Ambroxol Research Articles

Clinical efficacy and effects on CRP levels of ambroxol in treatment of pulmonary infections

Objective To study the clinical efficacy and effects on CRP levels of ambroxol in treatment of pulmonary infections. Methods 68 patients with pulmonary infection were selected and divided into the observation group(n=34) and control group by using the random number table method(n=34). The observation group was treated with ammonia bromine atomization inhalation treatment, while the control group was treated with alpha chymotrypsin atomization inhalation therapy.The clinical effect and duration of symptoms and signs disappeared of the two groups were compared, and serum CRP level changes in the two groups before and after treatment were also compared. Results After treatment, the clinical total effective rate was 91.2% of the observation group.And the total effective rate was 70.6% in control group, the comparison between the two groups had statistically significant difference (χ2=4.316, P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the observation group patients symptoms disappear time(3.1±0.5)d, pulmonary symptoms disappear time(4.1±1.7)d, body temperature returned to normal time(4.1±1.6)d and hospital stay(8.4±2.8)d were significantly shortened, the differences were statistically significant (t=2.879, 2.918, 3.025, 3.972, all P<0.05). The serum CRP levels in patients of the observation group was (22.45±9.27)mg/L, which of the control group was (33.45±14.67)mg/L, both were significantly lower than before treatment, the difference was statistically significant (t=6.314, 5.126, all P<0.05). The lower degree of serum CRP level in the observation group was obviously better than tha in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (t=6.263, P<0.05). Conclusion The ambroxol can achieve significant clinical effect on treatment of pulmonary infections, which can significantly shorten the patient's symptoms and lung signs disappear time and length of hospital stay, etc.It can reduce the serum CRP level, and is worth popularization and application in clinic. Key words: Respiratory tract infections; C-reactive protein; Ambroxol

The curative effect of budesonide combined with mucosolvin and atrovent on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective To evaluated the clinical curative effect of budesonide combined with mucosolvin and atrovent on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Methods A total of 209 patients with AECOPD were selected and divided into two groups: control group (n=101, patients receiving atomized inhalation of 2 mg budesonide tid, 20 ug atrovent tid, with antibiotic drugs, avoiding drinking water) and observation group (n=108, patients treated with 30 mg mucosolvin iv drops tid additionally on the basis of the treatment in control group). Results The modified British medical research council (mMRC) and COPD evaluation test (CAT) score were lower in observation group than in control group〔(1.51±0.15) vs. (2.93±0.20), (16.80±1.31) vs. (27.14±1.61), t=5.757 and 5.876, both P=0.000〕. The sputum volume and carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) were lower in observation group than in control group〔(20.12±2.14) vs. (39.86±3.53), (47.34±2.13) vs. (65.36±2.59), t=5.9651 and 6.3507, both P=0.0000〕. Conclusions The treatment of budesonide combined with mucosolvin and atrovent has an obvious therapeutic effect in AECOPD patients, which can significantly improve the symptom of dyspnea and quality of life, and it has a good security. Key words: Pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive; Ambroxol; Ipratropium; Budesonide

Clinical curative effect of ipratropium bromide in combination with ambroxol hydrochoride on ventilator-associated pneumonia in elderly patients

Objective To investigate the clinical curative effect of ipratropium bromide in combination with ambroxol hydrochloride (mucosolvan) on ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in elderly patients. Methods From Jan 2013 to Nov 2014, a total of 46 elderly patients with VAP in our hospital were treated with ipratropium bromide 0.5 mg diluted in 5 ml saline by inhalation with ventilator, and mucosolvan 30 mg by intravenous injection, 3 times/d (treatment group, n=23), and treated with ipratropium bromide 0.5 mg diluted in 5 ml saline by inhalation with ventilator, 3 times/d (control group, n=23). Total clinical effective rate, ventilating time, number of sputum suction by fibre bronchoscope and white cell count were compared between the two groups. Results The total clinical effective rate was higher in treatment group than in the control group〔91% (21/23) vs. 74% (17/23), χ2=11.310, P=0.002〕. The indicators of ventilating time, number of sputum suction by fibre bronchoscope and white cell count were improved in treatment group as compared with control group〔(8.2±1.5) d vs. (13.7±3.1) d, (3.5±0.3) vs. (6.7±1.2), (9.5±2.3) ×109/L vs. (14.2±2.7)×109/L, t=17.510, 2.750, 3.810, respectively, P=0.000, 0.001, 0.001〕. Conclusions Compared with single-drug treatment, ipratropium bromide in combination with ambroxol hydrochloride (mucosolvan) could improve airway humidification, promote cilium to clean secreta, shorten the ventilating time and increase the curative rate of VAP in elderly patients. Key words: Pneumonia, ventilator-associated; Ambroxol

Application and effect of aerosol inhalation of isoprenaline on neonates with mechanical ventilation after air tube drawing

Objective To explore the effect of aerosol inhalation of isoprenaline on neonates with mechanical ventilation after air tube drawing. Methods Ninety neonates with mechanical ventilation were randomized into observation group and control groups, each group comprised 45 cases respectively. After air tube drawing, in the control group, all the patients were treated with oxygen inhalation and anti-infection treatment, aerosol inhalation of ambroxol(30 mg)and dexamethasone(5 mg), based on the control group,observation group was added isoprenaline (0.25 mg)during inhalation each time, the improvement of breathing and local symptoms were observed. Results (1)Three-concave sign relieving time, laryngeal edema disappearing time and sputum vanishing time in the observation group〔(1.3±0.3)d,(2.1±0.6)d,(2.9±0.6)d,(4.2±0.9)d respectively〕were all less than those in the control group〔(1.9±0.4)d,(2.8±0.5)d,(3.7±0.5)d,(5.1±1.2)d respectively〕;success rate of removing mechanical ventilator in observational group(96.7%)was higher than that in the control group.(2)Airway injury rate in observation group(2.2%)was less than the control group(13.3%).(3)BP elevation and reflecting HR dropping were rarely seen in observational group. Conclusions Aerosol inhalation of isoprenaline allied with ambroxol& dexamethasone can obviously alleviate laryngeal edema and improve respiratory function, and increase success rate of removing rate of mechanical ventilator; meanwhile, facilitate nursing works. Key words: Tracheal intubation; Isoprenaline; Aerosol inhalation; Laryngeal edema; Nursing

The effect of integrated expectorant treatment in home care in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in remission

Objective To explore the effect of integrated expectorant treatment in home care in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)patients in remission. Methods 120 cases of COPD patients in the hospital were divided into the observation group and control group discharged from hospital. Patients in the control group were given the Mucosolvan sheets and the compound Xianzhuli expectorant treatment, in the observation group were treated with ultrasonic atomizing inhalation of ambroxol hydrochloride injection plusthe compound Xianzhuli expectorant treatment.1 year later, patients in the two groups were evaluated. Results Symptoms assessment: there were 34(57.0%)cases in control group and 47(78.3%)cases in observation group of m MRC grade 0~ 1, rate of control group was higher than that of observation group, there was significant difference between two groups(P = 0.01). Lung function assessment: there were 39 cases(65.0%)in control group and 46 cases(77.7%)in the observation group of GOLD1~ 2, there was no significant difference between the control group and observation group(P= 0.16). There were 15 cases(25.0%)in the control group and 28 cases(46.7%)in the observation of the number of assessment each year with acute exacerbation≤1, there was significant difference(P= 0.01)and the rate of the observed group was higher than that of the control group. Complications assessment:there was no dead patient in the two groups within 1 year.The incidence of metabolic syndrome, anxiety and depression in the observation group were significantly lower than those of control group(P= 0.02, P= 0.03). Comprehensive assessment: there were 11 cases(18.3%)in control group and 21 cases(35.0%)in observation group in group A(P= 0.04), the rate of the control group was significantly lower than that of the observation group. there were 25 cases(18.3%)in control group and 11 cases(35.0%)in observation group in group D(P= 0.01), the rate of the control group was significantly higher than that of the observation group. Conclusions Ambroxol hydrochloride ultrasonic atomizing inhalation of combined oral the compound Xianzhuli phlegm treatment plays an exceptionally important role in the rehabilitation treatment of stable COPD, as soon as possible to promote the use. Key words: COPD; Ultrasonic atomizing inhalation; Remission

Incompatibility with vancomycin hydrochloride and ambroxol hydrochloride injection

Incompatibility with vancomycin hydrochloride and ambroxol hydrochloride injection

Clinical observation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with pulmonary heart disease by modified Dingchuan zhike decoction and ambroxol hydrochloride

Objective To study the clinical effects of Dingchuan zhike decoction with ambroxol hydrochloride on the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary heart disease. Methods According to the random number table, the patients were divided into the observation group(70 cases)and the control group(73 cases). The patients were treated with ambroxol hydrochloride and Dingchuan zhike decoction in the observation group; the control group had a treatment with ambroxol hydrochloride. The lung function, sputum fluid inflammatory cytokines and clinical symptoms were compared between the two groups. Results When the two groups received treatment for 7 days,VC and FEV1 in the observation group were(2.45±0.38)L and(1.51±0.24)L,those in the control group were (1.94±0.38)L,(1.01±0.21)L, the patients'lung functions:FVC,VC,PEF,FEV1,and MVV%were improved in the observation group than those in the control group(t=10.64,15.87,12.14,10.22,14.04,all P<0.05);After 14 days treatment,VC and FEV1 of patients in observation group were(2.83±0.35)L and(1.67±0.27)L,those in control group were(2.25±0.22)L,(1.21±0.23)L,the patients in the observation group were better than those in the control group on the lung functions:FVC,VC,PEF,FEV1,and MVV%(t=11.02,11.87,12.68,16.41,16.09,all P<0.05).The CRP of the observation group were(14.13±5.21)mg/L,(3.94±2.39)mg/L,after 7 and 14 days treatment respectively.And these in the control group were(20.99±9.77)mg/L,(9.94±8.22) mg/L.The PCT of the observation group were(0.31±0.24)μg/L,(0.27±0.09)μg/L. These in the control group were(0.51±0.21)μg/L,(0.31±0.18)μg/L. The levels of CRP and PCT on the observation group' patients were better than those on the control group'patients after 7 days treatment(t=16.75,22.05,all P< 0.05). When patients received 14 days therapy,the levels of CRP and PCT on the observation group'patients were better than those on the control group'patients(t=10.75,12.05,all P<0.05). The total effective rate was 86.30%in the control group and that of the observation group was 97.14%. The total effective in the observation group was better than that in the control group.(χ2=5.46,P<0.05). Conclusion The therapy of ambroxol hydrochloride with Dingchuan zhike decoction is better than therapy of ambroxol hydrochloride alone. Key words: Ambroxol; Dingchuan zhike decoction; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Pulmonary heart disease

Effect of ambroxol hydrochloride combined with phentolamine in adjuvant treatment of severe pneumonia in children

Objective To observe the effect of ambroxol hydrochloride combined with phentolamine in adjuvant treatment of severe pneumonia in children. Methods According to the digital table,93 children with severe pneumonia were selected and randomly divided into A group,B group and C group with 31 cases in each group. A group with conventional measures for treatment of severe pneumonia in children for treatment,B group based on treatment scheme of A group,with ambroxol hydrochloride injection intravenous infusion in group B, group C foundation treatment scheme,combined with phentolamine intravenous infusion.After 7d treatment in three groups were compared the clinical symptoms,signs and hospitalization days disappear, at the same time, the clinical effect between three groups of children and to observe the adverse reaction. Results In C group, the cooling time for(1.98±1.25)d,heart failure free period of(1.71±0.92)d,cough disappeared time of(2.90±1.08)d,rales disappearing for(6.22±1.13)d,the time of hospitalization for(6.42±1.57)d,were significantly lower than those of A group(t=4.55,4.72,4.38,4.59,5.12,all P<0.05)and B group(t=3.98,3.76,4.12,4.08,4.14,all P<0.05),B group of children with heart failure disappeared, antipyretic, cough disappeared,rales disappearing time was significantly lower than that in A group(t=3.97,4.01,3.88,3.56,all P<0.05);After treatment,in C group,the markedly effective rate was 41.94%,effective rate was 54.84%,total effective rate was 96.77%,which were significantly higher than those in A group and B group(χ2=10.33,5.165,all P<0.05);The three groups of children in the course of treatment were not serious adverse reactions. Conclusion Ambroxol hydrochloride injection combined with phentolamine injection can quickly control of children with severe pneumonia disease, improve the clinical efficacy in children with severe pneumonia,and less adverse reactions, which is worthy of popularization and application. Key words: Ambroxol hydrochloride injection; Phentolamine; Pneumonia

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF ABSORBANCE CORRECTION METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF LEVOCETIRIZINE AND AMBROXOL IN COMBINED TABLET DOSAGE FORM

A new, s imple, accurate and sensitive U V - Spectrophotometric absorbance correction method has been develop ed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Levocetirizine ( LEV ) and Ambroxol ( AMB ) in a combined tablet dosage form. Distill water was used as solvent. In this method, two wave lengths on Ambroxol curve were selected where it showed same absorbance, w hich were 261 nm and 303 nm. At 303 nm, Levocetirizine showed zero absorbance while at 261 nm it gave considerable absorbance. At 261 nm, both the drugs showed some absorbance . The absorbance of Levocetirizine was corrected at 261 nm. The method was found to be linear between the range of 4 - 28 μg/ml for Levocetirizine and Ambroxol . The mean percentage recovery was found in the range of 99.4 ± 1.11 % and 100 . 2 ± 1 % for Levocetirizine and Ambroxol respectively at three different levels of standard additions . The precision (intra - day, inter day) of method were found within limits (RSD < 2 %). The met h od was validated according to ICH guidelines. Thus the proposed method was simple, precise, economic, rapid and accurate and can be successfully applied for simultaneous determination of Levocetirizin e and Ambroxol in combined tablet dosage form.

The comparison of curative effect of aerosol inhalation between asarone and ambroxol hydrochloride in pulmonary infection

Objective To compare the curative effect on pulmonary infection between asarone and mucosolvin. Methods 99 cases with pulmonary infection were randomly divided into A,B,C three groups with each group of 33 patients according to the order of admission. On the basis of conventional therapy, A group were received the ultrasonic nebulization therapy of asarone plus 0.9% sodium chloride injection, B group were received the ultrasonic nebulization therapy of mucosolvin plus 0.9% sodium chloride injection,C group was treated based on the control group received the ultrasonic nebulization therapy of chemotropism plus 0.9% sodium chloride injection treatment. The time of cough and anhelation turnaround, the time of body temperature returned to normal, the time of pulmonary rales disappearance and hospitalization time. The curative effects were judged at the end of treatment. Results After treatment, A group of cough, shortness of breath disappearance time, temperature returned to normal time, hospital stay, pulmonary rales disappearance time was(4.30±1.55)d,(2.93±0.89)d,(4.44±1.67)d,(5.66±1.72)d,respectively,in group B(4.34±1.83)d,(3.10±0.77)d,(4.52±1.58)d,(5.82±1.76)d,C group were(6.11±1.49)d,(3.98±1.01)d,(6.22±1.92)d,(7.52±1.56)d,A,B groups cough, shortness of breath disappear time, body temperature returned to normal, pulmonary rales disappeared time and hospital stay were not significantly different(all P> 0.05),A group of cough, shortness of breath disappearance time, body temperature returned to normal, pulmonary rales disappeared time, length of hospital stay were significantly shorter than group C(t= 4.836,4.481,4.018,4.601,all P< 0.05),B groups cough, shortness of breath disappear time,pulmonary rales disappeared time, length of hospital stay were significantly shorter than those of group C(t= 4.309,3.980,3.927,4.152,all P<0.05);A group and B group total efficiency of 90.9% and 87.8%,respectively, which were significantly higher than 69.7% group C (χ2= 26.753,24.685,P= 0.000),A group and B group total efficiency difference was not statistically significant (χ2= 1.128,P= 0.288). Conclusion Asarone and mucosolvan have the similar curative effect in the treatment of pulmonary infection. It should be combined with the specific situation of patients to choose drugs in clinical practice. Key words: Pulmonary infection; Asarone; Mucosolvan

Protective effect of ambroxol on perioperative inflammatory response and lung protection in elderly patients with myasthenia gravis

Objective To investigate the protective effects of ambroxol on lung during perioperation in elderly patients with myasthenia gravis. Methods 58 elderly patients diagnosed as myasthenia gravis combined with thymic disease were divided into treatment group and control group randomly. During the perioperation, the treatment group was treated with ambroxol, while the control group was not. Comparative analysis of pulmonary complications, pulmonary ventilation indexes, blood gas indexes, and serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-10 was performed. Results The incidence rate of postoperative pulmonary complications (pulmonary atelectasis, pneumonia and bronchitis) was significantly lower in the treatment group in the control group (9.4% vs.15.6%, P<0.05). Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) and resistance of air way (RAW) were lower in treatment group than in control group 〔(22.32±3.43) cmH2O vs. (26.54±4.81) cmH2O, (29.17±5.74) cmH2O·L-1·s-1vs. (34.47±7.94) cmH2O·L-1·s-1, both P<0.05〕, while compliance of lung (CL) was higher in treatment group than in control group 〔(106.04±14.73)ml/cmH2O vs. (95.11±9.50) ml/cmH2O, P<0.05〕. Two days after operation, PaO2, SaO2 and PaO2 /FiO2 were significantly higher in treatment group than in control group 〔(89.66±13.23) mmHg vs. (70.94±12.75) mmHg, (96.95±2.65)% vs. (89.44±2.78)%, (219.47±54.05)mmHg vs. (187.38±37.72) mmHg, respectively, all P<0.05〕. Serum concentration of CRP, TNF-α, IL-1β were lower and serum level of IL-10 was higher in treatment group than in control group 〔(29.37±14.87)mg/L vs. (43.94±21.42) mg/L, (35.55±4.74)μg/L vs. (52.80±6.63) μg/L, (17.06±6.85)μg/L vs. (28.62±7.72) μg/L〕, 〔(132.84±12.91)μg/L vs. (87.18±16.37)μg/L, respectively, all P<0.05〕. Conclusions Ambroxol hydrochloride can effectively reduce the incidence rate of postoperative pulmonary complications after thymectomy, improve the pulmonary ventilation function, and inhibit the inflammatory reaction in elderly patients with myasthenia gravis, which is worthy of wide application in the perioperation. Key words: Lung; Myasthenia gravis; Ambroxol; Inflammation

Eradication of biofilms formed by bacteria isolated from diabetic foot infections by potential antibiofilm agents alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin

This study was performed to investigate the resistance of biofilm forming bacteria isolated from diabetic foot infection to different antibiotics and the eradicating activity of some potential antibiofilm agents alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin. Imipenem was the most active against biofilms formed by all tested strains, while tetracycline was the least active. For biofilms of Gram-positive bacteria, azithromycin and imipenem were the most potent, while tetracycline and vancomycin showed the lowest activity. Similarly, imipenem showed the highest activity against biofilms of Gram-negative bacteria, while ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and cefoperazone were the least active. Potential antibiofilm agents exerted antibacterial and biofilm eradicating activities. Apple and grape vinegars showed the highest activities, followed by estradiol, ambroxol and piroxicam. Dexamethasone, manuka and citrus honeys were less active. Ambroxol showed the highest synergistic activity with ciprofloxacin, followed by dexamethasone, manuka honey, piroxicam, estradiol and grape vinegar, while apple vinegar and citrus honey showed intermediate activity. In conclusion, this study recommends the use of antibiofilm agents in combination with antibiotics to combat the resistance of biofilms to antibiotics. Key words: Diabetic foot infections, biofilm eradication, antibiofilm agents, ciprofloxacin, synergy.

Efficacy of ambroxol combined with penehyclidine hydrochloride for prevention of pulmonary complications after surgery due to acute abdomen in pediatric patients with upper respiratory tract infection

Objective To investigate the efficacy of ambroxol combined with penehyclidine hydrochloride for prevention of pulmonary complications after surgery due to acute abdomen in pediatric patients with upper respiratory tract infection.Methods Fifty pediatric patients with acute abdomen complicated with respiratory infection,of ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,aged 6 months-5 yr,were randomly divided into test group (group A) and control group (group B),with 25 cases in each group.Immediately after admission to the operating room,ambroxol 1 mg/kg and penehyclidine hydrochloride 0.02 mg/kg were injected intravenously in group A,and atropine 0.02 mg/kg was given in group B.Extubation time and development of laryngospasm,bronchospasm and hypoxemia were recorded.The patients were followed up for 72 h after surgery and the development of postoperative pulmonary complications was recorded.Results Compared with group B,the incidence of hypoxemia and pulmonary complications was significantly decreased,and extubation time was shortened in group A.Conclusion Ambroxol combined with penehyclidine hydrochloride can prevent pulmonary complications after surgery due to acute abdomen and is helpful for prognosis in pediatric patients with upper respiratory tract infection. Key words: Ambroxol ; Cholinergic antagonists ; Respiratory tract infections ; Postoperative complications; Abdomen, acute ; Child

Efficacy of ambroxol combined with imipenem on severe neonatal pneumonia

Objective To investigate the efficacy of ambroxol combined with imipenem on severe neonatal pneumonia .Methods 62 newborns with severe pneumonia were randomly divided into the two groups ,31 cases in the control group and 31 cases in the treatment group .Two groups of children were given warm ,conventional oxygen ,anti-biotics,and correction of the acid-base balance,and so on.The control group received intravenous imipenem on this basis,the treatment group was given ambroxol on the basis of the control group .The time of body temperature returned to normal,pulmonary rales disappeared time,the times of daily suction and treatment time were observed .Results The total effective rate of treatment group（93.5%） was significantly higher than the control group （83.9%）（P〈0.05）.The treatment time,time of temperature returned to normal ,pulmonary rales disappeared time and the times of daily suction of treatment group were significantly shorter than those of the control group （ t=8.12,7.99,7.63,7.21, P〈0.05）.Conclusion Ambroxol combined with imipenem can significantly shorten the duration of treatment ,time of body temperature returned to normal ,pulmonary rales disappeared time and the times of daily suctioning in patients with neonatal pneumonia ,ambroxol can enhance treatment effect of imipenem ,they have synergistic effect in the treat-ment of neonatal pneumonia ,,and have no significant adverse reactions ,which worthy of clinical use . Key words: Pneumonia; Ambroxol ; Imipenem ; Infant, newborn

Efficacy and safety of perioperative application of ambroxol in lobectomy for protecting pulmonary function

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of perioperative application of ambroxol in lobectomy for protecting pulmonary function,in order to provide reference for clinical treatment.Methods 684 patients who received lobectomy operation were selected ,they were randomly divided into the control group （358 cases） and therapy group（326 cases）.Patients of control group were treated with regular therapies ,while patients of therapy group were treated with ambroxol（10mg· kg-1· d-1）.Pulmonary function,SOD,PAF,SP-A,complications were compared between the two groups .Results Before treatment ,FVC and FEV1 between the two groups had no significant differ-ences（P〉0.05）;FVC and FEV1 in the two groups decreased after treatment ,but the control group decreased more significantly （t=5.993,P=0.017;t=5.493,P=0.021）;48h after the surgery,SOD,PAF,SP-A of therapy group were （1 259.23 ±320.43）μg/L,（11 521.38 ±2 193.43） mu/mL,（206.38 ±9.22） ng/L,which were better than those of the control group（t=8.329,P=0.001;t=4.394,P=0.025;t=6.943,P=0.008）.The incidence rate of complication in therapy group was 8.10%,which was significantly lower than 20.55% in the control group （χ2 =8.932,P=0.000）.Conclusion Ambroxol has better efficacy and safety in lobectomy perioperation for protecting pulmonary function ,and its anti-inflammatory performance is better . Key words: Ambroxol; Lobectomy; Pulmonary function ; Safety

Ambroxol in treatment of acute stoke-associated pneumonia

Objective To investigate the effect of ambroxol in the treatment of acute stoke-associated pneumonia.Methods 80 patients with acute stoke-associated pneumonia were divided into an observation group and a control group.All the patients receivied conventional treatment.In addition,the observation group were treated with ambroxol.The clinical effect,immune system function,and the incidence of complications were compared between the two groups.Results The clinical effect and the immune system function were better in the observation group than in the control group.There was no statistical difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups.Conclusions Ambroxol in the treatment of acute stoke-associated pneumonia is effective and can shorten the treatment time and improve the patients' immune system function. Key words: Ambroxol; Stoke; Pneumonia

Effects of antenatal dexamethasone and ambroxol on expression of surfactant protein-B mRNA and ;thyroid transcription factor-1 in pulmonary tissue of premature rats

To explore the effects and mechanism of dexamethasone and ambroxol on expression of surfactant protein （SP）-B mRNA and thyroid transcription factor （TTF）-1 in premature rat lung. Methods Sixteen pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups： two doses of dexamethasone （0.2 mg/kg injected intramuscularly on Day 17 and 18 of pregnancy respectively）;single dose of dexamethasone （0.2 mg/kg injected intramuscularly on Day 18 of pregnancy）;ambroxol group （100 mg/kg injected intraperitoneally on Day 16, 17 and 18 of pregnancy respectively）; and control group （normal saline injected intraperitoneally on Day 16, 17 and 18 of pregnancy respectively）. There were four pregnant rats in each group. All of the fetal rats were taken out on Day 19 of pregnancy as the preterm birth model, and 20 fetal rats from each group were randomly selected. The ratio of body weight to fetal lung weight of newborn rats was calculated. Changes in lung morphology were observed under light microscopy and the ratio of alveoli surface area to alveolar septae surface area was calculated. Expression of TTF-1 protein was determined by immunohistochemistry. Expression of SP-B mRNA was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. One-way analysis of variance, Student-Newman-Keuls method and Pearson correlation analysis were applied as statistical methods. Results （1） The ratio of body weight to fetal lung weight was （6.5±0.6）, （7.9±0.8）, （9.5±0.8） and （9.5±0.9） mg/g in two doses of dexamethasone group, one dose of dexamethasone group, ambroxol group and control group respectively （F=67.69,P〈0.01）. The ratio of two doses and one dose of dexamethasone group was lower than that of control group （q=17.143 and 9.143, all P〈0.01） and ambroxol group （q=17.143 and 9.143, all P〈0.01）. The ratio of two doses dexamethasone group was lower than that of one dose dexamethasone group （q=8.000, P〈0.01）. （2） The ratio of alveoli surface area to alveolar septae surface area was 2.19±0.15, 1.70±0.18, 1.67±0.13 and 1.08±0.12 in two doses of dexamethasone group, one dose of dexamethasone group, ambroxol group and control group respectively （F=190.85, P〈0.01）. The ratio of two doses of dexamethasone group, one dose of dexamethasone group and ambroxol group were higher than that of the control group （q=33.639, 18.788 and 17.879, all P〈0.01）. The ratio of two doses dexamethasone group was higher than that of one dose dexamethasone group （q=14.848, P〈0.01）. （3） Expression of TTF-1 protein was 0.311±0.018, 0.224±0.019, 0.196±0.013 and 0.191±0.018 in two doses of dexamethasone group, one dose of dexamethasone group, ambroxol group and control group respectively （F=211.69,P〈0.01）. TTF-1 protein expression of two doses and one dose of dexamethasone group were higher than that of control group （q=30.000 and 8.250, all P〈0.01） and ambroxol group （q=28.750 and 7.000, all P〈0.01）. TTF-1 protein expression of two doses dexamethasone group was higher than that of one dose dexamethasone group （q=21.750, P〈0.01）. （4） Expression of SP-B mRNA was 1.25±0.13, 1.15±0.12, 1.10±0.10 and 1.01±0.12 in two doses of dexamethasone group, one dose of dexamethasone group, ambroxol group and control group respectively （F=14.48, P〈0.01）. SP-B mRNA expression of two doses of dexamethasone group, one dose of dexamethasone group and ambroxol group were higher than that of control group （q=9.231, 5.385 and 3.462, all P〈0.01）. SP-B mRNA expression of two doses of dexamethasone group was higher than that of ambroxol group （q=5.769, P〈0.01） and one dose of dexamethasone group （q=3.846, P〈0.01）. （5）TTF-1 expression in two doses of dexamethasone group, one dose of dexamethasone group and control groups was positively correlated with SP-B mRNA expression （r=0.512, 0.597 and 0.449, respectively, all P〈0.05）. Conclusions Ambroxol can accelerate the maturation of fetal lung with minimal adverse effects on fetal lung weight. Ambroxol might be an alternative to dexamethasone to prevent neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Key words: Dexamethasone; Ambroxol; Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B; Nuclear proteins; Transcription factors; Infant,premature

The clinical research of refractory atelectasis treaed with high dosage ambroxol

Objective To explore the clinical effect of refractory atelectasis treated with high dose ambroxol.Methods 112 patients with refractory atelectasis were selected as research subjects.All the patients were divided into two groups with each group 56 patients according to admission order.The control group received symptom treatment,physics treatment and routine dosage ambroxol,while the observation group received high dose ambroxol.The clinical effect and safe between two groups were compared.Results The excellence rate and total effective rate of the observation group were 71.43％ (40/56) and 100.00％ (56/56),respectively,which were higher than 51.79％ (29/56) and 83.93％ (47/56) of the control group (x2 =4.57,9.79,all P ＜ 0.05).There were no statistical difference on the total adverse effect incidence rates between the two groups(x2 =0.15,P ＞0.05).No other sever adverse effects happened in both groups.Conclusion Compared with routine dosage ambroxol,the clinical effect of refractory atelectasis treated with high dose ambroxol was better.The treatment was also safe.It was worth generalizing on the treatment of refractory atelectasis. Key words: Atelectasis ; Ambroxol

Observation of the effect of pulmonary surfactant-associated proteins combined with ambroxol in the treat-ment of 180 children with congenital alveolar dysplasia neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Objective To observe the effect of pulmonary surfactant-associated proteins （ Kelisu） combined with ambroxol in the treatment of 180 congenital alveolar dysplasia children with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome （ NRDS） .Methods According to random number table ,180 congenital alveolar dysplasia children with NRDS were randomly divided into the observation group and control group , 90 cases in each group .In addition to conventional therapy,the control group was given ambroxol hydrochloride treatment ,the observation group was given Kelisu on thebasis of treatment of the control group.The treatment effect was compared between the two groups .Results Comparedwith the control group,after treatment the values of PaO2 and pH were significantly increased,PaCO2 significantly decreasedin the observation group（t =5.91,13.16,29.89,2.98,5.11,8.13,all P 〈0.05）.The duration of mechanicalventilation,length of hospital stay were （45.30 ±5.35）h,（10.01 ±2.24）d in the observation group,respectively,which were significantly better than[（68.27 ±6.13）h,（17.24 ±2.39）d]in the control group（t =26.78,20.94,all P 〈0.05）.Conclusion Kelisu combined with hydrochloride ambroxol can significantly improve hypoxia symp -toms in NRDS children,reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation and length of hospital stay ,improve the prognosis. Key words: Respiratory distress syndrome,newborn; Pulmonary surfactant-associated proteins; Ambroxol

EMA starts review of ambroxol and bromhexine

EMA starts review of ambroxol and bromhexine