Amount Of Freedom Research Articles

The value of the honor and dignity of a person and the possibility of its implementation through the means of a generally permissible type of legal regulation

The essential feature of general permissive legal regulation, that is its focus on the maximum exercise of freedom within the existing legal order, presupposes a certain area of such regulation. This area covers a number of values, the embodiment of which depends on the corresponding amount of freedom, and they include the value of the human person (and the main components, such as life and health, honor and dignity, inviolability and security of man), democracy, local self-governance, civil society, etc. These social values “get” new opportunities for their implementation due to this type of legal regulation, since its main tools objectify the corresponding amount of freedom. These are legal prohibitions, obligations, and permissions that “accompany” and reflect the content and scope of a number of rights that guide the “general permissive process” of the embodiment of these values, such as the value of honor and dignity – the right to respect for human dignity; the right to privacy (which to a maximum extent reflects the interconnection of these values as paired categories, since they are fixed in the Constitution); other rights that determine “decent conditions of human life”. This makes it possible to clarify under conditions of general permissive regulation the content and scope of different types of rights, and therefore – different types of freedom, for example: 1) economic freedom (“decent economic living conditions”) taking into account the following correlations: a) dignity and freedom of property, freedom of work, freedom of housing, , characterized by active human behavior and illustrating the maximum amount of freedom; b) dignity and minimum social standards – opportunities for social protection, and “sufficient standard of living”, which on the contrary determine the “active role” of the In this regard such issues occur as the legal nature of certain legal prohibitions, obligations, permissions and their assessment through the prism of freedom, such as benefits (benefits, compensations) that are permissions and “enhancers” of economic freedom that perform the function of its preservation and restoration; positive obligations of the state that perform the function of obligations and “enhancers” of economic freedom; discretion of the state (legal permission as a specific restrictor of freedom), which presupposes the minimum permissible amount of such freedom; 2) ideological freedom («decent political and cultural conditions of life») and its maximum manifestation that covers the links between dignity and freedom of speech, conscience, education and language, etc. At the same time, specific legal instruments are revealed, such as qualification conditions and requirements as obligations that should be assessed through the prism of false restrictors of this type of freedom.

Autonomiaa vai kontrollia?

Autonomy or control? A case study in an organization striving to increase self-management In many organizations increasing self-management is a new way of working. The case organization of this study is a Finnish financial services organization with about 100 employees. We use qualitative interview data to explore the commonalities and contradictions in the interpretations of employees and management in an organization that is in a process of adopting a more self-managed way of working. We also examine the implementation of the basic assumptions of Self-Determination Theory in today's organizational environment. We approach the issue from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. Our analysis shows that self-management in the target organization is initiated and controlled by management, which sets strict limits but allows only a certain amount of freedom. Our case study provides both theoretical and practical insights into the discussion of the process of increasing self-management.

Laissez-Faire Storytelling: Fictionality, Post-Factuality, and the Filmic Voice in Joshua Oppenheimer’s Documentary The Act of Killing (2012)

ABSTRACT Based on a rhetorical-narratological analysis of Joshua Oppenheimer’s film The Act of Killing (2012), this article identifies a specific use of the filmic voice which it defines as ‘laissez-faire storytelling.’ The laissez-faire voice is a rhetorical stance that serves documentary filmmakers to reconfigure their narrative position toward actors who espouse a ‘post-factual’ worldview. Directors who employ this stance strategically grant their actors a considerable amount of freedom in the making of the documentary. Ultimately, however, their technique exposes a problematic rhetoric in which the borderline between fictionality and non-fictionality is obliterated. The article concludes that the laissez-faire documentary resonates strongly with current attempts in both theory and art to restabilize the precarious boundaries between fictionality and non-fictionality—a reorientation that is decidedly ‘post-postmodernist.’

Three‐Dimensional Transformation of Membrane‐Type Electronics Using Transient Microfluidic Channels for the Sequential Selective Plasticization of Supportive Plastic Substrates

Three‐Dimensional Transformation of Membrane‐Type Electronics Using Transient Microfluidic Channels for the Sequential Selective Plasticization of Supportive Plastic Substrates

District nurses’ experiences of advanced medical technology in home care: A qualitative interview study

The escalation in the number of medical devices in home care increases the demands on district nurses’ knowledge and skills. This qualitative interview study with 13 district nurses from Sweden aimed to describe their experiences of advanced medical technology in home care. The COREQ checklist for qualitative studies was applied. The results showed two categories: district nurses’ experiences of collaborating in teams and district nurses’ experiences of performing safe care. The safe use of advanced medical technology in home care required good collaboration between all the parties involved. This resulted in a certain amount of freedom and increased quality of life for the patients. District nurses needed time, continuity, practical training, and repeated education to be able to provide safe care. Distinct leadership was important at all organizational levels. The results can generate a safe and sustainable work environment for district nurses, almost independent of their technical background.

Review of metal-containing resists in electron beam lithography: perspectives for extreme ultraviolet patterning

Background: Metal-containing resists entered the mainstream semiconductor industry process flow to mitigate the low absorbance of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation by thin films of organic resists that lead to poor sensitivity and their inability to handle rigors of development and etching conditions. Aim: The long and rich history of using metal-containing resists in electron beam lithography can offer interesting lessons, pointers, and insights to the relatively newcomer EUV lithography, which is slightly over a decade old. Approach: Electron beam lithography has been enjoying a considerable amount of freedom in the choice of resist materials for close to 50 years; especially the use of metal-containing resists to attain not only single digit nanometer resolution, higher sensitivity, and etch resistance but also lower line-edge roughness. Here, we make a comprehensive historical review of the progress made in the patterning of metal-containing resists in electron beam lithography and derive insights that can be potentially useful in EUV patterning. Perspectives: Small molecular weight resists are proven to be crucial for achieving higher resolution with low line-edge roughness. Simplifying process flow by reducing etch-stack-layers is conceivable with metal-containing resists, along with direct-patterning of functional materials for heterogeneous integration. Efficient contact hole patterning at tighter pitches may be incumbent on progress in positive-tone resist research.

The Relationship Between Pre-Service Teachers’ Ideologies and Learner-Centered Approaches in STEM Classrooms

ABSTRACT A generalist teacher is one who has been trained and certified to teach multiple core subjects. As the training and certification of generalists can vary greatly between preparation programs, generalists can enter the profession with conflicting beliefs about how a STEM classroom should be structured and facilitated. As few studies focus on perceptions of generalists in STEM, researchers in the current study sought to understand pre-service teachers’ perceptions of a STEM clinical experience and determine which factors most affected their perceptions. By determining which factors most affected PSTs’ perceptions, researchers hoped to provide suggestions for educator preparation programs so they can better support generalists who end up teaching in STEM classrooms. Researchers interviewed 13 PSTs and 6 in-service teachers and qualitatively analyzed their responses to semi-structured questions. Findings indicated 11 of 13 PSTs devalued the STEM clinical experience, primarily because they were not comfortable with the amount of freedom given to students in the classroom. Two of the 13 PSTs did value the experience, and researchers determined their learner-centered ideologies played a major role. Based on these findings, educator preparation programs can better prepare generalist PSTs for STEM classrooms by: (a) providing more opportunities for generalists to experience authentic STEM classrooms; (b) focusing more on the relationship between ideology and practice; and, (c) creating stronger partnership between preparation programs and K-12 schools.

The Significance of Ontic-Cultural Layer for Personal Safety. The Prospect of Being and Having by Gabriel Marcel

Focusing on trading capital is giving up a certain amount of freedom. What is external, added, and managed, engages the subject in terms of itself, and thus limits him/her. In this way, what is owned, in the process of managing it, somehow uses the one who has it. Reducing human life to manage one resource or another is a soft contemporary form of violence that is growing with the proliferation of computerization, mediatization, and medicalization. This, first of all, causes a threat to personal safety. The article presents a personalist point of view on personal safety, based on a precise analysis by Gabriel Marcel work concerning the relation of the holder to the possessed entity.

Measuring the Amount of Freedom for Compositional Choices in a Textural Perspective Daniel Moreira de Sousa

Measuring the Amount of Freedom for Compositional Choices in a Textural Perspective Daniel Moreira de Sousa

The Establishment and Activities of a Banking Syndicate: The “Red Cross” Stock Exchange

This article considers the activity of the syndicate also known as the “Red Cross” stock exchange. The authors study a unique case in Russia’s economic life where the State Bank established a syndicate based on the leading credit facilities of the empire in order to regulate the stock market. The study refers to archival materials form the Russian State Historical Archive, more particularly, business documents of the central office of the State Bank, the St Petersburg branch of the Bank, and the special Credit Chancellery. The authors employ traditional research methods, providing an objective systematic analysis of certain historical processes in the Russian economy and society. According to the government and St Petersburg bankers, the syndicate that appeared at the very start of the economic crisis of 1890 and 1903 was supposed to mitigate the negative consequences of the crisis for certain industrial enterprises and banks. The paper considers the first period of its existence from 1899 to 1911. Established at the initiative of Minister of Finance S. Yu. Witte and made up of the largest banks and banking houses, the syndicate was directly controlled by the State Bank, which provided it with resources for operations on the capital stock exchange. Operated by the country’s main bank, the syndicate enjoyed a certain amount of freedom, which allowed it buy dividend bonds. It is noteworthy that allocating the necessary funds for these exchange operations, the State Bank secured itself against potential losses, as all potential risks were to be managed by the banking union. Obviously, it was these conditions between the State Bank and the syndicate that enabled the latter to operate with some independence, pursuing its own commercial interests. The authors conclude that its operations at the exchange were conditioned by its own idea of the importance of certain dividend bonds for the stock exchange, which was reflected in the securities it bought. The syndicate’s operations on the St Petersburg Stock Exchange were contradictory, as its decisions were not always successful. However, it managed to avoid considerable losses and finished its operations with a profit in 1911.

Country Note: Customs And Fiscal Control In Poland As A Radical Measure To Eliminate Tax Evasion

Many European countries with stable market economies have recently taken measures to seal their own tax systems. A noticeable phenomenon are the modifications in the organization and functioning of tax administrations and in the existing procedures for the control of taxpayers with respect to the tax law. Customs and fiscal control, which was recently introduced in Poland, is an example of a new control procedure aimed at eliminating tax evasion and combating tax fraud, especially carousel transactions in value added tax. The introduction of this control was preceded by the establishment of a special Customs and Fiscal Service within the modernized National Fiscal Administration. In the article, the author analyses and evaluates the regulations contained in the Act on National Fiscal Administration that concern the fundamental aspects of performing customs and fiscal control. In this contribution, the author emphasizes that the very broad scope of the subject matter of customs and fiscal control allows for a significant amount of freedom for authorities in shaping the control policy and modifying it depending on the risks involved. The exploitation of the powers granted by tax authorities in a disproportionate manner is a source of tax disputes initiated by the controlled taxpayers. Customs and fiscal control in the area of tax law compliance is one of four tax procedures in force in Poland that is aimed at verifying compliance with tax obligations. Although these procedures should be autonomous, in practice, the dualism of control has been maintained. Customs and fiscal control precedes tax proceedings and automatically transforms into these proceedings without any formal initiation. This is a completely innovative legal instrument that allows for rapid investigation and determination of the amount of tax arrears. In this author’s opinion, a customs and tax inspection is a special procedure for obtaining and collecting evidence that is subsequently employed in tax proceedings. Tax law, tax administration, custom and fiscal control, tax evasion.

Degrees of freedom

Human freedom is in tension with nomological determinism and with statistical determinism. The goal of this paper is to answer both challenges. Four contributions are made to the free-will debate. First, we propose a classification of scientific theories based on how much freedom they allow. We take into account that indeterminism comes in different degrees and that both the laws and the auxiliary conditions can place constraints. A scientific worldview pulls towards one end of this classification, while libertarianism pulls towards the other end of the spectrum. Second, inspired by Hoefer, we argue that an interval of auxiliary conditions corresponds to a region in phase space, and to a bundle of possible block universes. We thus make room for a form of non-nomological indeterminism. Third, we combine crucial elements from the works of Hoefer and List; we attempt to give a libertarian reading of this combination. On our proposal, throughout spacetime, there is a certain amount of freedom (equivalent to setting the initial, intermediate, or final conditions) that can be interpreted as the result of agential choices. Fourth, we focus on the principle of alternative possibilities throughout and propose three ways of strengthening it.

Helstrom measurement: A nondestructive implementation

We discuss an implementation of the minimum error state discrimination measurement, originally introduced by Helstrom [Quantum Detection and Estimation Theory (Academic Press, New York, 1976)]. In this implementation, instead of performing the optimal projective measurement directly on the system, it is first entangled to an ancillary system and the measurement is performed on the ancilla. We show that, by an appropriate choice of the entanglement transformation, the Helstrom bound can be attained. The advantage of this approach is twofold. First, it provides an implementation when the optimal projective measurement cannot be directly performed. For example, in the case of continuous variable states (binary and $N$ phase-shifted coherent signals), the available detection methods, photon counting and homodyning, are insufficient to perform the required cat-state projection. In the case of symmetric states, the square-root measurement is optimal, but it is not easy to perform directly for more than two states. Our approach provides a feasible alternative in both cases. Second, the measurement is nondestructive from the point of view of the original system and one has a certain amount of freedom in designing the post-measurement state, which can then be processed further.

Tontines: A Practitioner's Guide to Mortality-Pooled Investments

Tontines and similar mortality-pooled investment arrangements offer a useful and unique value proposition to the global retirement challenge. A tontine is a financial arrangement in which members form an asset pool and agree to receive payouts from it while living and to forfeit their accounts upon death. Forfeited balances are then apportioned among the surviving members. So, members earn not only investment returns but also mortality credits for as long as they survive. A key feature of tontines is that they pool the longevity risk of their members. Pooling diversifies the risk and allows members the assurance of lifetime income. Because they offer no guarantees, payouts will vary depending on investment performance and the mortality experience of the membership pool. Dispensing with the cost of guarantees allows tontines to be cheaper than comparable insurance products. The study of tontine design has emerged recently as a specialty of its own. The discipline represents a paradigm shift relative to the disciplines of either traditional investments or insurance. A first step in the study of tontine design is to understand the fair tontine principle. The principle is quite strict. Yet, as a string enables a strictly bounded kite much freedom to soar, adherence to the fair tontine principle likewise enables the designer a significant (and perhaps surprising) amount of freedom. Tontines represent an alternative product choice. They might appeal to the following: - Employers that wish to offer defined benefit–like employee pension plans that can never become underfunded - Defined contribution plan sponsors that wish to offer participants an option that provides the assurance of annuity-like lifetime income while avoiding the fiduciary liability and counterparty risk associated with selecting an insurance company as guarantor - Investors who wish to increase their returns without increasing investment risk - Anyone seeking the assurance of lifetime income with greater transparency and at lower cost than with insurance guarantees - Policymakers who wish to encourage retiree participation in lifetime income solutions - Governments that wish to create (or re-create) a market for lifetime income products in countries where annuity markets are nonexistent or dysfunctional

Factors that influence PhD candidates’ success: the importance of PhD project characteristics

ABSTRACT High dropout rates, delay, and dissatisfaction among PhD students are common problems in doctoral education. Research shows that many different factors are associated with doctoral success, but these factors have not often been studied simultaneously. Moreover, characteristics of the PhD project are mostly neglected. In this study, we investigate which supervision, psychosocial, and project characteristics are related to satisfaction, progress, and quit intentions in a sample of 839 PhD candidates at a university in the Netherlands. Results of regression analyses show that experienced workload was negatively related to satisfaction and progress and positively to quit intentions. The quality of the supervisor-PhD candidate relationship, the PhD candidate’s sense of belonging, the amount of freedom in the project, and working on a project closely related to the supervisor’s research were positively related to satisfaction and negatively to quit intentions. The high workload of PhD candidates should be a major point of attention for universities who wish to increase their rates of PhD completion and PhD candidates’ satisfaction. In addition, the ‘match’ between PhD candidate and supervisor is crucial, both personally – a good relationship – and academically, i.e. that the PhD candidate works on a topic closely related to the supervisor’s research.

Digitalization efforts in liminal space – inter-organizational challenges

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the benefits and drawbacks that strategically imposed liminality inflicts upon inter-organizational digitalization efforts within the different phases of its utilization. Design/methodology/approach This study empirically examines digitalization in a large multinational manufacturing company, Sandvik Machining Solutions, using data that were collected through interviews and a qualitative research design. Findings This study shows that a liminal space separated from the structures in which one is supposed to inflict changes increases the risk of developing an incompatible system that will be rejected in the incorporation phase. An inter-organizational perspective on liminality thus contributes to our understanding of the benefits and drawbacks that liminal space can pose for the organizations involved. Practical implications The study suggests that, in the separation phase, driving change processes by creating liminal spaces could be a way to loosen up rigid resource structures and circumvent network over-embeddedness. Finding the right amount of freedom, ambiguity and community within the liminal space is, however, essential for the transition of information as well as the incorporation of the imposed changes. Originality/value Introducing an inter-organizational perspective on liminality contributes to our understanding of the stress that liminal space can place on individuals as well as the individual organization.

Babbitt’s Beguiling Surfaces, Improvised Inside; Part I: Freedoms

Milton Babbitt has been a controversial and iconic figure, which has indirectly led to fallacious assumptions about how his music is made, and therefore to fundamental misconceptions about how it might be heard and appreciated. This video (the first of a three-part video essay) reconsiders his music in light of both his personal traits and a more precise examination of the constraints and freedoms entailed by his unusual and often misunderstood compositional practices, which are based inherently on partial ordering (as well as pitch repetition), which enables a surprising amount of freedom to compose the surface details we hear. The opening of Babbitt’s Composition for Four Instruments (1948) and three recompositions (based on re-ordering of pitches) demonstrate the freedoms intrinsic to partial ordering.

Umowa społeczna jako przejaw racjonalizmu w refleksji nad państwem i prawem

The article makes an attempt to analyze the concept of the social agreement as a particular form rationalizing the foundation of social life. The author believes that the social agreement is a plane to realize the idea of freedom including political freedom. A retrospective view of the idea of freedom and the idea of equality are closely correlated which shows their radical character. If particular individuals make an agreement it means they are equal, and if they limit their natural freedom to the same extent towards the powers that be it means the amount of freedom was the same.

OJEBETA “THE SELF AWAKENED” IN BUCHI EMECHETA’S THE SLAVE GIRL

The novel “The Slave Girl” by Buchi Emecheta exposes the plights of African women and portrayal of their struggle as slaves and ultimately how they come up the problem and becomes a self-awakened. In this paper, one can see Ojebeta starting her life as a slave and finally becomes an owner of a house by passing so many phases of life as a slave. In the beginning, she is sold into domestic slavery by her own brother. She has become the victim to her brother’s traits. She has become a scapegoat to the plans of African patriarchy. The intention of Buchi Emecheta is to recreate the image of women through feminism. Emecheta’s fiction is blended with reality representing socio historical elements of the prevailing society and its environment besides questioning the pathetic conditions of the people in general and women in particular. One can observe the narration of innocence of childhood grown into adulthood by attaining certain amount of freedom with the Christian education which she has received with which she has attained a small degree of self-awareness.

Efficient Key Performance Indicator Calculation

In order to investigate the economic performance of business processes, simulations are performed. These simulations determine values of key performance indicators (KPIs ). We sought a valid solution to integrate KPIs in our Process Analysis Studio (PAS). Our investigation aims for a concept which describes a valid approach to deal with KPIs in multiple business process models. In this paper, we present a valid concept of a KPI calculation model. We describe which types of KPIs are needed in order to give users a huge amount of freedom to investigate different aspects of the process performance. Using scenarios could empower comprehensive investigations of different interrelated aspects of the process. From the presented concept of scenarios special requirements are derived which have to be considered in a concept of a KPI calculation model. The concept contributes to the discussion about the right design of a KPI calculation model. The presented approach could also be used in other process analysis solutions, in order to allow individual performance investigations.