Amount Of Freedom Research Articles

The end of Nicaragua's radio freedom

The very conflict over obscure points of law and regulation and their relation to the First Amendment hides for broadcasters in the United States the far more serious plight of broadcasters in other American nations. The conditions in Nicaragua fluctuate between complete repression of objective news programing and a limited amount of freedom. In other countries, notably Cuba, broadcasting has suffered greater loss—not merely in repression or physical damage, but in its own professional ethic, its reason for existence.

Huslæreren på Egelykke

The Tutor at Egeløkke. By Gustav Albeck. By introducing some new source material (Grundtvig’s “Character and Lesson Book for Karl Steensen de Leth”, written in the period from March to November, 1806), this essay seeks to shed new light on the frequently discussed subject: Grundtvig’s stay at the manor of Egeløkke on Langeland and his violent infatuation for the lady of the house, Fru Constance Leth, née Fabritius de Tengnagel. The Character Book is written in a sober and practical tone throughout, and gives an account from week to week of Grundtvig’s work as tutor for Constance’s son, Karl. It is introduced by a series of pedagogical reflections, in which Grundtvig does not try to hide his scanty knowledge and experience as a teacher, but which nevertheless surprise us by their deep insight and a freedom from prejudice which tempt us to characterise them as completely mature. The Character Book shows that Grundtvig made great demands on the memory and power of understanding of his pupil, who was only eight years old, especially in Geography and in Grundtvig’s favourite subject, History. In the last-named subject Grundtvig frequently succeeded in arousing his young pupil’s warm interest and enthusiasm, and the History lessons were not seldom the bright spots in Grundtvig’s days at Egeløkke, which were often full of anguish. These feelings of anguish were a consequence of his having fallen in love with the lady of the house. In the spring months of 1805, when he had newly arrived at Egeløkke, he experienced for a short time an intense, intoxicating happiness. Probably, unacquainted as he was with the free and easy manners which were characteristic of social life in the Danish manor-houses at the time of the Napoleonic War, he may have read a good deal more into the kindness and sympathy which Fru Constance showed him than he was justified in doing. The pages of his diary, of which only fragments have been preserved, show that he suffered great moral distress for a while, because his love was for a married woman, but he realised quite early, presumably by the end of the summer of 1805, that his feelings for the lady were not returned – or rather, perhaps, discovered to his surprise that he was not the only one to receive kindness, signs of affection and gentle glances from the fair one. From time to time the pages of the diary bear witness to his jealousy and a growing offence because of the adored one’s behaviour, an offence which developed into very harsh accusations and which, probably around July 15th, 1806, caused a violent dispute with the lady, during which, angry and indignant, she repudiated his harsh accusations and offensive suspicions. The Character Book is of value as a supplementary source together with the scattered and only partially preserved diary entries, since it shows that Fru Constance annoyed Grundtvig almost every day by disturbing and interfering with his work as a teacher, partly by arbitrarily giving Karl an exceptional amount of freedom from his lessons, and partly by the extensive sociability and entertaining which upset the regular daily routine at Egeløkke and, to no less an extent, impaired the jealous tutor’s peace of mind. From the last couple of years at Egeløkke no diaries or source material of that kind from Grundtvig’s hand have been preserved. To that period belong his first printed works, especially concerning Scandinavian mythology - evidence that he was in process of freeing himself from the slavery in which his youthful infatuation for the fair mistress of the house had bound him, as he has also poetically described it in his famous poem: “Strandbakken ved Egeløkke” (“The Hill by the Strand at Egeløkke” ). Only during his great religious (and ethicsl) crisis in 18 10 - 1 1 did he completely free himself from his longing for Constance. In a draft for his last poem to her (written for her birthday on April nth, 1 8 1 1 ) he described his earlier poems to her as the outcome of “The envious pain of wounded pride And feelings that were never in my heart”. The words did not appear in the completed poem, and, even if they seem a trifle too honest and self-critical, still, as a perusal of the extant source material shows, they come amazingly near the truth about his relations with Constance, as they took shape after the intoxicating transport of happiness had worn off.

DETERMINING RELATIVE DEGREES IN THE DELEGATION OF EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY.

The article explains a rating scale which represents a standard for the maximum amount of decision delegation that can be achieved and still remain consistent with good management practice and the existing organizational structure. Authoritative components are the amount of freedom allowed in decision making--which has four stages or degrees--and the executive level where the decision is made--such as board of directors, president, or subsidiary executive. Three cases are given that show the coefficient of delegation: assigning point values to degree symbols in two companies; determining authority for long-range manufacturing planning; and defining authority in selecting supply sources.

Arbitration of Labor Disputes in Great Britain

Great Britain is at the present time engaged in the momentous experiment of reconciling broad economic planning for the country as a whole with the greatest possible amount of freedom for its individual components. The difficulties are apparent and can be readily studied in the field of collective bargaining. How much freedom for individuals or trade unions and employers' associations is compatible with maintaining the delicate balance of the over-all plan, especially in a period of full employment? In the postwar British economy there is not room for a great deal of flexibility for yielding to strains and stresses. Uneconomic bargains would divert needed manpower into nonessential occupations, siphon off scarce consumer goods from places where they are most needed as incentives to increase production, or raise costs of products intended for export. Yet even in their precarious economic situation the British have chosen to preserve voluntary institutions in the field of industrial relations. They have refrained from governmental planning of the wage structure, and have imposed compulsory arbitration of labor disputes only to a limited extent. (Author's abstract courtesy EBSCO.)

The Unity in the Universe, According to Alfred N. Whitehead

THE THOMIST A SPECULATIVE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF THEOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY EDITORS: THE DoMINICAN FATHERS oF THE PROVINCE oF ST. JosEPH Publishers: Sheed and Ward, Inc., New York City VoL. VI JULY, 1943 THE UNITY IN THE UNIVERSE, ACCORDING TO ALFRED N. WHITEHEAD INTRODUCTION No. 2 PROFESSOR Whitehead has made a large contribution to the field of modern philosophy in the several works which he has published. In the series of books which have appeared, he preserves the general outline of his theories, although he makes certain changes in the detailed explanations. In his latest work, Modes of Thought, one may note a further transition in his doctrine, still within the general trend of his earlier thought. For the purpose of this study the most systematic presentation of his cosmology may be found in Process and Reality. It is easily understood that, while he is presented as a philosopher in the general sense of that term, he has come to philosophy by way of mathematics and mathematical physics. Hence, he is especially interested in the cosmological rather than ontological aspects of philosophy. At the same time, his philosophy is organic, founded on principles which pertain as much to biology and psychology as to cosmology. His doctrine of prehension or prehensive experience as it is 135 186 EDWAIID J" LINTZ presented in Process and Reality is an extension of a fact which is verified concerning living things, to the inorganic world" First of aU, the world must be conceived as composed of monadic actual entities" Each entity becomes-it never is-and it is nothing but the process of its own becoming" This process of becoming resolves itself into the ingression of eternal objects which constitute the potentialities of definiteness any actual existence. Not only do eternal objects enter into the composition , but other actual entities may be prehensively gathered into the unity of one new entity. The eternal objects are similar to universals or Platonic forms, and have an eocistence separate from that which they possess when they are a part of the constitution of an actual entity" A rather disconcerting example of eternal object is a definite shade of green. Mr. Whitehead does not employ the term " greenness " but we may assume that the term is not alien to his idea an eternal object. In this manner of ingression or " participation," the eternal objects are the source of the temporal actual entities of which the actual world is formed. The part of "creativity" in the system is not very clear. It will be treated more fully in the section on creation. For the present, we may say that it is used at times as a synonym for the word " creation " considered as the act of creating; at other times it is that which results from the act of creation, the created world. At all events it is to be conceived as an element to be found throughout the world. All existing things, including God, are characterizations of The two groups, actual entities and eternal objects, are mediated by a thing which combines the two. The mediating element is the divine element in the world, " by which the barren inefficient disposition of abstract potentialities or eternal objects obtains primordially the efficient conjunction of ordering ." This ordering is said to be the "ideal realization" of all eternal objects. "The ideal realization of potentialities in the primordial nature of God constitutes the stability by which the actual process exemplifies general principles of metaphysics and attains the ends proper to specific types of emergent order"" THE UNITY IN THE UNIVERSE 187 By reason of the actuality of the primordial valuation, or ordering, or realization, of eternal objects, each eternal object has a definite, effective relevance to· each concrescent process. The ordering amounts to a plan which is realized only approximately in the concrescent process which constitutes a given actual entity. The concrescing entities enjoy a certain amount of freedom in the process, and therefore the primordial aim is attained only more or less. The process does not cease at the completion of a given actual entity. It begins with data, eternal objects, actual entities or both. These data are prehended by the actual entity...

State Control of Transport Services and Rates in Great Britain

T HE process of adaptation to needs has brought about differences between the British and American railways which are visible at a glance. However, there is a continuing tendency toward uniformity in the essentials of the construction standards and the operating practices of the British and American railway systems. The recent swift development of highway transport vehicles and operating practices of users of the roads has proceeded in substantially the same course in both countries. In the relations of the government and the transport agencies in Great Britain and the United States, the prevailing factual and political conditions have been sufficiently the same as to bring about and maintain as between the two countries a striking degree of parallelism of the principles accepted and the institutional means for treatment of current problems: and this parallelism has existed from the earliest days of the railways and from the inception of the motor vehicle transport industry. There are many instances of time-lag and of adaptation to the respective governmental patterns and to special needs, which merely emphasize the general parallelism in trend. This is not surprising, when the similarity of basic governmental principles is considered. The concept of justice according to law is fundamental in each country. The common law of England applied also to the relations of carrier and patron in the United States. In neither country has there been any marked inclination to discard the generally accepted policy of private ownership and operation. Great Britain and America are the nations which leave the greatest amount of freedom to the private operators of the railways. There has long been a conviction that because private operation and ownership might violate the rights of others, and thus would be to the detriment of the whole

Form in the Instrumental Music of the Seventeenth Century

There are periods in the history of music when the problems of musical form seem to have been solved once and for all. At such times, there are fixed formal schemes, there are species each of which has its average length, and with each of which the musical world of the particular time can associate something definite, familiar and often apparently unchangeable that has always been and always will be. With a perfectly safe tradition behind them, the composers of such a period see no need to strive for new and ever new forms, and are content to demand a certain amount of freedom or variety within the established tradition. Such a time was, for instance, the age of Mozart, Beethoven and the Romantics, which had its Sonata form with three or four movements each of which was a type that meant something more or less well known to everybody, which had also the Rondo form, Aria form, Opera and Lied form, and so on.

AGRICULTURE IN RUSSIA

Russia is a country of almost immeasurable agricultural possibilities. Its enormous area covers one-sixth of the earth's surface, and its climate ranges from Arctic Siberia in the North to the almost tropical Caucusus in the South. Between these extremes lie the vast forest regions and the great steppe zone, with its large expanse of fertile black soils, ideally suited for crop production. A further variety of climate and soils is found in the mountainous southern regions-the Crimea, the Caucusus and Turkestan. The revolution in Russia in 1917 brought about an abrupt transition in practi- cally every phase of national activity; in agriculture the complete change over from little more than primitive systems to large scale productions by modern methods presented problems of special difficulty. In order to appreciate the magnitude and the complexity of this task, it is necessary to review very briefly the conditions of work and life on the land prior to the date of the revolution. Russia is a country of almost immeasurable agricultural possibilities. Its enormous area covers one-sixth of the earth's surface, and its climate ranges from Arctic Siberia in the North to the almost tropical Caucusus in the South. Between these extremes lie the vast forest regions and the great steppe zone, with its large expanse of fertile black soils, ideally suited for crop production. A further variety of climate and soils is found in the mountainous southern regions-the Crimea, the Caucusus and Turkestan. The revolution in Russia in 1917 brought about an abrupt transition in practi- cally every phase of national activity; in agriculture the complete change over from little more than primitive systems to large scale productions by modern methods presented problems of special difficulty. In order to appreciate the magnitude and the complexity of this task, it is necessary to review very briefly the conditions of work and life on the land prior to the date of the revolution. Under the primitive conditions obtaining almost up to the time of the revo lution, the two main classes in agriculture were the land-owning class and the peasant. Until 1861, the lot of the peasant in Russia was exactly comparable with that of the bondman under the feudal system in Britain. In that year the peasants gained a certain amount of freedom, but the conditions of life and work changed but slightly. Only to a very small extent was the peasant master of his own destiny. The land-owners in some cases were genuinely interested in the welfare of their small tenants and peasants, but the large majority was interested only in the revenue which could be obtained from the land. The peasant had to do a certain amount of work for his master, and be generally managed to farm a small patch which would keep him and his family during the year. In some places, the village owned or rented a large area, which was divided up among the villagers and run on the three or five-field system. Here, the villagers had to pay the rent for the land either in money or in kind, the landlord taking no interest in agriculture.

THE TREATMENT OF HEART DISEASE OTHER THAN BY DRUGS

Often the most important effects in the treatment of heart disease are through agents other than drugs. Rest and recreation, both physical and mental, exercise in proper amounts, climate, diet, physical therapy, psychotherapy, venesection and surgical intervention come into consideration, though at times brief, in the discussion of the subject. REST AND RECREATION Most important of all are rest and recreation, applicable in some degree at least to almost every cardiac patient. Although rest is occasionally abused by being carried out too long or too completely, it is generally not sufficiently employed. Sometimes a certain amount of freedom of choice must be left to the patient, as to how much he should rest, after full explanation of his physical condition has been given him, provided he is an intelligent and reasonable individual, provided his family is protected and acquiescent, and provided his associates and the public are not likely to

AN IMPROVED DELIVERY SHEET

This sheet was devised in an endeavor to develop a delivery drape that would permit the patient a moderate amount of freedom of motion without seriously disturbing delivery room technic. Sack-like leggings are sewed directly to elliptical openings in a sheet made of any heavy material, such as Indian Head. The central portion is reinforced with an extra thickness of the same material. Two tapes are sewed on the under side below the opening in the central section. All seams are double stitched. When it is desired to drape the patient, the limbs are thrust into the leggings, and the central aperture is arranged over the vulva. The assisting nurse then pins the attached tapes to the patient's gown, so that the lower portion of the reinforced area is tucked under the buttocks, and holds the drape closely to the vulva. Added security of arrangement may be obtained by the

Political Plays of the Restoration

THE political and religious enthusiasm that reigned in the period of the Restoration is possibly unrivalled throughout the whole of our literary history. The writers were of the court or of the Parliament: they were Catholics or they were Puritans: and they were enabled, as they had not been previously, to express their thoughts with a certain amount of freedom on the subjects that lay near their hearts. No book produced in England between 1660 and 1698 can be understood without a reference, and a full reference, to the course of political events: for the religious and civil enthusiasm of the courts of Charles and of James was the intellectual aftermath of the emotions aroused