Ambient Temperature Conditions Research Articles

Postharvest Impact of Different Sugar Levels on Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus undatus) Candy

The Present experiment entitled “Postharvest Impact of Different sugar levels on Dragon fruit Candy” was conducted during year 2022 at the Post Harvest Laboratory in Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology & Sciences, Prayagraj. The objective of this research work was to analyze the proximate composition of dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) and to standardize the process for Dragon fruit candy. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design (CRD) with eight treatments replicated thrice. The dragon fruit candy was made by using gelatin powder, citric acid. The treatment T6 (Dragon fruit +80% sugar) was found to be best during organoleptic quality and physico-chemical parameters like TSS (°Brix), pH, acidity (%), ascorbic acid (mg/100g), Texture Profile Analysis (TPS), reducing sugar(%), non-reducing sugar(%), total sugar(%). The prepared candies from dragon fruit were stored at ambient temperature (30°C) conditions up to 90 days. During storage study of candy TSS, titrable acidity, reducing sugar, non- reducing sugar and total sugar were increased whereas moisture content, pH, and organoleptic quality was slightly decreased. In cost-benefit ratio, all the treatments were profitable whereas highest cost benefit ratio 1:2 in T1 (Dragon fruit + 55% sugar) followed by 1:1.99 T2 (Dragon fruit + 60% sugar) and minimum 1: 1.93 in T8 (Dragon fruit + 90% sugar).

The Quality Characteristics of Dried Arils (Anardana) Prepared From Wild Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) Stored at Ambient Temperature Conditions

Wild pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum L.) widely distributed in northern India is processed into a value added dried product namely anardana. During fruiting season fruits are available in bulk and traditional sun drying process is completely weather dependent which might lead to holding period before drying. Studies were carried out for the preparation of anardana at different intervals viz. 10, 20, 30 days from stored fruits at ambient temperature conditions (18-24oC). Physico-chemical, namely TSS, sugars and anthocyanins and sensory parameters of anardana increased significantly with the advancement of storage period. However, ascorbic acid and total phenols decreased with the storage period. After 20th day of storage of fruits, the various quality characteristics of anardana increased slightly, whereas, the acid content decreased slightly after 10th day of storage of fruits with faster decreasing rate after 20th day of storage. The best quality anardana in terms of quality characteristics can be prepared from the fruits stored up to 20 days period. Bangladesh J. Bot. 52(2): 411-418, 2023 (June)

Effects of cationic and anionic surfactants on the stability, rheology and proppant suspension of nanoparticle-stabilized fracturing foams at elevated temperature

Much attention has been paid to applying liquid foams in hydraulic fracturing in the past few years due to their significant benefits, including minimal formation damage. In the current literature, the combination of anionic surfactants and nanoparticles (NP) has been thoroughly studied to improve foam-based fracturing fluids' thermal stability and viscosity. However, very little research has focused on the synergy between cationic surfactants and NP, which results in a limited understanding of the effects of this mixture on enhancing the properties of fracturing foams, especially at reservoir temperature. This paper investigates and compares the synergy between cationic/anionic surfactant and silica nanoparticles (SNP) in improving the fracturing foams' stability, rheology and proppant-carrying capacity under ambient and elevated temperature conditions. The experiments involved foamability, bulk static stability, viscosity measurement and proppant settling tests at fixed NP concentration and varied surfactant concentrations. The results showed that the foams' properties were gradually enhanced with increasing surfactant concentration until reaching a peak at around 0.05–0.1 wt%. At ambient and elevated temperatures, the foams stabilized by SNP and cationic hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant had higher half-life, apparent viscosity, and better proppant-carrying ability than those stabilized by SNP and anionic sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) surfactant. The properties of CTAB/SNP foams were found most outstanding at medium CTAB concentration; however, they declined dramatically at very low or very high surfactant concentration. This study enhances our understanding of the influences of surfactant type and concentration on the stability, rheology and proppant suspension behaviour of nanoparticle-stabilized foams, which directly contributes to developing an effective foam system for high-temperature fracturing application.

A Snowfall Detection Algorithm for Fengyun-3D Microwave Sounders with Differentiated Atmospheric Temperature Conditions

Precipitation in different phases has varying effects on runoff. However, monitoring surface snowfall poses a significant challenge, highlighting the importance of developing a snowfall detection algorithm. The objective of this study is develop a snowfall detection algorithm for the Microwave Temperature Sounder-2 (MWTS-II) and the Microwave Humidity Sounder-2 (MWHS-II) onboard the FY-3D satellite while considering the differentiated atmosphere temperature conditions. The results show that: (1) The brightness temperature (TB) of MWTS Channel 3 is well-suited for pre-classifying atmospheric temperatures, and significant differences in TB distribution exist between the two pre-classification subsets. (2) Among six machine classifiers examined, the random forest classifier exhibits favorable classification performance on both the validation set (accuracy: 0.76, recall: 0.76, F1 score: 0.75) and test set (accuracy: 0.80, recall: 0.44, F1 score: 0.44). (3) The application of the snowfall detection algorithm showcases a reasonable spatial distribution and outperforms the IMERG and ERA5 snowfall data.

Integrating Smart Energy Management System with Internet of Things and Cloud Computing for Efficient Demand Side Management in Smart Grids

The increasing price of and demand for energy have prompted several organizations to develop intelligent strategies for energy tracking, control, and conservation. Demand side management is a critical strategy for averting substantial supply disruptions and improving energy efficiency. A vital part of demand side management is a smart energy management system that can aid in cutting expenditures while still satisfying energy needs; produce customers’ energy consumption patterns; and react to energy-saving algorithms and directives. The Internet of Things is an emerging technology that can be employed to effectively manage energy usage in industrial, commercial, and residential sectors in the smart environment. This paper presents a smart energy management system for smart environments that integrates the Energy Controller and IoT middleware module for efficient demand side management. Each device is connected to an energy controller, which is the inculcation of numerous sensors and actuators with an IoT object, collects the data of energy consumption from each smart device through various time-slots that are designed to optimize the energy consumption of air conditioning systems based on ambient temperature conditions and operational dynamics of buildings and then communicate it to a centralized middleware module (cloud server) for management, processing, and further analysis. Since air conditioning systems contribute more than 50% of the electricity consumption in Pakistan, for validation of the proposed system, the air conditioning units have been taken as a proof of concept. The presented approach offers several advantages over traditional controllers by leveraging real-time monitoring, advanced algorithms, and user-friendly interfaces. The evaluation process involves comparing electricity consumption before and after the installation of the SEMS. The proposed system is tested and implemented in four buildings. The results demonstrate significant energy savings ranging from 15% to 49% and highlight the significant benefits of the system. The smart energy management system offers real-time monitoring, better control over the air conditioning systems, cost savings, environmental benefits, and longer equipment life. The ultimate goal is to provide a practical solution for reducing energy consumption in buildings, which can contribute to sustainable and efficient use of energy resources and goes beyond simpler controllers to address the specific needs of energy management in buildings.

Low-coordinated platinum material for hydrogenation of m-dinitrobenzene to m-phenylenediamine

Catalytic hydrogenation of aromatic nitro-compounds to corresponding aromatic amines is an environmental-friendly transformation for the production of dyes and pigments in industrial. Herein, an efficient low-coordinated Pt derived from Ni-Pt alloy archored on silica has been fabricated via dealloying process. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis confirmed an equivalent metal particle size to the reference dense Pt. Additionally, the characterizations revealed that the generation of unsaturated coordination in the resultant material leads to enhanced active surface area, increased fraction of low-coordinated and electron-enriched Pt. The as-prepared low-coordinated Pt catalyst was applied for liquid-phase m-dinitrobenzene (m-DNB) hydrogenation. Under the reaction conditions of ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure and m-DNB/Pt molar ratio of 140, both the m-DNB conversion and the selectivity to m-phenylenediamine (m-PDA) reached 99% within 2 h, superior to those observed over the reference dense Pt and the reported Pt-based catalysts. The enhanced catalytic properties were attributed to the promotional effect of unsaturated coordinated structure, which provided more Pt active sites with low coordination number and high electron density. This study demonstrates the importance of unsaturated coordination in metallic catalysts and establishes a powerful protocol for the design of an effective metal catalyst for the hydrogenation of a range of nitroaromatic compounds.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Thermal Performance of an Air-Cooled Battery Module Under High Ambient Temperature Conditions

Abstract Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are widely used in electric vehicles due to their high energy and power density. The operating temperature has a significant impact on the thermal performance and longevity of LiBs. The thermal performance of an air-cooled battery module containing 16 (4S4P) high-energy density LiBs has been investigated through a series of experiments and numerical simulations. At varying transverse and longitudinal cell spacing, airflow rates, ambient temperatures, and discharge C-rates, the thermal performance of a battery module with aligned battery cells was analyzed. For the thermal performance evaluation, the average temperature rise, temperature non-uniformity, and maximum temperature of the module’s battery cells are utilized. During discharge cycles, the rate of temperature increase is linear but becomes nonlinear at the end of the discharge cycle. In the current architecture of the battery module, a minimum space utilization ratio of 0.38 is necessary to limit maximum temperature and temperature non-uniformity to safe battery thermal management temperatures. The thermal performance was significantly affected by the airflow rate. Increasing airflow rate decreases temperature but increases pressure drop substantially. The maximum cell temperature is greatly affected by the inlet air temperature, increasing from 62.8 °C to 76.6 °C when the inlet air temperature is increased from 30 °C to 45 °C. At high ambient temperatures (over 40 °C), LiB temperatures exceed permissible limits, and air cooling alone is inadequate. This study examines the thermal performance of an air-cooled battery module working at high temperatures.

Investigation on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of 3D-Printed Polyamide 6, Graphene Oxide and Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Composites under Dry, Wet and High Temperature Conditions

This study is focused on 3D printing of polyamide 6 (PA6), PA6/graphene oxide (PA6/GO) and PA6/glass-fibre-reinforced (PA6/GF) composites. The effect of graphene oxide and glass-fibre reinforcement on 3D-printed PA6 is explored for improvement of the interfacial bond and interlaminar strength in ambient, wet and high temperature conditions relating to electric car battery box requirements. The influence of environmental conditions and process parameters on the 3D-printed polymer composites quality is also examined. Commercial PA6 filament was modified with GO to investigate the thermal and mechanical properties. The modified composites were melt-compounded using a twin-feed extruder to produce an improved 3D-printing filament. The improved filaments were then used to 3D-print test samples for tensile and compression mechanical testing using universal testing machines and thermal characterisation was performed following condition treatment in high temperature and water for correlation to dry/ambient samples. The study results show the studied materials were mostly suitable in dry/ambient conditions. PA6/GF samples demonstrated the highest strength of all three samples in ambient and high-temperature conditions, but the least strength in wet conditions due to osmotic pressure at the fibre/matrix interface that led to fibre breakage. The introduction of 0.1% GO improved the tensile strength by 33%, 11% and 23% in dry/ambient, dry/high temperature and wet/ambient conditions, respectively. The wet PA6/GO samples demonstrated the least strength in comparison to the ambient and high-temperature conditions. Notwithstanding this, PA6/GO exhibited the highest tensile strength in the wet condition, making it the most suitable for a high-strength, water-exposed engineering application.

0011 Daily verses circadian amplitude of the distal-proximal skin temperature gradient

Abstract Introduction Sleep, circadian rhythms, and thermoregulatory physiology are highly integrated and impact each other. The daily rhythm in the distal-proximal skin temperature gradient (DPG) is wider/more negative during wakefulness, and narrower/closer to zero during sleep. The circadian rhythm in the DPG is wider during the biological day and narrower during the biological night. Here we aimed to quantify and compare the amplitude of the daily rhythm in the DPG under wakefulness-sleep conditions versus the amplitude of the circadian rhythm in the DPG under sleep deprivation conditions to examine associations and magnitude differences. Methods Eleven [5 females] healthy adults [aged 27.6±10.2y, BMI 23.1±2.2 (mean±SD)] participated. After one week of at-home ambulatory monitoring with 8h per night sleep opportunities at habitual bedtimes, participants were studied in the laboratory for three days under controlled dim light (< 8 lux maximum) and ambient temperature conditions (22-24°C). Participants arrived in the afternoon, were kept awake 4h later than typical and scheduled to a 4h sleep opportunity. The next day, participants were sleep deprived for 28h followed by recovery sleep. Skin temperature was assessed every min with iButtons placed subclavicular (proximal skin temperature) and foot palmar (distal skin temperature). The DPG was calculated as difference between proximal and distal skin temperatures. A three-harmonic regression model was used to fit DPG data and derive daily and circadian rhythm amplitudes, and percent difference in amplitude was calculated. Pearson correlations were calculated between daily and circadian rhythm DPG amplitudes. Results DPG amplitude was significantly greater for daily versus circadian rhythm (p < 0.05). Percent difference analyses showed daily DPG rhythm was 57% larger than circadian DPG rhythm (SD 30%, range 22-134%). A significant correlation was found between daily and circadian rhythm DPG amplitudes (r = 0.71, p< 0.05). Conclusion The amplitudes of daily and circadian rhythms of the DPG are associated, but the daily rhythm amplitude is larger. Additional research is needed to compare the relative importance of daily versus circadian skin temperature amplitudes for sleep and circadian relevant outcomes. Support (if any) CurAegis Technologies Inc., Fundacio Joan Riera I Gubau, Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program University of Colorado Boulder

Protein-to-structure pipeline for ambient-temperature in situ crystallography at VMXi.

The utility of X-ray crystal structures determined under ambient-temperature conditions is becoming increasingly recognized. Such experiments can allow protein dynamics to be characterized and are particularly well suited to challenging protein targets that may form fragile crystals that are difficult to cryo-cool. Room-temperature data collection also enables time-resolved experiments. In contrast to the high-throughput highly automated pipelines for determination of structures at cryogenic temperatures widely available at synchrotron beamlines, room-temperature methodology is less mature. Here, the current status of the fully automated ambient-temperature beamline VMXi at Diamond Light Source is described, and a highly efficient pipeline from protein sample to final multi-crystal data analysis and structure determination is shown. The capability of the pipeline is illustrated using a range of user case studies representing different challenges, and from high and lower symmetry space groups and varied crystal sizes. It is also demonstrated that very rapid structure determination from crystals in situ within crystallization plates is now routine with minimal user intervention.

Effects of environmental temperature on the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries during charging process

Lithium-ion batteries with relatively narrow operating temperature range have provoked concerns regarding the safety of LIBs. In this work, a series of experiments were conducted to explore the thermal runaway (TR) behaviors of charging batteries in a high/low temperature test chamber. The effects of charging rates (0.5 C, 1 C, 2 C, and 3 C), and ambient temperature (2 °C, 32 °C and 56 °C) are comprehensively investigated.The results indicate that the cell exhibited greater thermal hazard at the high charging rate and ambient temperature conditions. As the charging rate increased from 0.5 C to 3 C, more lithium intercalated in the anode prompt the TR triggered in advance, the TR onset temperature decreased from 297.5 °C to 264.7 °C. In addition, the charging time decreased with the elevated ambient temperature, resulting in a relatively higher TR onset temperature and lower maximum temperature, and the average TR critical time declined by 115–143 s. Finally, the TR required less heat accumulation with increasing of charging rate and ambient temperature, and the heat generation of side reaction played a substantial role that accounted for approximately 54%∼63%. These results provide an insight into the charging cell thermal runaway behaviors in complex operation environments and deliver valuable guidance for improving the safety of cell operation.

Experimental Investigation and Flexural behavior of Reinforced Geo polymer Concrete Beam by RCA

This research report presents the study on material characteristics of GPC by using natural aggregate and Recycled Coarse Aggregate. Experiments were conducted on the effect of variation of alkaline solution and different molarities on the mechanical properties of GPC. The alkaline liquid used for the present study was sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solution with varying ratios of 2, 2.5 and 3. The molarities chosen for the sodiumhydroxidesolutionwere8M, 10Mand14M.Thetestspecimenswere150mmsizecubesand100x200mmcylindersheat-cured at 60 Cinanoven. The compressive strength was about 18to39 MP a and split tensile strength was in the range of3to3.8MParespectively.In this investigation on GPC using RCA, a total of 9 mixes were cast and tested, out of which three were conventional concrete mixes and six GPC mixes having varying combinations of fly ash, GGBS and RCA. The test specimens were 100mm size cubesand100x200mmcylinderscuredat90°Cinanovenfor18hours.Furthsize 150mm GPC cube specimens were cured at ambient temperature conditions. The studies showed that the compressive strength and spilt tensile strength of different mixes decreased with the increase in the percentage of recycled coarse aggregates.

Experimental performance evaluation of tracking photovoltaic system based on variable water flow rate with surface temperature

ABSTRACT A solar tracking system with an effective cooling technique is developed and implemented. Due to the solar radiation, high ambient temperature and dusty climate condition affected photovoltaic panel power production. A single east–west solar tracking system incorporating monocrystalline panel and a front surface spray water cooling system was conducted and compared to a fixed reference panel. The water flow rate is adjustable according to the set point temperature of the panel surface. The experiment was conducted during the summer season in north of Iraq (latitude 36.191° and longitude 44.009°). The study revealed that the implementation of the tracking system results in 4.19% increase in power production, while tracking with a cooling system has resulted in an improvement of up to 25.11% in Photovoltaic efficiency. The water consumption has been optimized, and the optimal cooling setting temperature was determined to be 40°C. Additionally, this model demonstrates that the performance of photovoltaic panel was decreased by only 0.2%–0.3%, when the surface temperature increased by 5°C within a range of 25–40°C.

MODELLING OF THE TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON (TPH) DEGRADATION DURING THE BIOREMEDIATION OF CRUDE OIL POLLUTED SOIL USING COW DUNG AND WIRE CROTONS

The contamination of soil due to activities involved in crude oil exploration and production, and oil spillage emanating from pipeline vandalization, sabotage, theft, corrosion of pipeline and the enterprises of artisanal refineries pose health and ecological problems. This is especially as crude oil contains chemical compounds which are grouped into the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), and known to be toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. Bioremediation is currently being explored as a cost effective and environmentally friendly methods of remediating the soil from this contaminant. Thus, the current work is aimed at developing a mathematical model for the bioremediation process. This was carried out while assuming that the process of degradation is a first order reaction, and the principle of the law of conservation of mass was applied. A linear model ( ) was developed relating the instantaneous concentration of TPH, initial concentration of TPH and time duration of the bioremediation. The model fitted well to the experimental data as shown by the result of the statistical analysis where the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed a p-value of 0.004 suggesting that the model is statistically significant. The p-values of the model variables such as time duration of the bioremediation was 0.004, this suggested that the variable is significant. The model can be used as a supporting tool in the management of the biodegradation of TPH to predict the degradation concentration of TPH during the bioremediation process at ambient condition of temperature and pressure using cow dung, wire croton and their combination as a carbon source. KEYWORDS: Bioremediation; cow dung; wire croton; degradation; Mathematical modelling

Survival of Salmonella spp. under varying temperature and soil conditions

Soils can serve as suitable reservoirs for or barriers against microbial contamination of water resources and plant produce. The magnitude of water or food contamination risks through soil depends on several factors, including the survival potential of microorganisms in the soil. This study assessed and compared the survival/persistence of 14 Salmonella spp. strains in loam and sandy soils at 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 37 °C and under uncontrolled ambient temperature conditions in Campinas Sao Paulo. The ambient temperature ranged from 6 °C (minimum) to 36 °C (maximum). Bacterial population densities were determined by the conventional culture method (plate counts) and monitored for 216 days. Statistical differences among the test parameters were determined by Analysis of Variance, while relationships between temperature and soil type were evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis.Similarly, relationships between time and temperature for survival of the various strains were evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis. Results obtained indicate that temperature and soil type influence the survival of Salmonella spp. in soils. All 14 strains survived for up to 216 days in the organic-rich loam soil under at least three of the temperature conditions evaluated. However, comparatively lower survival rates were recorded in sandy soil, especially at lower temperature. The optimum temperature for survival varied among the strains, where some survived best at 5 °C and others between 30 and 37 °C. Under uncontrolled temperature conditions, the Salmonella strains survived better in loam than in sandy soils. Bacterial growth over post inoculation storage period was overall more impressive in loam soil. In general, the results indicate that temperature and soil type can interact to influence the survival of Salmonella spp. strains in soil. For the survival of some strains, there were significant correlations between soil type and temperature, while for some others, no significant relationship between soil and temperature was determined. A similar trend was observed for the correlation between time and temperature.

Long-term warming-induced trophic downgrading in the soil microbial food web

Climatic warming has been hypothesized to accelerate organic matter decomposition by soil microorganisms and thereby enhance carbon (C) release to the atmosphere. However, the long-term consequences of soil warming on belowground biota interactions are poorly understood. Here we investigate how geothermal warming by 6 °C for more than 50 years affects soil microbiota. Using metatranscriptomics we obtained comprehensive profiles of the prokaryotic, eukaryotic and viral players of the soil microbial food web. When compared to ambient soil temperature conditions, we found pronounced differences in taxa abundances within and between trophic modules of the soil food web. Specifically, we observed a ‘trophic downgrading’ at elevated temperature, with soil fauna decreasing in abundance, while predatory bacteria and viruses became relatively more abundant. We propose that the drivers for this shift are previously observed decreases in microbial biomass and soil organic carbon, and the increase in soil bulk density (decrease in soil porosity) at elevated temperature. We conclude that a trophic downgrading may have important implications for soil carbon sequestration and nutrient dynamics in a warming world.

Influence of ceramic nanoparticles on fatigue life of Al 6061 prepared via ultrasonic aided rheo- squeeze casting process

ABSTRACT The fatigue behaviour of Al 6061 along with its ceramic nanoparticles reinforced cermets fabricated through ultrasonic-aided rheo-squeeze casting technique are evaluated. The fatigue behaviour was studied under ambient and elevated temperature (250°C) conditions, and the effect of notches was also examined under same stress conditions. Al 6061 indicated service life of ~1.15 million cycles at low stress value which dropped to 15,470 cycles with increase in stress magnitude. Al cermet (ALST) shwocased enhanced = fatigue life up to ~35% for hybrid cermet with highest service life of 1.71 million cycles due to load transfer mechanism. In elevated temperature condition, life of Al 6061 dropped by 37%, whereas the reinforced cermets remained higher with ALST revealing high service life cycles. Further, notch indicated drop in fatigue life of Al and its cermets with cermets prevailing better than Al. The elevated temperature notch represented the lowest fatigue life owing to stress concentration as well as the coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch.

Analisa Pemanfaatan Kompresor BOG K-6801 A/B pada Fasilitas LNG Hub

Boil Off Gas (BOG) is formed as a result of the evaporation of liquefied gas at atmospheric pressure as a result of the expansion of the cargo space such as a tank which can endanger the condition of the tank if it exceeds the pressure design on the tank. So, to maintain pressure in safe conditions, the BOG usually has to be burned and directed to the flare. In another word, the factory has been wasting clean gas for free. So there is a better option to use a compressor for fuel-to-plant operation. Compressor K-6801 is a centrifugal type compressor with a single casing multi-stage compressor, with a prime mover or drive in the form of an electric motor. The BOG compressor functions to compress/drain the evaporation gases (Boil Off Gas) from the LNG tank to the PLTMG and the fuel system, while the excess output from the compressor BOG will be flowed to the booster compressor to flow along with the output from the ORV to the ARBEL (Arun-Belawan) gas network. The output BOG from the LNG tank will enter the compressor suction with a temperature of -145.5 °C and a pressure of 0.00054 kg/cm2G, where it will then come out of the discharge of the BOG compressor with ambient temperature conditions of 51.6 °C and a pressure of 15.4 kg/cm2G. After manual calculations, there was a decrease in efficiency by 13% from 98% of the design data to 85%, and a decrease in efficiency through Hysys by 21% to 77%.

Impact of composition and aeration on the migration of TAGs in sandwich type confectionery products

A sandwich type confectionery product is made with a soft filling and a chocolate coating. The fats used for these two parts are generally different to provide specific organoleptic sensations. Thus, their compositions, in terms of the triacylglycerols (TAGs) profile, are different. Depending on the ambient temperature conditions, the chemical potential gradient at the interface for TAGs, and the microstructures in the bulk of two parts, the migration of TAGs is influenced. We have studied the impact of different filling recipes on the migration of specific TAGs from the filling to the coating and vice versa with a newly developed tool, referred to as lipstick method. Also, the influence of the micro-aeration of the filling on the transfer process is evaluated. Furthermore, Fick’s law of diffusion-based model is developed. The migration of TAGs as predicted by the model is compared to the experimental measurements, and limitations of the model are discussed. This approach can be used to tune the recipes of coating and filling to enhance the shelf-life stability of such products while delivering on specific liking attributes of taste.

Experimental and Simulation Research on Heat Pipe Thermal Management System Coupled with Battery Thermo-Electric Model

The lithium-ion battery is widely used in the power system of pure electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles due to its high energy density. However, the chemical and electrochemical reactions generate a lot of heat. If the heat is not transferred through some refrigeration methods in time, it will lead to a rapid rise in the temperature of the battery. In this paper, an electric–thermal coupling model of a cylindrical Panasonic 21700 battery was proposed by using offline parameter identification method. Based on this model, a battery thermal management system using a heat pipe was established. The experimental results show that the model can simulate the actual performance of battery well. When the ambient temperature is 25 °C, the battery parameters change little and battery performance is better. The heat pipe battery thermal management system performs better than the non-heat pipe battery system in the discharge process, and can control the battery temperature well at low and high temperatures. Changing the refrigerant temperature can achieve a better thermal management effect under suitable ambient temperature conditions.