Amount Of Grains Research Articles

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ОПЕРАТИВНОГО КОНТРОЛЯ ПРИ ЭКСПЕРТНОЙ ОЦЕНКЕ КАЧЕСТВА ЗЕРНА

Traditional methods for evaluating sowing and technological characteristics of grain do not sufficiently reveal the caryopsis internal structure damages. They can only be recorded using the microfocus soft X-ray radiography method. The aim of this work was, with the help of X-ray, to evaluate the hidden integrity of the caryopsis structure (including the period of the post-harvest maturation) to increase the efficiency of expert assessment of the degree of economic suitability of grain batches. Seeds of Hordеum vulgare L. variety ‘Suzdalets’ harvested in 2015 in the Gatchina and Vsevolozhsk districts of the Leningrad region, malting barley from the Morskoy Port St. Petersburg (2015–2016), as well as corn grain (Zea mais L.) harvested in 2010 and 2011 were the objects of the research. Grain, which is for feed use only, was provided by the poultry farm “Severnaya”. The poultry farm “Roskar” provided samples harvested in 2017. We used the microfocus radiography method combined with a visual analysis of digital X-ray images to detect hidden grain defects. Experimental data on the evaluation of quality and biosafety of barley and maize grain for various purposes determined by radiographic signs of hidden damage are presented. The survey highlighted several key points: the seed lots obtained in the Vsevolozhsk district had a low total level of hidden defects (39 %); in the seed lots obtained in the Gatchina district, this figure was significantly higher (> 140 %). The germination rate for these options, determined six months after harvesting, turned out to be 89 and 74 %, respectively; it was higher for batches of seeds with a small value of the total indicator of hidden defects. Samples, the total level of hidden defects of which was lower (29 %), had a higher germination index (97 %) compared to the same in seed samples with a total level of hidden defects 70 % or more (85–90 %). X-ray analysis of corn grain samples obtained at the poultry farm “Roskar” revealed that the amount of grain with defects in the embryo (hidden germination) compared with the same in grain lots from the poultry farm “Severnaya” was low and varied from 17 to 29 %. The index of the hidden fissuring rate in these samples was not reliably recorded. However, we detected such internal grain damage as enzyme mycosis depletion (64 to 98 %). Research results are the basis for the development of new engineering and technical solutions for the “gentle” agricultural technologies to obtain batches of high-quality non-injured grain that ensure high competitiveness in the global grain market.

Comparisons among soil tillage system and their impacts to the tested rice varieties on lowland rainfed alluvial in Aceh Jaya

This research was aimed to determine the effect of tillage and varieties on rice growth and yield. This research used a Split Plot Design (SPD) where the land was cultivated (T) as the main plot and rice varieties as subplots (V) repeated three times. The main factors as the main plot consist of three levels, namely: without soil tillage (T0), minimum soil tillage (T1), and perfect soil tillage (T2). The second factor is 5 level varieties, namely: Tinggong (V1), Ciherang (V2), Cibogo (V3), Inpari-13 (V4), and Situ Bagendit (V5). Data were also projected onto principal component analysis (PCA) to observe differences and affected factors related to the soil tillage system. The results showed that the system of tillage had a very significant effect on the yield per hectare. There was no significant difference in yield between the minimum tillage and the perfect tillage. Variety had a very significant effect on plant height at eight weeks after planting (WAP), the number of tillers at 8 WAP, panicle length per clump, the amount of grains, percentage of full grain per clump, percentage of empty grain per hill, the weight of grain per panicle, weight 1,000 grain and yield per hectare. The Cibogo variety gave the highest yield, namely 4.86 ton/ha. Based on PCA analysis, plant height, the total amount of grain, and filled grain are highly affected by the soil tillage system.

Acoustic velocity measurements for detecting the crystal orientation fabrics of a temperate ice core

Abstract. The crystal orientation fabric (COF) in ice cores provides detailed information, such as grain size and distribution and the orientation of the crystals in relation to the large-scale glacier flow. These data are relevant for a profound understanding of the dynamics and deformation history of glaciers and ice sheets. The intrinsic, mechanical anisotropy of the ice crystals causes an anisotropy of the polycrystalline ice of glaciers and affects the velocity of acoustic waves propagating through the ice. Here, we employ such acoustic waves to obtain the seismic anisotropy of ice core samples and compare the results with calculated acoustic velocities derived from COF analyses. These samples originate from an ice core from Rhonegletscher (Rhone Glacier), a temperate glacier in the Swiss Alps. Point-contact transducers transmit ultrasonic P waves with a dominant frequency of 1 MHz into the ice core samples and measure variations in the travel times of these waves for a set of azimuthal angles. In addition, the elasticity tensor is obtained from laboratory-measured COF, and we calculate the associated seismic velocities. We compare these COF-derived velocity profiles with the measured ultrasonic profiles. Especially in the presence of large ice grains, these two methods show significantly different velocities since the ultrasonic measurements examine a limited volume of the ice core, whereas the COF-derived velocities are integrated over larger parts of the core. This discrepancy between the ultrasonic and COF-derived profiles decreases with an increasing number of grains that are available within the sampling volume, and both methods provide consistent results in the presence of a similar amount of grains. We also explore the limitations of ultrasonic measurements and provide suggestions for improving their results. These ultrasonic measurements could be employed continuously along the ice cores. They are suitable to support the COF analyses by bridging the gaps between discrete measurements since these ultrasonic measurements can be acquired within minutes and do not require an extensive preparation of ice samples when using point-contact transducers.

The effects of signalment, diet, geographic location, season, and colitis associated with antimicrobial use or Salmonella infection on the fecal microbiome of horses

BackgroundThe fecal microbiome of healthy horses may be influenced by signalment, diet, environmental factors, and disease.ObjectivesTo assess the effects of age, breed, sex, geographic location, season, diet, and colitis caused by antibiotic use (antimicrobial‐associated diarrhea [AAD]) and Salmonella infection on fecal microbiota.AnimalsHealthy horses (n = 80) were sampled from nonhospital environments across multiple geographical locations in the United States. Horses with AAD (n = 14) were defined as those that developed diarrhea secondary to antimicrobial use. Horses with Salmonella infection (n = 12) were presented with spontaneous onset of colitis and subsequently tested positive on Salmonella quantitative polymerase chain reaction. All horses were >1 year of age and stratified by a dietary scale that included forages (pasture and hay) and concentrates grouped by percentage of fiber and amount.MethodsIllumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes was performed on fecal DNA.ResultsHealthy horses fed higher amounts of grain clustered separately from those fed lower amounts of grain (analysis of similarities [ANOSIM], R = 0.356‐0.385, Q = 0.002). Horses with AAD and Salmonella had decreased richness and evenness compared to healthy horses (P < .05). Univariable analysis of the 3 groups identified increases in Bacteroidetes (Q = 0.002) and Protebacteria (Q = 0.001) and decreases in Verrucomicrobia (Q = 0.001) in AAD horses whereas Salmonella horses had less Firmicutes (Q = 0.001) when compared to healthy horses.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAlthough the amount of grain in the diet had some impact on the fecal microbiome, colitis had a significantly larger influence. Horses with ADD have a more severe dysbiosis than do horses with Salmonella.

Дослідження методів боротьби із шкідниками на зерносховищах та продуктових базах на прикладі підприємств системи держрезерву України

At present, the enterprises of the State Reserve system have a long-term storage of a large number of wheat and other cereals, as well as a significant range of food products. Recently, due to the violation of the organizational and economic method of storage of grain crops and the system of technological operations during their cultivation, the amount of grain damaged by pests and pathogens has increased, as a result, it gets to the elevators of low quality. This facilitates access to such grain during storage of collar pests. There is another important factor in enhancing the negative effects of collar pests - warm, with a short frosty winter, which only stimulates their reproduction. For these reasons, up to 100% of the crop can be lost during storage. Poor preparation of the granary for storage, moisture, and high grain temperature can also be the reason. The article is devoted to the essence and content of such a problem as the control of various pests in granaries and food bases. The article provides a brief overview of the main existing pest species and methods of pest control. As a result of research for the enterprises of the State Reserve system of Ukraine the most effective method, ozonation and ultrasonic loading is chosen. The technology of decontamination of warehouses is given, the advantages and disadvantages of this method are shown. The article also presents an effective method of rodent control in granaries and food warehouses with the help of ultrasonic waves and electromagnetic radiation, the technology of application of ultrasonic frequencies to repel rodents is proposed. The article presents the method of research using industrial ozonator, shows its technical characteristics and also presents the results of research and the main parameters of ozonation of the warehouse (ozone concentration and duration of treatment). Recently, ozonation of premises has become widespread in pest control. Ozonation - a technology for decontamination of premises, based on the use of ozone gas - a strong oxidant. Special installation - ozonator produces ozone from oxygen contained in atmospheric air. The approximate required capacity of the ozonator is 3 - 5 g/h per 100 m3 of room volume. Large granaries and food warehouses require additional fans to mix the air. Ozonation is carried out in the absence of people. People should not enter for 1.5 - 2 hours after switching off the ozonator, while ozone decomposes into oxygen, if necessary, you can enter in an ozone respirator or a respirator with a carbon filter. An effective method of combating rodents and insects in granaries and food warehouses is deterrence by ultrasonic waves and electromagnetic radiation. Ultrasonic deterrent generates sound waves of high frequency and high volume, electromagnetic generates pulses that are transmitted through electrical wiring. These devices create an uncomfortable environment for rodents and insects, forcing them to leave the room. To avoid rodents getting used to ultrasonic radiation, the devices automatically change the range of emitted ultrasonic frequencies. Ultrasonic waves are reflected from solid materials and coatings (wood, glass, concrete, etc.) and are absorbed by soft materials (curtains, carpets, products stored in bags, etc.).

Morphogenetic identification, description and pathogenicity of novel pathogens on Iraqi wheat plant (Triticum aestivum) causing head blight and crown rot diseases

Abstract. Mohammed-Ameen MK, Minati MH, Abbas MH. 2021. Morphogenetic identification, description and pathogenicity of novel pathogens on Iraqi Wheat Plant (Triticum aestivum) causing head blight and crown rot diseases. Biodiversitas 22: 2999-3005. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant suffers from several fungal diseases, such as Fusarium head blight, root rot, and crown rot diseases that reduce the quality and quantity of grains. Two Fusarium species (Fusarium brachygibbosum and F. falciforme) have been isolated from wheat roots and rhizosphere regions showing disease symptoms in wheat fields in Al-Hwuir and Al-Qurna districts at Basra province. Each fungal species had been characterized morphologically and molecularly based on DNA sequence data for the translation elongation factor 1- ? (TEF-1 ?). Results of pathogenicity test showed that F. falciforme and F. brachygibbosum at the third week of inoculation induced head bleached symptoms with the severity of 12.46% (with significant differences P &gt; 0.05) and 7.14%, respectively on Abu Ghraib 3 cultivar. Yellowing and necrosis symptoms were recorded in stem and crown region. The mean of disease severity (as necrosis on basal stem and crown) was 5% and 3.34% for F. falciforme and F. brachygibbosum, respectively. The two Fusarium species were identified as new pathogens on wheat plants in Iraq, causing head bleaching, stem and crown necrosis.

41 Macleaya cordata phytotherapic supplementation can modulate immune response in ponies fed a high starch diet

High amounts of grains in equine diet lead to an excessive starch intake modifying microbial populations and fermentative products. These changes could compromise the gastrointestinal barrier which has serious consequences for equine health. Therefore, feed additives are receiving great attention to minimize negative effects related to high starch level inclusion. Macleaya cordata compounds are being used in animal nutrition for their multiple biological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties. However there is no information about effects on horses. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of increasing levels of a Macleaya cordata commercial phytotherapic on gastrointestinal tract and systemic inflammation of ponies fed a high starch diet. Eight gelding ponies, Mini-Horse breed, healthy, mean age 8.59+0.17 years old and mean body weight (BW) 146.72+16.53 kg were used. Experimental design was contemporary double Latin-square 4 × 4. Experimental unit was the animal inside each experimental period (n = 8 units per treatment). Each experimental period lasted 20 d. Diet attended daily maintenance nutritional requirement of 1.75% BW in dry matter in a concentrate:roughage proportion of 60:40. Daily starch amount was 4.4 g/kg BW, divided in 2 meals. Water and mineral salt were provided ad libitum . Animals were separated in 4 groups: 1) Control: concentrate without food additive, 2) S1: concentrate with 1 mg of phytotherapic/kg BW, 3) S1.5: concentrate with 1.5 mg of phytotherapic/kg BW, 4) S2: concentrate with 2 mg of phytotherapic/kg BW. Right dorsal colon wall thickness was measured by ultrasonography to determine local inflammation at 9:30 a.m. on d 20. Esaote MyLab TM Delta and a micro convex probe were used. Best image was selected using MyLab TM Desk3 software and 3 measures were taken for mean. For systemic inflammation, blood samples were collected at 9 a.m. on d 19. Fibrinogen was dosed by heat precipitation method and interleukins 6 and 10 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was obtained using qPCR. Data were analyzed by Statistical Analysis System program with PROC MIXED. Significant level was 5%. Intestinal wall was thinner ( P = 0.0071) in all treated groups (Control: 3.08 mm; S1: 2.59 mm; S1.5: 2.53 mm; S2: 2.44 mm). There were no statistical differences between groups for systemic inflammatory parameters. In conclusion, Macleaya cordata commercial phytotherapic addition in high starch equine diet modulates local immunity, but has no impact on systemic inflammation.

Eating groups within households: Differentiation in food consumption by age, gender, and genealogical position in rural Burkina Faso

Inequalities in food access and consumption underlie the persistence of food insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa. While there has been important work documenting differences among rural households and demographic groups, there remains comparatively little work documenting differences of food consumption within rural African households. To address this gap, a novel approach was developed to monitor differences in food consumption within 120 rural households in Burkina Faso with a focus on women and children. At monthly intervals (across 11 months), 24-hour recall data were collected of the amount of grain prepared and allocated among eating groups, the groups of household members eating from separate bowls. Seven-day recall data were also collected for the instances of major food groups accompanying grain dishes and allocation of these accompaniments among eating groups. Eating groups are generally segregated by gender and age. Multi-level regression analyses (with household and month as random effect variables) were performed with grain consumption and food group bias regressed on the fixed factors of female and child fractions of eating group adult-male equivalents and the genealogical position of eating group leaders. Results show eating group composition significantly affects grain consumption as mediated by the genealogical position of eating group leaders. Depending on genealogical position, female- or children- dominated groups can display higher, or more commonly, lower consumption rates than male groups. Consumption of non-grain accompaniments shows no significant bias by gender or age except for meat, which is consumed more by male groups led by a member of the household head’s generation. These results illustrate the complex interplay of gender, age, and household structure in shaping differences in food consumption within rural households.

Identification of signals as one of the stages of synthesis of the system of automatic stabilization of the height of the fluidized bed in the grain dryer

Drying is one of the most responsible and energy-intensive post-harvest grain pro-cessing operations. The constant rise in heat prices has led to the search for new designs of grain dryers, or improvements to existing ones. Studies of well-known scientists such as Romankov, Rezchikov, Rashkovskaya have proven the potential effectiveness of using a fluid-ized bed for drying grain.The degree to which this drying efficiency approaches the potential is determined by how much the change in the actual humidity of the material during drying approaches the theoretical drying curve at the same resource consumption and the same initial state of the material to be dried.The study of the designs of fluidized bed grain dryers showed that they show irregular fluctuations in the height of the fluidized bed, and, accordingly, the efficiency of energy use for drying. The reason for this phenomenon is related, on the one hand, to random fluctua-tions in the amount of grain in the fluidized bed, and on the other - to the shortcomings of the system of automatic stabilization of its height.Taking into account the provisions of the theory of optimal control indicates that max-imizing the accuracy of stabilization of a given value of the height of the fluidized bed should be achieved by developing an optimal multidimensional stabilization system of the specified height. The basis for solving the first of these is the study of the design of a fluidized bed grain dryer.The decomposition of the grain dryer allows to present it in the form of a set of multidimensional objects with pure delay. The size of this set is determined by the number of cascades, and the dynamic characteristics of its elements depend on the distance of the cascade to the gate.The degree of connections between input-output signals in the form of correlation and cross-correlation functions was studied, and the physical processes occurring in the grain dryer were analyzed. As a result of applying the Blackman-Tukey algorithm to the implemen-tations of the components of the control signal vectors and output signals, estimates of the corresponding correlation functions and spectral densities for all elements of the set of con-trol objects were obtained. The discrete Fourier transform of smoothed estimates of correla-tion and cross-correlation functions allowed us to calculate estimates of the spectral and mutual spectral densities of the respective signals. Approximation of spectral and mutual spectral density estimates by the method of generalized logarithmic frequency characteristics allowed to determine the mathematical description of these signals in the form of spectral density expressions, which will be the basis for the next stage of object identification.

Labor Endowment Change，Technological Choice and Grain Planting Structure Adjustment

Since the COVID-19 outburst in the end of 2019, many countries have implemented food export restrictions, which has tightened food security expectations and caused concerns over food security issues. Food security has a strong implication for national security. It is urgent to investigate food production and, particularly, the rising labor cost on food security in China.The existing literature has carried on many beneficial discussions, but there are at least two deficiencies. First, it mainly focuses on the changes in total amount of grain, instead of incorporating structural issues within grain. Second, most of it only investigates the technological progress in mechanical equipment, which might compromise the understanding of food security. This paper re-examines the impact of rising labor prices on the overall and different types of grain production, and finds that labor prices have a positive effect on the proportion of planting in grain. However, the effects on different grain crops are heterogeneous. Labor prices have significantly increased the proportion of rice, wheat, and corn, but reduced the proportion of soybeans and other grain crops. The changes in the relative price of factors have significantly induced the increase of the machinery and biological input of rice, wheat and corn, and significantly induced the machinery input of soybeans, but not significantly induced the biological input of soybeans. This result provides a novel explanation for the different production trajectories of different grain crops. In addition, it is found that corn has the strongest adjustment capabilities, followed by rice, wheat, and soybeans.The conclusions of this paper provide explicit implication for food security in China. First, main grain crops are gaining comparative advantages in agricultural production, so we should seize the opportunity to optimize the grain planting structure. Second, we should strengthen the utilization of germplasm resources and self-cultivation levels of main grain crops, and improve the seed research of soybeans and other grain crops to cultivate grain varieties suitable for growth in different latitudes. Third, we should further promote the full mechanization of grain production, and improve the ability of grain production to respond to the changes in labor supply shortages.

Experimental Insights on the Propagation of Fine‐Grained Geophysical Flows Entering Water

AbstractGranular flows that propagate down a mountainside, then reach the sea, a lake or a river and finally, travel underwater, is a common event on the Earth's surface. To help the description of such events, laboratory experiments on gas‐fluidized granular flows entering water are performed, analyzed, and compared to those propagating in air. The originality of this study lies in the fluidization process, which improves the laboratory modeling of geophysical flows by taking their high mobility into account. Qualitatively, the presence of the water body promotes the generation of a granular jet over the water surface, a leading and largest wave, and a particle‐driven gravity current underwater. Hydrodynamic forces mainly play a dissipative role by slowing and reducing the spreading of the granular mass underwater, but a low amount of grains are still transported by the turbulent fluid as a gravity current far away. The temporal evolution of the granular jet and the particle‐driven gravity current are well described by ballistic motion theory and scaling laws of homogeneous gravity currents, respectively. Most currents propagate with a constant flow‐front velocity along the horizontal bottom, which is controlled by the flow height depending on the water depth. In contrast, the bulk volume concentration of particles in the current is estimated to be nearly constant, interpreted as a critical concentration above which the excess of particles cannot be maintained by the turbulent fluid. This experimental study highlights the complexity of the dynamics and deposits of granular masses when they encounter a water body.

The potential of Southeast Sulawesi local gogo rice genotypes

One effort to obtain the superior rice genotypes, namely by selecting several local genotypes of Gogo Rice. This research aims to determine the diversity of components of production and production of some local south East Sulawesi Rice genotypes, the collection Faculty of Agriculture UHO. The planting material used is 8 (eight) local and southeast Sulawesi Rice genotypes. The study used the group’s randomized design, comprising 8 (eight) treatments (genotypes) and three repeats. To eight local Gogo Rice genotypes tested are: 1) yellow Loiyo genotypes, 2) White Loiyo genotypes, 3) Waburi-Buri genotypes, 4) Black genotypes, 5) Ngalaru genotypes, 6) of the Ungurunu genotypes, 7) Pae Momea genotypes, and 8) genotypes of Tinangge. The results showed the diversity of harvest age, the number of productive tillers, the amount of content grain, the total amount of grain, harvest index, the weight of 1000 grains, and the production of dried grain harvest from Gogo Rice genotypes in the test. From the eight locally southeast Sulawesi Rice genotypes tested. Two genotypes have high production potentials (on average of Gogo rice production), Ngalaru genotypes, and Tinangge genotypes, with the output of each 4.08 and 3.28 tons ha-1.

Effects of MnSO4 on grain output, protein and Mn content of quinoa strains (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Quinoa is a new crop with great potential in the world. Micronutrients are vital components for balances both growth and development in plants. An experiment was designed for the sake of researching the impacts of MnSO4 on output and quality parameters of Quinoa strains in Wuhan. Four repetitions stochastic complete block design is used for the partition layout. Major zones were MnSO4 (contains 28% pure manganese) (2, 4 and 6 g·m−2), and sub-zones were Quinoa cultivars (L-1, L-2 and L-3). The meaningful influence of MnSO4 on the number of fertile ears, the amount of seeds in each ear, the weight of a thousand seeds, grain output, the contents of proteins and manganese in grain. The significant influence of cultivar on number of fertile ears, the weight of a thousand grains, grain output and protein content. The highest values of fertile ear, amount of grain, the weight of a thousand grains, harvest index, grain output, the contents of grain proteins and Mn were achieved in applying 6 g MnSO4 per m2. In addition, the highest amount of fertile ears, amount of grains per ear, grain harvest and grain manganese content were related to“L-3”cultivar. The results show that cultivation of“L-3”cultivar and application of 6 g MnSO4 per m2 is recommended for Wuhan.

Effect of textural characteristics on engineering properties of some sedimentary rocks

As it is commonly known, the estimation of physical and mechanical characteristics of rocks is very important issue in various geotechnical projects. The characteristics are mainly influenced by the microfabric-texture features of rocks. In this research, dry unit weight, effective porosity, point load index, Schmidt rebound hardness, uniaxial compressive strength, and texture coefficient were measured with the aim of correlating the physical and mechanical properties to the texture coefficient. For this purpose, a comprehensive laboratory testing program was conducted after collecting twenty sedimentary block samples including nine limestones and eleven mudstones, taken from Kalidromo (central Greece) in accordance with ASTM and ISRM standards. Also, mineralogical and petrographic properties, textural characteristics as well as X-ray diffractions were studied and the obtained results were statistically described and analysed. The maximum and minimum values of the texture coefficient were 0.13 and 0.50, respectively. The highest value was obtained for the rocks with a large amount of grains. Regression analyses were used to investigate the relationships between the texture coefficient and the engineering properties. Thus, empirical equations were developed and because of the good determination coefficients, they showed that all of the engineering properties were well correlated to the texture coefficient.

Co-application of Se and a biostimulant at different wheat growth stages: Influence on grain development

An appropriate selenium intake can be beneficial for human health. Se-biofortified food in Se-deficient regions is becoming an increasingly common practice but there are still issues to be addressed regarding the observed Se-induced toxicity to the plant. In this respect, plant biostimulants are used to enhance nutrition efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance and crop quality. In this work, the efficacy of a plant biostimulant to counteract the Se-induced stress in wheat plants is experimentally assessed. The co-application of different Se-biofortification treatments and the biostimulant at different growth stages (tillering or heading stage) was investigated. The use of micro focused X-ray spectroscopy allows us to confirm organic Se species to be the main Se species found in wheat grain and that the proportion of organic Se species is only slightly affected by the Se application stage. Our study proves that the biostimulant had a key role in the enhancement of both the amount of grains produced per spike and their dry biomass without hindering Se enrichment process, neither diminishing the Se concentration nor massively disrupting the Se species present. This information will be useful to minimize both plant toxicity and economic cost towards a more effective and plant healthy selenium supplementation.

Efficiency of combined fodder use with reduced amount of grain in feeding lactating cows

The assessment of the need to include combined fodder with reduced amount of grain in the diet of dairy cows by replacing it with non-grain components (wheat bran, protected fodder fat) is given. In the scientific and economic experiment on 2 groups of cows 12 heads each, the influence of combined fodder with 40% of grain components by weight on the palatability of feed, milk yield, milk composition, nutrients' digestion coefficients, biochemical blood composition, level of milk production profitability was studied. Reducing the proportion of grain to 40% in the total number of concentrate's components allows to increase 4% fat milk yield by 0.8% while increasing the amount of fat and protein by 0.02 — 0.04%. The preference for consumption per 1 kg of 4% fat milk was in the experimental group - 8.67 MJ ME; 337 g of combined fodder. Reduction of grain in the combined fodder composition contributed to an increase in profitability by 12.3%.

Determination of the Amount of Grain in Silos With Deep Learning Methods Based on Radar Spectrogram Data

Since the grain is a crucial food source, the determination of the quantity of stored grain in silos is inevitable in terms of commercial and correct inventory planning. In this study, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is developed to determine grain quantity using the spectrograms of the radar backscattering data. The radar backscattering signals of different amounts of grain for different grain surface condition types are collected using a stepped frequency continuous-wave radar system. In the scaled model silo, a total of 5681 measurements are carried out for grain stacks with different surface patterns and different weights (0-20 kg). Then, the dataset is constituted by using the spectrograms of these radar measurements. Randomly selected 4261 data corresponding to 75% of the dataset are used for training and the remaining 1420 data are used for testing. The proposed method is compared with pretrained CNN. Accuracy of the methods is given with metric parameters for both classification and regression. The classification task results of the proposed method are obtained as 98.45% accuracy, 98.15% sensitivity, 99.07% specitivity, 98.77% precision, 98.45% F1-Score, and 97.62% Matthews correlation coefficient. The regression task results are calculated as 0.3228 mean absolute error, 0.5150 mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), 0.9649 mean squared error, and 0.9823 root-mean-squared error. The proposed method is also compared with previous studies in the literature (with 3.29 MAPE) and its superiority is demonstrated with metric parameters. The results point out that, if CNN is properly modeled and trained, the combination of CNN and proper signal processing can provide effective results in the quantity measurement applications of the grain stacks.

Principles of the distribution of wheat with fusariois disease, its effect on yield, harm and disease measures in the case of Uzbekistan

This paper shows the role of Fusarium fungi in the farms of Kibray district of Tashkent province, which cause sudden yellowing of wheat fields before ripening, reducing the symptoms of the disease and the yield. The amount of grain in a diseased plant is reduced by 42% compared to the grain in a healthy plant, and the weight is reduced by 57.1%. Pure cultures of microorganisms were isolated from samples taken from diseased fields. The article is based on the results of scientific experiments and contains 2 tables and figures. The information presented in the article will serve as a scientific basis for further study of the prevalence and harm of wheat fusarium wilt.

Plant‐to‐plant biomass and yield variability in corn–soybean rotations under three tillage regimes

AbstractAgronomic management practices have the potential to affect plant‐to‐plant variability of biomass accumulation and grain production. However, the relationship between the variability of crop production per plant (i.e., grain weight) and crop production per unit area (i.e., grain yield) is inconsistent because high variability in grain weight has been linked with lower yields in some instances but not others. The objective of this experiment was to investigate plant‐to‐plant variability of biomass accumulation and grain production at three developmental stages in corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max [Merr.] L.) rotations under conventional tillage, strip tillage, and no tillage. Plant‐to‐plant biomass variability, as measured by the coefficient of variation (CV) of crop biomass at three phenological stages, decreased throughout the growing season in corn but increased in soybean; these trends did not differ among tillage systems but did change among the 4 yr of the experiment. The CV of grain weight per corn plant was higher in no‐till for two of the study years, suggesting an interaction between tillage and weather patterns that affects variability. Overall, mean grain weight per plant increased as CV of grain weight decreased in corn but not in soybean. This finding suggests that corn yields were maximized when all individual plants were producing relatively similar amounts of grain, whereas this relationship was not present in soybean. The findings of this study indicate that tillage practices do not consistently affect plant‐to‐plant variability of biomass or grain production and must be understood in context of weather conditions and other agronomic management practices.

Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process in Selection of an Appropriate Drying Platform for Maize Drying in a Solar Bubble Dryer

The solar bubble dryer (SBD) is a convenient and better option to traditional open sun drying commonly practiced by smallholder farmers in Ghana and other developing countries. However, to operate the SBD, one is faced with the challenge of frequent mixing of grains using a rake to enhance uniform drying and prevent over-heating of the top-layer exposed to the sun. Additionally, condensation in the SBD can compromise the quality of grains during drying under humid conditions. In the present study, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to select an appropriate drying platform, tarpaulin, or elevated drying rack for maize drying in the SBD. Using the AHP, the elevated drying rack was chosen as a suitable platform for drying maize in the SBD. The SBD with the elevated drying racks was used to dry 270 kg of maize from a moisture content of 18.2% to 12.6% (w.w.b) within 6 hours compared to 11 hours for the same quantity of grains dried on the tarpaulin of the SBD to reach an MC of 12.5% (w.w.b). An average drying rate and moisture extraction rate of 0.93%/h and 2.88 kg/h were achieved with the elevated drying rack system compared to 0.52%/h and 1.60 kg/h when drying on the tarpaulin of the SBD. An average temperature of 44.6°C recorded in the SBD was 9°C more compared to the ambient temperature. The thermal efficiency of the SBD collector was determined as 36.2%. Drying grains with the elevated racks showed advantages of reduced drying time, improved airflow through the drying bed, and prevention of condensation, which occurs when drying on the tarpaulin of the SBD.