Amount Of Acid Research Articles

A short review: fish oil extraction methods obtaining oils with high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids

Abstract Nutrition improvement can be ensured by prioritizing the consumption of animal foods, one of which is fish. Fish consumption generally requires cooking at high temperatures which trigger the protein denaturation, therefore consumption of fish oil is more beneficial for human health. However, extraction of oil from fish is quite challenging, particularly the extraction which produce high amount of unsaturated fatty acid. This short review aims to summarizes and evaluate the best fish oil extraction method by observing temperature, time, solvent ratio, oil yield, and unsaturated fatty acid content. The best quality of fish oil can be obtained through a series of extraction processes, namely the extraction without solvent and using solvent. Each fish oil extraction method takes into account several parameters, such as producing different amounts of oil with unsaturated fatty acid content. Ultrasound-assisted extraction methods provide an excellent oil yield and unsaturated fatty acids with better quality than other extraction methods. It is also underlined that fish oil obtained from the ultrasound-assisted extraction method can be used as a nutritional alternative to improve human health.

Colonic fermentation of enzymatically treated cocoa bean shells (CBSs) and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production.

Cocoa bean shells (CBSs) are a by-product of the cocoa production chain characterized by a substantial dietary fiber (DF) content. The aim of this work was the evaluation of the prebiotic activity of DF from raw CBSs as well as defatted and dephenolized CBSs (polyphenols in their free form) treated with different enzymes mixtures to increase the fermentable fiber portion. Fermentability was tested through an in vitro model of colon fermentation using microbiota selectively adapted to more proximal and most distal compartments of the colon. Results showed a significant amount of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced, particularly acetate, from fermentation of the lipid- and polyphenols-free CBS treated with the cellulase mixture. In both colonic regions, this sample boosted the production of SCFAs, suggesting the potential usefulness of this enzyme-driven processing to improve the prebiotic effect of CBS. Despite these findings, there was not a change in the DF content of the enzymatically treated samples, especially regarding the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) fraction. This outcome suggests that a structural change may have occurred in the fiber fraction increasing its fermentability. These outcomes open a new scenario in the bio-valorization of CBSs, in accordance with the concept of circular economy.

Nicotianamine as a Potential Active Component of Lotus Seed Extract for Inhibiting Angiotensin-converting Enzyme

Aims: Hypertension is one of the chronic diseases causing a serious health problem in many countries worldwide. Therefore, the prevention and amelioration of hypertension with medicinal food is considered to be important for maintaining good health and well-being. The main objective of this study is to verify that the extract of lotus seed has a significant inhibitory effect on the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). Background: Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is well known to have a variety of biological and med-ical activities and is popularly used as a traditional medicinal food in several East Asian coun-tries. In a previous study, we reported that the aqueous extract of lotus root used as a popular foodstuff caused an inhibitory effect on the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), suggesting its possible effectiveness for improving high blood pressure. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to reveal the effect of lotus seed extract on ACE activity and to identify a potentially active component of the extract originating from lotus seed. Methods: The ACE inhibitory activity was determined using Hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucin (HHL) as substrate, and the amount of hippuric acid formed enzymatically was determined using an HPLC system. Results: The lotus seed extract was shown to strongly inhibit the ACE activity, thus ameliorating the hypertensive state. Furthermore, the fractionation of the lotus seed extract provided evidence for suggesting nicotianamine as a putative ACE-inhibiting component contained in the extract. Conclusion: These findings were considered to propose the possibility that the lotus seed and the lotus root might benefit patients with hypertension.

Metabolite profiling and hormone analysis of the synchronized exocarp-mesocarp development during ripening of cv. ‘Fuerte’ and ‘Hass’ avocado fruits

Color development in avocado fruits is a complex mechanism influenced by several factors. To understand this process, a comparative analysis was conducted between fruits of 'Fuerte' and 'Hass' avocado cultivars using metabolomic approaches. Pigment content in the exocarp differs between cultivars, accumulating anthocyanins in 'Hass' avocado. Carbohydrate abundance differed at ready-to-eat stage showing that 'Hass' accumulated higher amounts of sucrose, mannoheptulose, and perseitol than ‘Fuerte’ in both tissues. Higher amounts of fatty acids were observed in both tissues of 'Fuerte'. Polar metabolites indicated differences in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolisms between cultivars. Hormone analysis suggested that abscisic acid is involved in pigment biosynthesis. These findings showed that hormone and primary metabolites cross-talk plays an important role in color development in the exocarp and in the softening in the mesocarp of ‘Hass', opening new perspectives about this metabolic interplay and its relation to the development of the exocarp-mesocarp synchronization during ripening.

Dual Application of p-Nitrophenol Alkanoate-Based Assay for Soil Selection and Screening of Microbial Strains for Bioplastic Degradation.

With an increase in the commercialization of bioplastics, the importance of screening for plastic-degrading strains and microbes has emerged. Conventional methods for screening such strains are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Therefore, we suggest a method for quickly and effectively screening plastic-degrading microbial strains through dual esterase assays for soil and isolated strains, using p-nitrophenyl alkanoates as substrates. To select microbe-abundant soil, the total amount of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) included in each soil sample was analyzed, and esterase assays were performed for each soil sample to compare the esterase activity of each soil. In addition, by analyzing the correlation coefficients and sensitivity between the amount of PLFAs and the degree of esterase activity according to the substrate, it was confirmed that substrate pNP-C2 is the most useful index for soil containing several microbes having esterase activity. In addition, esterase assays of the isolated strains allowed us to select the most active strain as the degrading strain, and 16S rRNA results confirmed that it was Bacillus sp. N04 showed the highest degradation activity for polybutylene succinate (PBS) as measured in liquid culture for 7 days, with a degradation yield of 99%. Furthermore, Bacillus sp. N04 showed degradation activity against various bioplastics. We propose the dual application of p-nitrophenyl alkanoates as an efficient method to first select the appropriate soil and then to screen for plastic-degrading strains in it, and conclude that pNP-C2 in particular, is a useful indicator.

Physicochemical properties of Capsicum annum (red chilli) and Capsicum frutescens (bird’s eye chilli) seed powder

Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens are the most widely cultivated species in Malaysia. Vegetable processing wastes, such as seeds, have been used as an alternative resource to manage waste and as a food source in the food industry. This research aimed to determine the potential of chilli seed powder as functional ingredient. Following this analysis, the proximate, phytic acid, and mineral were conducted for chemical analysis. Water and oil holding capacity and colour analysis were done for the physical study of chilli seed powder. Results showed that the crude fat, crude fibre, and protein contents were 22.24±0.50 g/100 g, 30.87±1.59 g/100 g and 17.57±0.28 g/100 g for C. annuum seed powder and 17.68±0.44 g/100 g, 24.07±1.57 g/100 g, 16.1±0.48 g/100 g for C. frutescens seed powder, respectively. Both chilli seed powders displayed low amounts of mineral contents, such as calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn). In addition, C. frutescens seed powders exhibited phytic acid content (6.03±0.36 g/100 g) and red C. annuum seed powder (8.64±1.96 g/100 g). The low amount of phytic acid in both samples may be due to the low amount of minerals. The L* values of C. frutescens seed powder (68.21±0.35) were significantly higher than that of C. annuum seed powder (66.17±0.35), indicating the lightness in colour of both samples. As the L* value increased, the sample became lighter in colour. Positive a* and b* values led to a yellowish colour. The waterholding capacity (WHC) and oil-holding capacity (OHC) were 2.25±0.38 and 0.87±0.07, for C. annuum seed powder and 1.40±0.55 and 0.43±0.75 for C. frutescens seed powder, respectively. Both powders exhibited low averages of WHC and OHC due to the low amount of protein. Hence, C. annuum and C. frutescens seed powders may be used to improve colour for the development of food products.

Enhancing the Nutritional Profile of Crataegus monogyna Fruits by Optimizing the Extraction Conditions

Crataegus monogyna (CM) fruits are highly regarded for their rich nutritional content, boasting elevated levels of various beneficial secondary metabolites like total polyphenols, including anthocyanins, and ample amounts of ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity. Despite the acknowledged benefits of CM fruits, researchers have directed more attention toward its leaves and flowers. Consequently, the current research attempts to optimize extraction techniques for CM fruit using a multifaceted approach involving varied durations, temperatures, and concentrations of ethanol solvent to isolate the diverse range of bioactive components present effectively. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) is employed for the identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds. According to the results, by following the optimum extraction parameters (50% ethanolic solvent, 50 °C extraction temperature, and 60 min extraction time), the total polyphenol content can be increased up to 410%, reaching 55.59 mg gallic acid equivalents/g. Using 50% ethanolic solvent, 80 °C extraction temperature, and extraction time of 90 min, the total anthocyanin content can be enhanced by more than 560%, reaching a quantity of 51.83 μg cyanidin equivalents/g. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of CM fruit extracts can reach 415.95 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g dw (by FRAP method), using 50% ethanolic solvent, 50 °C extraction temperature, and 60 min extraction time, and 270.26 μmol AAE/g dw (by DPPH method) and 1053.28 mg/100 g dw ascorbic acid content, using 50% ethanolic solvent, 80 °C extraction temperature, and 90 min extraction time. This comprehensive study seeks to augment the already substantial content of bioactive compounds found in CM, resulting in an extract with promising applications across the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries.

Forsythiaside-A improved bile-duct-ligation-induced liver fibrosis in mice: The involvement of alleviating mitochondrial damage and ferroptosis in hepatocytes via activating Nrf2

Liver fibrosis is a key and reversible stage in the progression of many chronic liver diseases to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Forsythiaside-A (FTA), a main compound isolated from Forsythiae Fructus, has an excellent liver protective activity. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of FTA in improving cholestatic liver fibrosis. Bile-duct-ligation (BDL) was conducted to induce liver fibrosis in mice. Hepatic collagen deposition was evaluated by Masson and Sirus red staining. The bile acid spectrum in the liver and serum was analyzed by mass spectrometry. Liver oxidative stress injury and mitochondria damage were observed by using Mito-Tracker Red fluorescence staining, transmission electron microscopy, etc. The level of ferrous iron (Fe2+) and the expression of ferroptosis-associated molecules were detected. The binding between FTA and its target protein was confirmed by Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Our results demonstrated that FTA alleviated BDL-induced liver fibrosis in mice. FTA did not decrease the elevated amount of bile acids in BDL-treated mice, but reduced the bile acid-induced mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and ferroptosis in hepatocytes, and also induced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) activation. In Nrf2 knock-out mice, the FTA-provided protection against BDL-induced liver fibrosis was disappeared, and FTA's inhibition on mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and ferroptosis were lowered. Further results displayed that FTA could directly bind to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1), thereby activating Nrf2. Moreover, the BDL-induced liver fibrosis was markedly weakened in liver-specific Keap1 knockout mice. Hence, this study suggests that FTA alleviated the BDL-induced liver fibrosis through attenuating mitochondrial damage and ferroptosis in hepatocytes by activating Nrf2 via directly binding to Keap1.

Isolation and characterization of an alkenone composition mutant in the haptophyte Tisochrysis lutea

While long-chain alkenone (defined as alkenone) is known to have a potential for industrial application, its biosynthetic pathway is still largely unknown. In the present study, we obtained a novel mutant named C8–14 strain altering alkenone composition with heavy-ion beam irradiation to the haptophyte Tisochrysis lutea. This mutant showed higher levels of tri-unsaturated alkenones and significantly lower amounts of alkenones and alkenoates than the wild-type cells. In addition, the total amounts of fatty acids in the neural lipid fraction of the C8–14 strain were higher than those in the wild-type cells. The primary sequence of the genes related to alkenone desaturases in the C8–14 strain, including the paralogous genes found in this study, were identical to those in the wild-type cells. However, the expression level of the putative alkenone desaturase gene was altered. The expression of the TOD-2 gene was slightly higher in the C8–14 cells than in the wild-type cells. This is the first report, to the best of our knowledge, to create the mutant with the altered unsaturation of alkenones.

Investigating the effect of refining parameters on acetic acid removal and the quality of crude epoxidized soybean oil

AbstractWashing crude epoxidized oil is an indispensable step for the removal of residual acetic acid and unreacted hydrogen peroxide after epoxidation. There are many studies on the epoxidation of vegetable oils but there are many discrepancies in the washing process which likely leads to water wastage, excess use of neutralizing agent, and additional processing time. Hence, this study aims to optimize the washing step by analyzing the quality of each washing step and developing a model that can predict the amount of acid removed. Soybean oil (1.5 kg) was epoxidized at 60°C for 5.5 h using Amberlite IR 120H as a heterogeneous catalyst. To determine the optimum water washing level, process parameters such as number of washing cycles (1–5), proportion of epoxidized oil to water volume (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5), and water temperature (20, 40, and 60°C) were examined. The main responses were the residual acid value and pH of the washed epoxidized oil. Results revealed that 64% of the acid was removed after 5 washing cycles irrespective of the washing water temperature and proportion. In contrast, approximately 57% of the acid was removed in the first two washing cycles. Increasing the temperature of the water affected acid removal; with approximately 54% of acid removed at 20°C compared to 60% at 60°C. Doubling or tripling the amount of water needed above a 1:0.5 ratio did not significantly affect the amount of acid removed. The model developed was significant with a predicted R2 of 96% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.1 when the model was validated at different washing scenarios. Therefore, this study shows that it is possible to significantly reduce the amount of water used and processing time while maintaining resin qualities.

Transformation of Silicate Ions into Silica under the Influence of Acid on the Structure of Serpentinite.

The process of transformation of the silicate components of the crystal lattice structure of chrysotile during its quantitative interaction with aqueous solutions containing various stoichiometrically required amounts of sulfuric acid (SRA H2SO4) calculated with respect to the magnesium content in the composition of chrysotile is investigated. It has been shown by IR spectroscopic, X-ray phase, thermal and chemical methods of investigation and analysis that, with quantitative interactions of chrysotile and sulfuric acid, first of all, the "brucite layer" of the molecular structural structure of chrysotile is exposed to acid at SRA H2SO4 = 0.1-0.3. As a result of ion exchange processes, acidic silanol (≡Si-O-H) or disilanol (=Si=(O-H)2) bonds are formed. These acid groups form one-dimensional silicate chains with transverse bridges (≡Si-O-Si≡), where the angles (Si-O-Si = 180 °C) straighten, which are recorded in the IR spectra in the region of characteristic absorption of 1220-1250 cm-1 silica. The association of the resulting acid groups into silicate chains, dimers, and trimers with transverse bridges, leads to the appearance of colloidal silica particles in the system, which cause some inhibition of the dissolution of layered magnesium hydrosilicate in sulfuric acid solutions containing H2SO4 ˃ 0.3 SRA.

Catalytic pyrolysis of lignin to aromatic hydrocarbons over Nb/Al oxide catalyst

Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of lignin aiming monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) is attractive. Five metal oxide catalysts (named c-Nb3Alx) with different Nb/Al ratios, c-Nb, c-Al, c-Nb3Al1, c-Nb3Al2 and c-Nb3Al3 were synthesized and applied to CFP of lignin. Among these catalysts, c-Nb3Al2 exhibits excellent deoxygenation ability and the highest selectivity for MAHs (77.0 %). The selectivity and deoxygenation capacity of c-Nb3Al2 for MAHs were higher than H-ZSM-5 (25) as a control. It was attributed to the large external surface area (90 m2g-1), mesoporous structure (16.15 nm) and high acid amount (2.00 mmolNH3/gcat) of c-Nb3Al2. The c-Nb3Al2 has good stability and can be regenerated by simple calcination. The selectivity of the regenerated c-Nb3Al2 for MAHs was still high at 70.1 %. Guaiacol was used to compare the difference in the deoxygenation capacity of c-Nb3Al2 and H-ZSM-5.

Partial Replacement of Fishmeal with Seafood Discards for Juvenile Penaeus japonicus: Effects on Growth, Flesh Quality, Chemical and Fatty Acid Composition

The present study was designed to assess the influence of fishmeal replacement with increasing percentages of fresh seafood discards (0, 25, 50 and 75%) in diets for Penaeus japonicus on growth performance, physical characteristics and the chemical and fatty acid composition of shrimp flesh. Each diet was administered for 108 days, and the trial was assayed in triplicate. The final body weight and the specific growth rate were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in shrimps fed with 75% fishmeal replacement as compared to 25%, while the abdomen weight and the total length were the highest (p < 0.01). Moreover, 75% replacement showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower value of hardness and a greater crude protein and lipid content as compared to the 0% replacement. The shrimps fed with high levels of seafood discards (50 and 75%) showed a lower saturated fatty acid concentration and, in turn, a greater amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in shrimp meat significantly (p < 0.05) affected the lower atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. In conclusion, replacing 75% of fishmeal with seafood discards provided satisfactory results. An economic analysis based on ESG indicators and PESTLE methodology is provided in order to show the socio-economic and governance impacts affecting the replacement of shrimps’ diet with fish discard.

FEATURES OF ACCUMULATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN ENDEMIC SPECIES ASTRAGALUS IONAE PALIBIN AND A. PALIBINII POLOZHIJ GROWING ON THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KHAKASIA

The features of the accumulation of flavonoid glycosides and hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids have been studied in the leaves of endemic Astragalus ionae Palibin and A. palibinii Polozhij of different ecological and geographical growing conditions of the Republic of Khakasia by HPLC method. Luteolin-7-glucoside, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside, and 3 quercetin glycosides were identified from 8 glycosides of flavonoids from the leaves of A. ionae plants. Six flavonoid glycosides were found in the leaves of A. palibinii, luteolin-7-glucoside, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside, and isorhamnetin-3-O-β-rutinoside were identified. No differences were found in the composition of hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids in plants of the studied taxa. Gallic, p-hydroxybenzoic, neochlorogenic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids were identified in the leaves of A. ionae and A. palibinii. The differences between these species in terms of the content of phenolic compounds are most pronounced in the fact that A. ionae plants accumulate more luteolin-7-glucoside, the sum of flavonoid glycosides, and hydroxybenzoic acids. The content of phenolic compounds in plants of different coenopopulations is influenced by ecological and coenotic factors. In arid xerophytic and petrophytic communities more characteristic of these species, more caffeic acid and rutin accumulate, as well as the amount of hydroxycinnamic acids.

Aberrant glycosylation of secretory mucin from the oral cavity in tobacco consumers: a pilot study.

Mucins are a family of high-molecular-weight O-linked glycoproteins which are the primary structural components of mucus and maintain homeostasis in the oral cavity. The present study was conducted as the first step towards establishing a correlation of aberrant mucin glycosylation with tobacco-associated clinical conditions. Tobacco habituates for the study were identified on the basis of type, duration, amount, and frequency of using tobacco products. The secretory mucin and its saccharides were determined from the saliva collected from smokers, smokeless tobacco habituates, and healthy, nonsmoking individuals. On the one hand, the salivary mucin content was markedly reduced in smokeless tobacco habituates with respect to smokers. On the other hand, the amount of sialic acid and fucose moieties of salivary mucin was increased in both smokers and smokeless tobacco habituates compared to the healthy cohort. Furthermore, the duration oftobacco exposure have been identified as the main factor influencing the extent of damage to the oral mucosa in terms of mucin secretion. The reduced secretory mucin content with aberrant glycosylation in the oral cavity may have a significant role in the further development or progression of oral diseases.

A snapshot of bacterial endophytes isolated from the roots of Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) grown at Bien Hoa airbase, Dong Nai province

Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) with a strong root system has been widely used for environmental pollution treatment. Recently, this grass has been cultivated at Bien Hoa airbase to mitigate dioxin concentration in the contaminated soil. Bacterial endophytes have been recognized to play key roles in plant growth promotion and responses of plant hosts to environmental factors. However, a beneficial association between endophytic bacteria and Vetiver grass root system grown in dioxin-contaminated soil has not been elucidated. In the present study, we isolated sixteen endophytic bacterial strains from the roots of Vetiver grass. The results of DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that these culturable bacterial endophytes belong to 9 species of different genera. Four strains, including Klebsiella variicola B1, Enterobacter cloacae B4, Enterobacter kobei B6, and Enterobacter cloacae B11, produce high amounts of indol acetic acid (IAA). Strains K. variicola B1 and E. cloacae B4 also produce phytase and phosphatase to dissolve phytate and phosphate, respectively. These strains were selected to evaluate their abilities in promoting the growth of tomato plants as a model. After 28 days of inoculation with the tested strains through the roots, tomato plants grew 19% to 22% faster than the control plants. Conclusively, this study shows for the first time the successful isolation of endophytic bacteria from the roots of Vetiver grass cultivated in dioxin-contaminated soil, and some culturable bacterial strains exhibit as promising candidates for plant growth promotion.

Cyclic Variations of Ovarian Development, Hormones and Sex Related Genes of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) During Different Growth Stages

This study aimed to investigate the reproductive biology of female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Mature female (n.80) rainbow trout from different reproductive phases were collected. Through a transmission electron microscope (TEM), it was feasible to examine the oocyte at several developmental stages, namely the perinucleolus stage, cortical alveoli stage, vitellogenic stage, mature stage, and postovulatory stage. Progesterone and estradiol levels were measured at their lowest during the immature and spent phases, while reaching their highest levels during the maturing and mature stages. The total amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was greater in mature ovaries compared to immature and maturing ovaries. Gene transcripts related to the production of steroids, specifically star, cyp11a1, cyp17a1 and hsd3b were expressed at low levels during the immature stage and showed a significant rise during the mature stage. The ovarian gene expression patterns during oogenesis exhibited distinct dissimilarities. The fatty acid content, essential for the development of fish ovaries, and the sex steroid hormonal profile, which play a key role in regulating oogenesis, are particularly significant. These results will enhance our comprehension of the reproductive biology and sustainable management of rainbow trout in their natural environment.

#2194 Targeted metabolomics analysis identifies a specific metabolomic profile in patients with early chronic kidney disease

Abstract Background and Aims The complex interconnections between various metabolites and the kidney play a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hence, by the assessment of the relationship between metabolites and the kidney, more accurate biomarkers could be discovered to prevent and detect CKD at an early stage. The primary goal of this study was to find new serum and urine biomarkers for the diagnosis of early CKD by conducting a metabolomic profiling through targeted metabolomics of both blood and urine in patients with CKD. Method This cross-sectional study comprised 80 patients with CKD who were categorized into six subgroups (G1-G6) based on their eGFR according to the KDIGO Guidelines. Additionally, 20 healthy individuals were included as healthy control participants (group C). Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry was used to perform serum and urine metabolomic profiling. The 6 metabolites evaluated by this study were selected based on the results of a previous untargeted analysis research. Both blood and urine samples underwent multivariate analysis, which was subsequently followed by univariate analysis and quantitative analysis. Initially, the PLSDA score plot and VIP score were utilized. The application of the cross-validation procedure to the initial set of 6 molecules provided outstanding results, including high accuracy, high R² values, and a significant Q2 value. Hence, the model might be deemed as predictive. Random Forest analysis was utilized to conduct biomarker analysis and prediction. The specificity and sensitivity of the compounds identified as possible biomarkers were assessed using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC). Results There were strong positive correlations between eGFR and serum levels of Arginine (p < 0.05) and L-Acetylcarnitine (p < 0.05). Of note, the amounts of L-Methionine, L-Phenylalanine, Kynurenic acid, and Indoxyl sulfate in serum showed a progressive increase from group C to subgroups G1-G5. Furthermore, L-Methionine, L-Phenylalanine, Kynurenic acid, and Indoxyl sulfate exhibited a negative correlation with eGFR (p < 0.05). In addition, there was a positive correlation between the levels of urine Arginine, L-Methionine, and L-Phenylalanine and eGFR (p < 0.05). Urine levels of Kynurenic acid, Indoxyl sulfate, and L-Acetylcarnitine were higher in groups G4 and G5, as compared to groups G1-G3b and C, respectively. The urinary concentrations of Indoxyl sulfate, Kynurenic acid, Indoxyl sulfate, and L-Acetylcarnitine exhibited a negative correlation with eGFR (p < 0.05). Conclusion The current study shows that serum and urinary metabolites levels in patients with CKD display an alteration in production, secretion, and excretion in all CKD stages. There was demonstrated a distinct metabolomic profile in the course of CKD which points to novel biomarkers useful for the diagnosis and progression evaluation of CKD from its early stages.

#1705 Central delivery of acid concentrate for haemodialysis: a single-center experience

Abstract Background and Aims Dialysate is produced by mixing ultra-purified water with acid and bicarbonate concentrates. Acidic concentrate for hemodialysis can be supplied to the dialysis machine through single-use bags or central concentrate supply. Central delivery of acid concentrate represents an innovation in hemodialysis settings in terms of practicality and eco-sustainability as this system is able to produce and distribute ready-to-use acid dialysis concentrate without the use of acid concentrate bags. The aim of our study was to compare the amount of material (including packaging) used to supply acid concentrate using a single-use bag (3.8 L or 4.5 L) or central acid supply at the Nephrology Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit of Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy. In particular, we reviewed the amount of consumable material before (January-December 2019) and after the implementation of central concentrate supply (July 2022-June 2023). Lastly, a survey was delivered to all dialysis nurses who work in our dialysis Center to evaluate their feedback on central concentrate supply. Method Our center is equipped with 46 dialysis stations for patients on chronic hemodialysis that in 2019 delivered 30 000 hemodialysis treatments distributed across morning, afternoon, and evening shifts. Granumix system® (Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany) was installed in 2022. It produces and distributes acid concentrate fluid with two different concentrations of K+ (2 and 3 mEq/L) and a unique concentration of Ca2+ 1.5 mmol/L (see Figure). Results The data collected in 2019 at our Dialysis Center showed that 30 000 acid bags corresponding to 121 000 L of acid concentrate fluid were used to perform hemodialysis. Utilization of bags generated 3 750 kg of pallets, 4 500 kg of plastic and 5 367 kg of boxes. Considering that approximately 10% of the acid concentrate fluid remains unused during each dialysis treatment, approximately 12 000 L of unutilized acid concentrate fluid was wasted. Following the introduction of the Granumix® system, there was a significant reduction (−80.6%) in the utilization of single-use acid concentrate bags (n = 5 805) and, consequently, in the use of boxes (n = 2 294 vs. n = 11 667) and pallets (n = 40 vs. n = 208). The centralized distribution system of acid concentrate led to a significant reduction in waste including boxed, plastic and pallets (2 642 kg vs. 13 617 kg), disposal of residual acidic solution (2 351 liters vs. 12 100 liters), and handling of materials by dialysis staff (37 522 kg vs. 158 117 kg). Another advantage of this system is the optimized usage of acid concentrate fluid. This system ensures that only the required amount of acid for a specific treatment is used, effectively minimizing waste and decreasing the production of special waste. The results of the survey (response rate 75%) documented that 79.5% of the nurses received adequate training for its use; 94.9% experienced a reduction in fatigue and 84.6% declared that had more time to dedicate to patients. Lastly, the survey showed that 96.4% of the participants were completely satisfied with the implementation of this new system. Conclusion Central delivery of acid concentrate is an innovative solution with eco-sustainable potentialities in reducing the consumable materials and workload in hemodialysis. Overall, most nurses expressed satisfaction as this system reduces dialysis staff workload and allows more time for patient care.

Effect of heating processes on bioactive properties, phenolic components and mineral amounts of rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) leaves

SummaryTotal carotenoid amounts of rocket samples were established between 120.56 μg g−1 (fresh) and 130.06 μg g−1 (microwave). In addition, total phenol and flavonoid results of rockets dried in microwave and oven were found between 655.53 (oven) and 1790.96 mg GAE/100 g (fresh) to 254.03 (oven) and 1668.83 mg/100 g (fresh), respectively. Also, radical scavenging activities (DPPH and FRAP) of rocket samples were measured between 7.55 (oven) and 25.45 mmol kg−1 (fresh) to 35.59 (oven) and 66.74 mg g−1 (fresh), respectively. Gallic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, catechin and rutin were the main phenolic compounds found in rocket samples. Catechin contents of rockets dried in microwave and oven systems were recorded between 349.60 (oven) and 442.47 mg/100 g (fresh). Gallic acid and 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid amounts of rocket samples were monitored between 52.84 (oven) and 952.15 mg/100 g (fresh) to 30.92 (oven) and 282.15 mg/100 g (fresh), respectively. The protein amounts of rockets were determined between 11.00% (microwave) and 11.60% (oven). P and K values of fresh and dried rockets were found between 3148.36 (oven) and 3752.33 mg kg−1 (fresh) to 39 363.75 (microwave) and 36 883.41 mg/kg (fw), respectively. Also, Ca and Mg results of fresh and dried‐rockets were found between 26 739.33 (microwave) and 29 534.48 mg kg−1 (fresh) to 3125.32 (microwave) and 3431.70 mg kg−1 (fresh), respectively. The highest S (14 665.30 mg kg−1) was detected in rocket sample dried in microwave.