Amino Acid Compounds Research Articles

Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Activities of Select Indonesian Vegetables, Herbs, and Spices on Human Lymphocytes.

Edible plants have attracted increasing attention as functional foods as they are rich in bioactive compounds with health benefits, including antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. However, scientific evidence of these health effects is limited. This study is aimed at determining antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of 25 select vegetables, herbs, and spices commonly consumed in Indonesia. Phytochemical profiles were determined by measuring total flavonoid content and 1H-NMR. Human blood lymphocyte cells were used to probe the immunomodulatory potency and treated with the methanol extract of these vegetables, herbs, and spices. The results showed the enhanced propensity for all tested plant extracts to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation, except Pandanus amaryllifolius. Etlingera elatior, Ocimum xcitriodorum, Kaempferia galanga, and Apium graveolens had the highest lymphocyte cell proliferation stimulation index (SI) at concentrations of 41.67, 16.67, 4.17, and 2.5 mg/mL culture, respectively (SI 2.21 ± 0.05, 2.62 ± 0.12, 3 ± 0.05, and 2.64 ± 0.07, respectively). The NMR spectra of these four most potent plants showed low peaks in the aromatic/phenolic area and several other peaks indicating the presence of terpenoid, steroid, amino acid, and sugar compounds. The results demonstrate the immunomodulatory potential of all vegetables, herbs, and spices, except P. amaryllifolius, although this potential did not necessarily correlate with flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. Nevertheless, this research showed promising health effect, particularly immunomodulation, of the various local plants. Further elaboration on the specific immunomodulatory activity will be interesting.

Quantitative and Molecular Similarity Analyses of the Metabolites of Cold- and Hot-Natured Chinese Herbs.

Background Based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese herbs possess four different medicinal properties: hot, warm, cold, and cool. These serve as a reference guide for these herbal medicines. However, the molecular mechanisms supporting their relevance remain unclear. Methods We performed metabolomics based on capillary electrophoresis-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOF/MS) and multivariate data analysis for the structural identification of compounds of cold- and hot-natured Chinese herbs. Results To this end, 30 selected herbs were analyzed and a total of 416 metabolites were identified via CE-TOF/MS, of which 193 compounds were detected in most herbs. The observed profiles offered the potential to understand the mechanism of association between the compounds and nature of the Chinese herbs. Comparison of the similarity in terms of chemical and molecular structures and content revealed that hot-natured herbs contained more nucleotides. In contrast, principal component analysis revealed the presence of more amino acid compounds in cold-natured herbs. Conclusion Comparing the structural similarities between the samples using the Tanimoto coefficient revealed that a general non-specific structure was observed between cold- and hot-natured herbs; however, the distribution of the molecular groups seemed to contribute more toward the energy properties.

The possibility of using amino acid supplements for stress prevention

Every day, the modern human body is exposed to stress of various etiologies. One of the main effects of long-term stress is to accelerate the rate of premature aging. These processes affect the decrease in working capacity, reproductive capabilities, affect memory, emotions, behavior, vegetative reactions of a person, etc. The influence of unfavorable factors of professional activity (daily duty, psychoemotional overload, physical activity, violation of the diet) leads to early professional burnout. Therefore, it is important to search for and study the mechanisms of action of substances whose use for preventive purposes leads to a stable state of the body to stress. This article presents information on the study of the stress-detecting activity of a Proline-containing compound synthesized at the research Institute of pharmacology of the Russian Academy of medical Sciences. The experiment used male rats with a high level of anxiety of two ages - 3-month-old sexually Mature and 1.5-year-old. The animals were selected based on physiological tests: “Porsolt swimming test”,“open field” test. Stress was simulated by forced 30-minute swimming at a water temperature of 28-30°C. Stress-detecting mechanisms of action of the amino acid compound were evaluated by indicators of the leukocyte formula and the content of biogenic amines. It was found that the development of the strategy of adaptation to the action of a stressful factor (30-minute swimming) depends on age. In young animals, when using an amino acid compound, a hormonal type of activation of the sympathoadrenal system was noted, which is the most effective. The body of 1.5-year-old rats reacted to external influence by activating the sympathoadrenal system along the mediator pathway and entering the depletion phase. The results of this study can be the basis for the use of amino acid compounds as a functional ingredient with a stress-inducing property in the production of food in the food industry.

Phytochemicals in Chinese Chive (Allium tuberosum) Induce the Skeletal Muscle Cell Proliferation via PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Smad Pathways in C2C12 Cells.

Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum) is a medicinal food that is cultivated and consumed mainly in Asian countries. Its various phytochemicals and physiological effects have been reported, but only a few phytochemicals are available for skeletal muscle cell proliferation. Herein, we isolated a new compound, kaempferol-3-O-(6″-feruloyl)-sophoroside (1), along with one known flavonoid glycoside (2) and six amino acid (3–8) compounds from the water-soluble fraction of the shoot of the Chinese chive. The isolated compounds were identified using extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR, and evaluated for their proliferation activity on skeletal muscle cells. Among the tested compounds, newly isolated flavonoid (1) and 5-aminouridine (7) up-regulated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways, which implies a positive effect on skeletal muscle growth and differentiation. In particular, compound 1 down-regulated the Smad pathways, which are negative regulators of skeletal muscle growth. Collectively, we suggest that major constituents of Chinese chive, flavonoids and amino acids, might be used in dietary supplements that aid skeletal muscle growth.

Desorption and Ionization of Amino Acid Compounds Observed by Negative Ion Mode Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (SALDI-MS) using Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles

Desorption and Ionization of Amino Acid Compounds Observed by Negative Ion Mode Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (SALDI-MS) using Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles

Free Amino Acid and Volatile Compound Profiles of Jeotgal Alternatives and Its Application to Kimchi.

Jeotgal containing abundant free amino acids plays an important role in the unique savory taste (umami) and flavor in kimchi. However, it is also responsible for the unpleasant fishy smell and high salt content of kimchi. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify alternative jeotgal sources and investigate the fermentation properties of jeotgal alternatives added to kimchi. The tomato hot-water extract (TH2) and dry-aged beef hot-water extract (DBH) were selected as jeotgal alternatives for kimchi preparation based on their glutamic acid contents. Characteristics of kimchi with TH2 alone (JA1) and TH2 and DBH in combination (1:1, JA2) were compared with kimchi prepared using commercially available anchovy fish sauce (CON). The pH of JA1 and JA2 was slightly decreased during fermentation, whereas the salinity was significantly lower than CON (p < 0.05). Notably, the most effective factor of the savory taste of kimchi, glutamic acid contents of JA1 and JA2 were significantly higher than that of CON (p < 0.05). In conclusion, JA1 showed slower fermentation with lower salinity and higher glutamic acid content than CON. Overall, this study showed that JA1 derived from TH2 could improve the taste and quality of kimchi by increasing glutamic acid content and decreasing the unpleasant flavor.

Dendritic-based co-adsorbents for dye-sensitized solar cells: Effect of the generations and alkyl chain lengths

Series of dendritic building blocks (G series) with various periphery alkyl chain lengths (C3, C10 and C18) were prepared via convergent synthesis route through reaction-selective building block, (4-Isocyanato-4′(3,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-azetidino)diphenylmethane, IDD) and diethylenetriamine (DETA) via alternative addition and ring-opening reaction. These azetidine-2,4-dione containing dendritic building blocks then reacted with several amino acid compounds to generate the corresponding dendritic co-adsorbents (GA series). GA series comprising different generations, various alkyl chain lengths closed to anchor and/or in the periphery are discussed and applied into dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The cells utilized similar phenothiazine-based dyes (HL5) as sensitizer with fixed concentration (0.3 mM) of co-adsorbents are fabricated to explore the effect on cell performances and interfacial charge properties. Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 7.02–7.76% were achieved, which better than the commercially available CDCA co-adsorbent based cell (6.71% ± 0.14%). In addition, the highest conversion efficiency also reaches 95% of the standard cell based on N719 metal dye. Herein, several observations: (1) under various alkyl chain lengths closed to anchor, the longest one has efficient charge recombination; (2) under various alkyl chain lengths in the periphery, the moderate one has the best interfacial properties with the longest electron lifetime value; (3) under different generations, the largest one can reduce dye aggregation and charge recombination significantly. Based on our pervious initial study on dendritic co-adsorbents, we further investigated several molecular design on dendritic co-adsorbents to realize the structural effect on cell performance that might be useful for DSSC applications.

Nutrition of local wild edible fern (Diplazium esculentum) leaves

Vegetable fern species distributed throughout the world are diverse, but there is a lack of scientific data about the nutritional content of local vegetable ferns. This study aimed to provide preliminary data of Diplazium esculentum nutrition obtained from Bone Bolango District, Gorontalo area, Indonesia, in order to support the developing of pharmaceutical and mixed animal feed products. Tests for the proximate characteristics of leaf extracts and the phytochemical analysis were carried out through qualitative screening following Indonesian National Standard (SNI) Method year 2006, while the detail amino acid compound analyzed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) method. The results showed that D. esculentum from Gorontalo Land is rich with proteins and amino acids. The amount of protein and fat is detected as 21.52 ± 2.70% and 2.47 ± 0.97% respectively. The fern also contains complete secondary metabolites in the form of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and glycosides with a high amount.

A Review on the Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activitities of Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.

Indonesia is a country with a tropical climate, so it can be a place to live for various plants in the world. The use of plants in Indonesia as an alternative treatment requires a lot of research because many plants have not been studied for their chemical compounds and pharmacological effects. Ethnopharmacological studies of a plant can be the basis for medicinal plant research. Empirically, Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. (angled luffa, gambas) is a plant that has various therapeutic benefits. This study aimed to determine pharmacognostic properties (macroscopic and microscopic fradments of crude drugs), chemical compound content, and pharmacological activity of L. acutangula extract in literature studies. Literature searching were performed by online searching using Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed as the databases. L. acutangula has been used empirically in Indonesia for helping in the treatment of various diseases. The phytochemical content of L. acutangula extract will affect its pharmacological activity. Phytochemical analysis of L. acutangula leaf powder, namely there are chemical compounds of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids. Analysis of the ethanol extract of L. acutangula contained chemical compounds of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, and steroids. Analysis of the aqueous extract of L. acutangula contained alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, terpenoids, and triterpenoids. The pharmacological activities of L. acutangula included antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, immunomodulatory, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-thyroid. L. acutangula which contain various phytochemical compounds is potentially to be further studied to develop its pharmacological benefits.

L-alanine supplementation improves blood glucose level and biochemical indices in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder whose complications are among the leading cause of death. In this study, the antidiabetic effect of L-alanine was tested in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Thirty-five male albino Wistar rats were divided into five groups viz; Group I and II: nondiabetic and diabetic controls respectively; Group III and IV: 150 and 300mg/kg b.w. L-alanine treated, respectively; Group V: glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg b.w.) treated. Weight and blood glucose were monitored during the study, while liver and kidney functions, lipid profile, and antioxidant markers were examined at the end of the study. The outcomes indicate that 300mg/kg L-alanine resulted to a significant decrease (p<.05) in weight and blood glucose. L-alanine restored tissue antioxidants, kidney, and liver functions by improving important parameters. Histopathological studies showed the potential of L-alanine in regeneration of the islets of Langerhans. These findings suggest that L-alanine has an alleviating effect on alloxan-induced diabetes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Several medicinal plants have been tested for their antidiabetic potentials, however, the isolation of the active compounds from these plants for medicinal use is often challenging. Here, we present data that suggests the potential use of a pure and harmless amino acid compound (L-alanine) for the management of diabetes. L-alanine is readily available, cheap and can also be found in many foods we eat. Therefore, L-alanine may be taken by diabetic patients as a food supplement for the treatment/management of diabetes or taken as part of foods rich in the amino acid such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products.

Determination and Evaluation of Se-Rich High-Quality Rice Produced by Compound Nutrient Solution

Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world. Its biggest flaw is the low content of protein and essential amino acids, which severely limits its nutritional value. In order to produce high-quality rice with rich Se, we sprayed different concentrations of compound nutrient solution (containing Se (selenium), amino acid compound, zinc and boron) on the rice at different growth stages; and then determined the main nutrient content of their polished rice. The results showed that spraying low concentration compound nutrient solution (Each liter contained 20 mg of Se, 333 mg of complex amino acids, 33 mg of zinc and 33 mg of boron) to rice in the heading stage produced rice with the highest total starch and fat content and lower amylose content. Spraying high concentration compound nutrient solution to rice during the filling stage produced rice with the highest Se content. Multiple sprays of compound nutrient solution produced rice with low protein and low starch. Spraying low concentration compound nutrient solution on rice in milky stage significantly increased the content of protein, total starch, fat, all essential amino acids (Lysine increased by more than 57%), amylopectin and Se in rice; significantly reduced amylose content; significantly improved the nutritional value and taste quality of rice. The conclusion is that spraying low concentration compound nutrient solution on rice in the milky stage can produce rice with the highest content of protein and essential amino acids, higher content of total starch, fat and Se, and the lowest amylose content; significantly improve the nutritional value and taste quality of rice. The technical solution can comprehensively and effectively improve the nutritional value and flavor quality of rice, and has great development and application value.

Изучение антиоксидантной, антикоагулянтной и антиагрегантной активности ряда алифатических и ароматических аминокислот

Among the nitrogen-containing organic substances there are compounds with a dual function. Particularly important are amino acids. Strictly speaking, amino acids make up only one of the many families of organic compounds. Any organic molecule having at least one amino and one acid group may be assigned to this family. This generally means any hydrocarbon chain that may be branched, with or without other functional groups, aromatic rings, or any other organic structure. Therefore, it becomes clear that the number of amino acids that can be imagined is infinite. Today in Russia there is an urgent need to develop new and effective drugs for the treatment of various diseases. This important task involves organizing the production of new competitive domestic medicines on the market, the development of which is carried out on the basis of the results of fundamental scientific research in the field of organic synthesis. In this regard, derivatives and salts of amino acids are of great interest, due to their high reactivity and wide use in medical practice. We have studied the effect on the hemostasis system of derivatives based on amino acid salts, which is currently a key task of organic, bioorganic and medicinal chemistry. Consideration of the scientific literature on this topic showed the saturation and increasing interest in the influence of amino acid compounds throughout the world. The synthesis of amino acid salts and the study of their effect on the blood curability system was carried out, optimal synthesis methods for an organic compound were developed. Preliminary in vitro preclinical studies of the obtained compounds were carried out in order to find out the prospects for their further use.

Physiological Changes in Barley mlo-11 Powdery Mildew Resistance Conditioned by Tandem Repeat Copy Number.

Wild barley accessions have evolved broad-spectrum defence against barley powdery mildew through recessive mlo mutations. However, the mlo defence response is associated with deleterious phenotypes with a cost to yield and fertility, with implications for natural fitness and agricultural productivity. This research elucidates the mechanism behind a novel mlo allele, designated mlo-11(cnv2), which has a milder phenotype compared to standard mlo-11. Bisulphite sequencing and histone ChIP-seq analyses using near-isogenic lines showed pronounced repression of the Mlo promoter in standard mlo-11 compared to mlo-11(cnv2), with repression governed by 24 nt heterochromatic small interfering RNAs. The mlo-11(cnv2) allele appears to largely reduce the physiological effects of mlo while still endorsing a high level of powdery mildew resistance. RNA sequencing showed that this is achieved through only partly restricted expression of Mlo, allowing adequate temporal induction of defence genes during infection and expression close to wild-type Mlo levels in the absence of infection. The two mlo-11 alleles showed copy number proportionate oxidase and peroxidase expression levels during infection, but lower amino acid and aromatic compound biosynthesis compared to the null allele mlo-5. Examination of highly expressed genes revealed a common WRKY W-box binding motif (consensus ACCCGGGACTAAAGG) and a transcription factor more highly expressed in mlo-11 resistance. In conclusion, mlo-11(cnv2) appears to significantly mitigate the trade-off between mlo defence and normal gene expression.

Anthelmintic activity of extracts of Azadirachta indica and Andrographis paniculata and their pharmacological analysis

The aqueous and methanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica and Andrographis paniculata which were found to have effective anthelmintic properties were subjected to pharmacological analysis. Alkaloids, carbohydrate, amino acid, glycosides, saponin, steroid, flavonoid, tannin and phenolic compounds were present in all the four extracts. Anthraquinone glycosides were present in the extracts of Azadirachta indica. Cardiac glycosides were present only in the methanolic extract of Azadirachta indica whereas triterpenoids were present only in methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata.

Application of methyl jasmonate and chitosan on behavior of “Anna” ‎apple seedlings grown under water and heat stress conditions ‎

The role of methyl jasmonate and chitosan application as anti- stress materials on responses of “Anna” apple seedlings grown under water and heat stresses was evaluated during 2018 and 2019 seasons. Anna apple seedling were exposed to three levels of water regiem reated to avaialable (100, 80 and 60%), kept in the plastic greenhouse conditions at 45 ± 2°C., and treated with MeJA at 1.0 and 2.0 mM as well as chitosan at 0.5 and 1.0 %. Vegetative growth parameters, leaf mineral contents, chemical constituents and physiological attributes were detcrmined through out the development of apple seedling abiotic stress. Vegetative growth parameters including plant height (cm), average stem diameters (cm), total number of leaves/ plant, leaf area (cm2 ), number of branches/plant and shoot lengths (cm), fresh and dry weights (g/plant) greatly affected with both studied factors. Application of methyl jasmonate at 2.0 mM and chitosan at 1.0 % combined with irrigation with the three levels of recommended water regien (100, 80 and 60%), were superior than other treatments or untreated one in recording the highest values of all vegetative growth parameters in both seasons. All anti -stress materials were effective in increasing apple seedlings levels of macro (N, P and K) and micro (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) elements compared to untreated apple seedlings. However, chitosan treatment at 1.0 % in combination with all water regiems were more effective in improving the nutrition status of treated seedlings. Additionally, high values of total chlorophyll and carbohydrates were achieved by apple seedlings irrigated with 100% of water regiem and sprayed with higher concentration from chitosan or methyl jasmonate materials. On the other hand, the untreated seedlings under all irrigation water regiems recorded the least values in this respect. On the contrary, the treatments of 2.0 mM methyl jasmonate and 1.0 % chitosan under heat and water stress conditions were effective in reducing proline amino acid, glycine betaine and phenolic compounds contents values which is similar to the apple seedling did not expose to stresses. Generally, it could be concluded that spraying apple seedlings with methyl jasmonate at 2.0 mM and chitosan at 1.0 % in combination with all water regiem considered a good horticulture application to alleviation of a biotic stress (water and heat).

A new route of cross‐linking of carboxylated acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber via zinc oxide‐amino acid network formation

AbstractHerein, we present a strategy that leads to the formation of a high‐performance elastomeric material based on the carboxylated acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (XNBR). A unique cross‐linking route for XNBR has been designed, which does not involve typical cross‐linking agents such as sulfur. In this study, the show cause‐effect of zwitterionic compounds as the secondary cross‐linking agent for ionic elastomer has been investigated. Naturally occurring lysine (Ly) and tryptophan (Trp) amino acid are the zwitterionic compounds, which have been explored here. This approach results in the formation of a cross‐linked ionic elastomer that houses a dual ionic network structure formed by zinc oxide (ZnO) and amino acid. XNBR cross‐linked by ZnO and different amino acid compounds exhibit superior physical properties as compared to the conventional cross‐linking system. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, and swelling study analyzes confirm the existence of zinc‐carboxylate and zwitterionic network in XNBR after the cross‐linking process. The dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and oscillating disk rheometer analyzes show various thermal relaxations and transitions present in the dual cross‐linked XNBR. The ZnO and amino acid cross‐linked XNBR rubber with 2.5 phr of Ly and 5 phr of Trp show the highest tensile strength of 42.4 and 39.7 MPa, respectively, which is mostly higher than the previously reported values for ionic cross‐linked elastomers.

Amino acid compounds released by the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii during ecdysis: a factor attracting cannibalistic behaviour?

Ecdysis is a common phenomenon that happens throughout the life phase of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. It is vital to better understand the correlation between cannibalism and biochemical compound that exists during the moulting process. The objective of the present study was to determine the amino acid profile released by M. rosenbergii during the ecdysis process that promotes cannibalism. To accomplish this, changes in amino acid levels (total amino acid (TAA) and free amino acid (FAA)) of tissue muscle, exoskeleton, and sample water of culture medium from the moulting (E-stage) and non-moulting (C-stage) prawns were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Comparison study revealed that among the TAA compounds, proline and sarcosine of tissues from moulting prawn were found at the highest levels. The level of FAA from water that contains moulting prawns (E-stage) was dominated by tryptophan and proline. Significant values obtained in the present study suggested that these amino acid compounds act as a chemical cue to promote cannibalism in M. rosenbergii during ecdysis. The knowledge of compositions and compounds that were released during the moulting process should be helpful for better understanding of the mechanism and chemical cues that play roles on triggering cannibalism, and also for future dietary manipulation to improve feeding efficiencies and feeding management, which indirectly impacts productivity and profitability.

Comparison of Metabolomics Expression in The Root and Leaf of Resistance and Susceptible Tomato against Root-Knot Nematode

The resistant tomato against nematode produces various biochemical compounds associated with the defense mechanisms for nematode attack. These compounds allegedly expressed in all cells not only in the infected area. These metabolites are useful for plant development program to point out the candidate traits based on specific metabolites. This study aimed to compare expression of metabolomics as defense mechanism in root and leaf of the plant. Four cultivars consisted of the resistant [GM2 and F1 (a cross GM2 and Hawaii 7996)] and susceptible (Gondol Putih and Gondol Hijau) were used as plant materials. Fifty mg of freeze-dried of root and leaf were taken for assessing 1H-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) for metabolomic analysis. Tomato roots resulted in 16 metabolites, while in the leaf detected 15, including amino acid, sugar, and aromatic compounds. Both root and leaf showed the same metabolites that play an important role in nematode-resistant mechanism, these metabolites were α- and β-glucose, and caffeic acid. These compounds had the same concentration within the root and leaf. It is implied that the metabolites associated with defense mechanism of tomato plants against nematode not only expressed locally in the infected area but also produced by not infected tissues throughout the plant.

Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Pharmacological Investigation of Some 4-Methylphenylsulphamoyl Carboxylic Acid Analogs

Compounds bearing and amino acid moieties are considered the basis for sulfa drug development. The synthesis of 4-methylphenylsulphamoyl acids and the evaluation of their pharmacological activities are reported. The synthesis of these compounds was accomplished by the reaction of various acids and 4-methyl chloride in basic aqueous solution. Structures were confirmed by FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR spectra and elemental analytical data. Molecular docking interactions of the analogues were determined using PyRx. In the in antimicrobial activity analysis, compounds 1, 3, 5and 7 had antimicrobial inhibitory concentration range of 0.5-1.0mg/ml comparable with 0.1-2.0mg/ml of and . In the in anti-oxidant activity study compounds 1, 2and 6displayed half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 1.104±0.001 /ml, 1.159±0.002µg/ml and1.240±0.001µg/ml respectively comparable with 0.999±0.002µg/ml of acid. In the molecular docking study, compound 4 had a strong 2D binding interaction with II amino acid residue and compounds 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 had in antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, and antimalarial properties similar to their standard drugs. Considering the outstanding pharmacological properties and their strict compliance with Lipinski’s rule, the synthesized 4-methylphenylsulphamoyl analogues could be considered as antimicrobial, antimalarial, and anti-oxidant drug candidates.

Non-targeted metabolomics of quinoa seed filling period based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), an herb belonging to the amaranth family, is rich in minerals, amino acids, vitamins, proteins, and flavonoids. Its grain, compared with other major grains, has unique nutritional value with tremendous applications. This study used four independently bred high-generation lines (seed colors) of quinoa as materials to further understand the metabolic differences in the filling periods of quinoa varieties. Additionally, the non-targeted metabolome of quinoa seeds 35 and 42 days after flowering, respectively, were studied via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The two filling periods of yellow, white, black, and red quinoa grains resulted in significant differences in the metabolites, particularly in L-methionine, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, pyruvate, fumarate, and oxaloacetate. Soluble sugar, amino acid, and fatty acid contents in quinoa increased after 42 days of flowering. There were metabolic differences between the sugar phosphates (L-fucose, D-mannose-6-phosphate, xylulose-5-phosphate, sedoheptulose-7-phosphate), amino acid (alanine), and organic compounds (kynurenate, tryptamine, serotonin, bilirubin) among the four quinoa varieties. The relative difference in the metabolites was largest when the yellow quinoa grain was compared with the other quinoa varieties and smallest when the red and black varieties were compare. The results of this study provide a basis for the reproduction and identification of new quinoa varieties, as well as for screening potential quality control target genes by combining genomics and transcriptomics.