wt.% of PEG in the surfactant/polymer mixtures. The screening effect with respect to the micelle interaction took place on addition of a large amount of PEG (about 10 wt.% in the mixture). The obtained results are particularly important for understanding the structure reorganization effect on addition of biocompatible PEG to water-based magnetic fluids stabilized by SO.