Amount Of Freedom Research Articles

Elise Bürger (1769-1833) and the Gothic Imagination

By challenging the limits of the natural, predictable, and reasonable, the Gothic offered a certain amount of freedom from the referentiality of realist texts, creating an unconventional vision of reality through conventional narrative. This article explores the productive tensions between Gothic elements and realist narrative forms, which were predominantly influenced by developmental novels in the sentimental, moralistic, and didactic traditions. Bürger's use of the Gothic not only allowed for the creation of unconventional female protagonists; it reacted against the obsessive focus on the domestic sphere and its value system and expressed formal displeasure with the increasing staleness of the possibilities of realistic writing conventions at the end of the century. (KAW)

Some intuitions behind realizability semantics for constructive logic: Tableaux and Läuchli countermodels

We use formal semantic analysis based on new constructions to study abstract realizability, introduced by Läuchli in 1970, and expose its algebraic content. We claim realizability so conceived generates semantics-based intuitive confidence that the Heyting Calculus is an appropriate system of deduction for constructive reasoning. Well-known semantic formalisms have been defined by Kripke and Beth, but these have no formal concepts corresponding to constructions, and shed little intuitive light on the meanings of formulae. In particular, the completeness proofs for these semantics do not generate confidence in the sufficiency of the Heyting Calculus, since we have no reason to believe that every intuitively constructive truth is valid in the formal semantics. Läuchli has proved completeness for a realizability semantics with formal concepts analogous to constructions. We argue in some detail that, in spite of a certain inherent inexactness of the analogy, every intuitively constructive truth is valid in Läuchli semantics, and therefore the Heyting Calculus is powerful enough to prove all constructive truths. Our argument is based on the postulate that a uniformly constructible object must be communicable in spite of imprecision in our language, and that the permutations in Läuchli's semantics represent conceivable imprecision in a language, while allowing a certain amount of freedom in choosing the particular structure of the language. We give a detailed generalization of Läuchli's proof of completeness for the propositional part of the Heyting Calculus, in order to make explicit constructive and algebraic content. In our treatment, we establish several new results about Läuchli models. We show how to extend the sconing and gluing constructions familiar from Kripke and Frame semantics and Topos theory, to Läuchli models, and use them to give an algebraic approach to countermodel construction. In particular, the Läuchli arguments are given without the restriction to the integers, Z, as a group of permutations, which makes much of the coding scheme used in Läuchli's original paper transparent. We also make use of a new propositions-as-types syntax for the Heyting calculus, with limited nondeterminism, in which validity of formulae can be decided without loop-detection.

Overview: The next step

If we are going to reform our healthcare system, we will have to start by providing access to basic care for everyone. This can be done through embracing a strategy that is built around integrated healthcare delivery systems. Payment should be via a universal tax for the basic plan, and there should be ways in which to pursue options beyond the basic plan, to be paid for by individuals. What is provided by way of care will need to be evaluated through a central technology assessment institute. The system will have to slow the rate of growth of spending in an intelligent way, not using price controls, caps, or repressive methodologies. The trick will be to still preserve a certain amount of freedom and flexibility, and include the capacity for change. There will have to be a significant reorientation of what has been our traditional approach to malpractice. Through the course of this symposium there has not been a great deal to be positive about. There are many physicians today who are well described by the English poet A. E. Housman's line, "A stranger and afraid in a world I never made." Change is inevitable; it is here and more is coming. The great medical historian Henry Sigerist noted that: "The physician's position in society, the task assigned to him, and the rules of conduct imposed on him changed in every period. They were determined primarily by the social and economic structure of society and by the technical and scientific means available to medicine at the time."(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Organometallic cation-exchanged phyllosilicates:57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopic study of organoiron complexes on a low-iron montmorillonite

Variable-temperature 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and powder X-ray diffraction have been used to study the cations tricarbonyl(η5–2,4-dimethylcyclohexadienyl)iron(1+) and tricarbonyl(η5–2-methoxycyclohexadienyl)iron(1+) as both the hexafluorophosphate salts (A1 and A2, respectively) and when cation-exchanged onto the interlamellar sites of Westone-L (W-L), a low-iron montmorillonite (denoted A1-W-L and A2-W-L, respectively). A combination of thermogravimetry, total carbon analysis and X-ray fluorescence analysis for iron indicated that 40% of the available exchange sites on W-L were occupied by the cyclohexadienyl cations. The isomer shift, δ, and quadrupole splitting, Δ, of both A1 (δ= 0.02 mm s–1; Δ= 1.56 mm s–1) and A2 (δ= 0.02 mm s–1; Δ= 1.47 mm s–1) were unaffected by incorporation of the cations into the interlamellar environment. The hexafluorophosphate salts, A1 and A2, exhibited similar Debye temperatures, θD, and recoilless fractions, f, of 160 ± 2 K and 0.61, respectively, indicating that both iron moities enjoyed the same amount of freedom in the parent salt. In contrast, the values of θD and f for A2-W-L (140 K and 0.54, respectively) were both higher than for A1-W-L (131 K and 0.49), indicating that A2 was held more tightly in the interlamellar environment than A1.

Diagnosis, Destruction, and Creation

Many years of domination by the administrative-command system in all spheres of life in the Soviet Union have not only led to a crisis in the economy but have almost totally eliminated such qualities in our people as entrepreneurship, business acumen, and initiative. For many of us, unfortunately, these losses are irreversible in character. Our brief experience in the economy of the transitional period—from rigid centralization to a certain amount of freedom in market relations and entrepreneurship—reflects an ambiguous picture. On the one hand, the first results of the work of certain stock-company, lease-based, cooperative, joint, and outright private enterprises have graphically demonstrated the possibility of reviving entrepreneurship. On the other hand, any expansion of economic freedom is accompanied by a strengthening and spread of such negative phenomena as fraud, poor business practices, deterioration in interpersonal relations, aggressiveness, and rapid exhaustion of the physical and mental potential of the entrepreneurs.

Independent learning: an exploration of student grand rounds

Grand rounds (GRs) for students were started with the 1987 cohort of first-year clinical students at two University of Toronto teaching hospitals. A qualitative exploratory evaluation, using questionnaires, interviews and observation, of a sample of 78 staff and student participants showed that the aim of the GRs to activate student skills in independent study was achieved but that interaction between students and other clinical and laboratory specialists as a basis for round presentation was less than intended. Students spent an average of 10 hours on independent work. Round presentations were of a high standard. Students' main concerns were the amount of freedom and feedback given. The goals of the programme as perceived by students influenced both the work done and the style of presentation. These outcomes were contrasted with a UK qualitative study of student presentations on ward rounds, and the importance of an appropriate context for independent work highlighted.

The Structuring of the Man-Nature Relationship as the Guiding Theme of a Pedagogical Quest

There is no theory of ecological education, a fact which both impedes and facilitates a paper on this topic. On the one hand, one strays into a hopeless mesh of terms and fragmentary conceptions, in constant danger of becoming entangled. (Volume 2, Environmental Education, of the CALLIES/LOB handbook of environmental and peace education [7], for example, contains over 700 pages with contributions from seventy authors.) On the other hand, this very lack of theory gives me a certain amount of freedom to shape the theme myself.

Sierra Leone

We believe the media must be given every amount of freedom. If you muzzle the people for too long, it will get to a point when they'll not be able to absorb it, they will explode and there will be developments similar to what is now taking place in Eastern Europe. However, the media too should realize this in going about their duties, they must be responsible, they cannot afford to be reckless. We feel very worried when we see people using the press irresponsibly and recklessly. My argument has always been that the journalist's pen is as lethal as the rifle in the hand of a military marksman. This means the pressman should be extremely cautious about what he commits to paper. This doesn't mean he should not criticise.., As long as the criticism is objective, there is nothing wrong with it. We sincerely hope the people who are in such a noble profession as the media should carry themselves with the decorum expected of them.President Joseph Momoh, West Africa, 5-11 February, 1990

The Personal and Marital Adjustment of Mothers and of Voluntarily and Involuntarily Childless Wives

The effect of children upon levels of personal well-being and the quality of marriages is a central topic of family research. In this study 60 Australian mothers 36 voluntarily childless wives and 53 infertile women completed several measures of psychological well-being and marital adjustment. Levels of personal well-being for the 3 groups were very similar; however infertile women did report lower global levels of well-being and rated life as less interesting and less rewarding. Mothers and voluntarily childless wives were similarly satisfied with their lives. Both groups of childless women were more pleased than mothers with the amount of freedom and flexibility in their lives. Infertile women were also more positive about the amount of love in their lives and the level of support they received from family and friends. They also reported loving marital relationships and were generally more satisfied with their marriage than were mothers and the voluntarily childless. In contrast to other women the voluntarily childless reported more time with their husbands more exchanges of ideas and higher levels of consensus. (authors modified)

Progress in the Democratic Revolution in Latin America: Country Assessments–1987

The Amount of Freedom enjoyed by individuals varies widely in countries around the world. In the Americas it is a matter of particular concern because of a common history of colonialism. This concern is complicated by ideological and scholarly disagreements about just what constitutes freedom. Such impediments notwithstanding, the subject holds broad public interest and frequently is the basis for comparing governments although not always in an informed manner.

‘Freedom and Desire’

Muddles can be instructive. The clarifying confusion to be examined in this paper is Isaiah Berlin's intelligent vacillation on the issue of whether or not the extent of a person's freedom depends on his desires. Is the amount of freedom an agent possesses determined solely by his objective circumstances or is it also partly a function of his subjective tastes and preferences? In clarifying this question I shall suggest that Berlin has trouble answering it because he almost perceives that interpersonal cardinal measurement of freedom, if possible at all, is possible only on a subjective basis. Yet as Berlin eloquently reminds us measuring freedom according to a subjective metric generates paradox. Whether commonsense ideas of freedom are consistent and reasonable is not purely an academic issue, for we do often make political judgments to the effect that one or another policy, or a movement to one or another form of society, can be expected to reduce or enlarge human freedom. If freedom is not measurable these judgments are merely hortatory.

Interactioneel Leraarsgedrag In Relatie Tot Het Schoolvak

In this paper we describe findings concerning a limited part of teacher behaviour namely relational skills. These skills are of vital importance if a teacher is to create a good classroom atmosphere. On the basis of theories of Leary (1957) and Watzlawick et al. (1968) we have constructed a model that describes relational aspects of teacher behaviour. This model focusses on teacher behaviour as revealed in teacher pupil interactions. These interactions are analysed by means of the system theory of communication. We have investigated teacher behaviour as observed by teachers and pupils, with the help of an instrument called 'The Questionnaire for Interactional Teacher Behaviour'. It is found that from the pupils' point of view good teachers are distinguished from bad teachers by the amount of kindness and understanding they show, their helpfulness and the way they manage a class. We also investigated the behaviour that teachers themselves wish to display. They agree about the need to be kind, helpful and understanding but differ in the amount of strict behaviour they want to display and in the amount of freedom and independence they want to give to pupils. We also investigated with this questionnaire the teacher behaviour of teachers who teach different subjects. It is found that pupils consider modern language teachers in particular to behave differently from other teachers; they are stricter, less kind and give less independence to pupils. This different behaviour of modern language teachers may be due to the structure of the subject matter, or to the way in which languages are taught at universities to future teachers. We think teacher trainers should be concerned with our findings because when teachers, and particularly language teachers, become older they seem to have increasing difficulty in creating and maintaining an adequate relationship with their pupils.

Thinking about Jesus

Perhaps I’d better make two preliminary remarks. One is that, inevitably, I am speaking out of tradition which is quite clearly marked in a confessional sense, that is to say quite definitely in the Roman Catholic tradition, and so some of the problems which vex me may be peculiarly Roman Catholic problems. I mention that because certainly I shall not only be looking at thought that has been located in our Roman Catholic continuum, yet at the same time there is no doubt that for various reasons (in the way I have been philosophically brought up, and so on) this particular tradition will be exerting pressures, even of an unconscious kind, on me.The second preliminary remark is of a rather different kind. I understand that I am supposed to open this discussion — that is to say to talk for twenty minutes or half an hour, but not more than that, so I think I can allow myself a certain amount of freedom. I would like to raise questions, rather than get answers.So, two preliminary remarks. One to protect myself against seeming over-confessionally characterised, on the other hand I want to protect myself against being thought too questioning altogether.The title has been quite definitely chosen as “Thinking about Jesus Christ”. I mean that title fairly strictly, because I wouldn’t like the title to be “Jesus Christ”. Obviously, thinking about Jesus Christ can’t ignore the object of the thinking! But I would like to stand back a bit from actually thinking about Jesus Christ, and think about thinking about Jesus Christ, because at the moment it seems to be a most difficult area.

Choosing an appropriate multi-exponential model

The inter-relations of the multi-exponential and multi-compartmental models are explored mathematically, as is also the amount of freedom there is to particularize a general multi-compartmental model in any particular case.

Using computers in a natural language mode for elementary education

This paper considers the interface between an elementary school child, specifically a fourth grade student, and a computerized fact retrieval system. One goal of the study was to transfer the communication burden from the user of a computerized system to the computer. Rather than training the student to use an artificial programming language as the communication medium, it was deemed preferable to attempt to use the child's own natural language. First, data was collected to determine what subset of English that natural language might be and to provide a grammar for it. After a grammar was constructed, a system was developed which would allow an elementary school child to query the system about history and geography. The implementation, based on augmented transition networks, is described. Another goal of the study was to investigate the effect of such a system on education. For this reason, the system was tested in a classroom environment. An open classroom was chosen to allow the students a reasonable amount of freedom in using the system. In addition to learning history and geography facts, the students appeared to receive other benefits. The results of the study indicate that in certain situations, it may be possible for a computer to function as a tutor.

Wages and Employment under Uncertain Demand

This paper examines some implications of two postulates for firms' wage and employment policies. The first is that firms, or stockholders, have easier access to capital markets at lower costs or higher returns than do small investors, such as workers. Second, there are important mobility and turnover costs incurred when a worker moves from one firm to another. The existence of mobility costs means that the labour market is not a perfect market. Each firm is not restricted to taking as given some exogenous market wage, period by period, but has some amount of freedom about the wage strategy it sets. The firm cannot choose any wage-employment path it wishes, however, and I shall assume that in the long-run the firm must offer the same (expected) utility as that available elsewhere. In the short-run there is a constraint that the wage offer must never be so bad that all the firm's workers will quit and incur the mobility cost. There are solid grounds for believing that great differences exist between stockholders and workers with regard to capital markets. The majority of stocks are held by very wealthy persons indeed, who also hold almost all the state and local bonds and large proportions of the property and other assets.3 In addition, stockholders are frequently company executives or professionals with greater financial expertise and salaries many times that of the average industrial worker. The worker typically has a rather small net worth. His assets are durable goods and a rather small holding of money. He frequently has consumer credit liabilities outstanding.4 He also has much less knowledge of financial assets and institutions. A principal function of capital markets is to allow wealth-holders to diversify their holdings and so reduce the risk of their total portfolios. Stockholders, through their greater wealth and expertise, are much better able to bear risks than are workers.5 The difference in ability to bear risk between the two groups immediately suggests an opportunity to trade. In deciding what wage-employment strategy to set, the firm will be willing to reduce worker risk. By doing so, the firm is offering a joint product, employment plus an insurance or financial intermediation service. The firm does not do this simply because workers prefer it. Risk-reducing policies are the cheapest and hence most profitable way of attracting any given work-force. The choice of a risk-reducing policy by the firm will have an important impact on both the wage set and on employment variations-and hence the probability of unemployment. The firm will, in general, wish to reduce the uncertainty of the workers' incomes. An important feature of the model presented here is that the tendency of the firm to reduce risk has an asymmetrical effect on the wage strategy and on the employment strategy.

Scope and autonomy in prison work groups.

Summary An elaboration of Goffman's concept of the total institution was used to study the relation of the scope of a work group (the amount of freedom from supervision and opportunity to initiate) to the expressed need for autonomy for 10 work groups in a Federal Correctional Institution. A negative relationship—high scope, low need for autonomy—was found.

New Curriculum Policy Statement: Freedom and/or Regulation–2

ucation implies an overwhelming amount of freedom which could potentially lead to weakening of educational standards, dilu tion of professional knowledge, de-emphasis of professional skills, confusion of roles, among other dire predictions. We should be concerned about these issues. The reality is that currently the profession of social work and its partner, social work educa tion, have been challenged to respond to social revolutionary change to a most sig nificant nature. This challenge is not a new historical phenomenon nor is it unique to the social work system at this point in time. Nevertheless, we are seriously grappling with such important considerations as what should be the future direction of social

Friedrich II. von Preußen und die Schwenckfelder in Schlesien

AbstractFrederick II neither tolerated the Schwenckfeldians in Silesia as an independent denomination nor recognized them, but, rather from a legal basis demanded that they be incorporated into the Lutheran Church. With the acknowledgement of the Schwenckfeldian movement as an independant denomination, he would have gone beyond article VII of the Instrumenta Pacis Osnabrigense, jeopardizing future peace negotiations with the House of Habsburg. However, he did promise the Schwenckfeldians that the government would respect their personal faith and conscience and would be willing to protect them from attack, though limited by the reason of state which would be endangered if the fundamental articles of the Christian religion were openly denied. For if these were negated one could not discount the possibility that not only Maria Theresea but also the Protestant and Catholic subjects would take offence, causing tension and diminishing the prosperity of the State. The philosopher of Sanssouci himself held freedom of faith and conscience highly, but felt it had to be subordinate to the welfare of the state. The actual reason for he gave this assurance to the Schwenckfeldians though, was not merely to give his subjects a relative amount of freedom, but, more important, to encourage further immigration into his lands. Frederick II, who saw himself as the first servant of his state, thereby hoped to raise the density of population in relatively depopulated areas, to promote manufacturing and trade, and with it the prosperity of the state. The positive impulse for the attitude of Frederic II against the Schwenckfeldians was therefore in the last analysis based on political motives. His concession of freedom of faith and conscience to the Schwenckfeldians was in principle possible only because he had granted such freedom to all his Silesian subjects - who had to belong to one of the three confessions recognized by the Peace of Westphalia- on the condition that they would not deny reverence to God or subservience to the State. In comparison to the intolerant attitude of many contemporary states which gave their subjects no liberty of faith or conscience, the position which the state of Frederic II hat taken vis-a-vis the Schwenckfeldians in Silesia therefore signifies a great step forward. This position, however, was considerably less than the religious freedom enjoyed by those Schwenckfeldians who emigrated to Pennsylvania.

Reduction of Output Dependency in Sequential Machines

The realization of the output circuit is a topic which has been neglected in current publications in spite of the indisputable importance of the subject. In recent papers dealing with the problem of secondary assignment [1]-[3], [5], the main consideration was given to the transitions between the states and the realization of the circuits that control the secondary variables. In assigning the states of the secondary variables to the blocks of the partitions with substitution property or to the blocks of the partition pairs, we have a considerable amount of freedom. In the present paper it is shown how this freedom is used in order to obtain simpler Output circuits with reduced dependencies. The chief tools in this discussion are the partitions with substitution property in conjunction with the output-consistent partitions. Further it is shown how a simpler output circuit can be obtained by recognizing ``partially independent'' subsets in the output table and by using this property in order to achieve an assignment with reduced dependencies. The concept of partially independent subsets is seen to apply to machines which do not possess any partitions with substitution property or partition pairs and is used as a tool for obtaining simpler secondary assignments as well as simpler output circuits.