Amberlite LA-2 Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Amberlite LA-2 Functionalized with Benzoyl Thiourea as a Capping Agent

Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Amberlite LA-2 Functionalized with Benzoyl Thiourea as a Capping Agent

Selective pertraction of dicarboxylic acids from simulated Rhizopus oryzae fermentation broths

Fumaric, malic and succinic acids have been selectively separated by facilitated pertraction with Amberlite LA-2, using n-heptane as liquid membrane. The feed phase consisted on viscous aqueous solution with similar mixture of carboxylic acids and viscosity as those of Rhizopus oryzae fermentation broth. Due to the differences between the acidities and molecule size of these acids, it is possible to selectively recover fumaric acid from the initial solution. The pH-gradient between the feed and stripping phases, as well as carrier concentration in the liquid membrane represent the main process parameters influencing the pertraction selectivity. Among them, Amberlite LA-2 concentration exhibits the most important control on the selectivity factor S, the maximum value of S being reached for carrier concentration of 30 g/l. The increase of feed phase viscosity amplified the magnitude of these influences on pertraction selectivity, due to the hindrance of acids diffusion towards the region where their reaction with Amberlite LA-2 occurs, effect more important for malic acid. Therefore, by modifying the viscosity from 1 to 24 cP, the maximum value of selectivity factor was increased from 12 to 18.8.

Congo Red Removal From Aqueous Solutions by Ion ExchangerAmberliteLA-2

Amberlite LA-2 was used as an ion exchanger to remove Congo red dye from aqueous solution. The effect of the initial concentration of dye and the initial concentration of Amberlite LA-2 on the efficiency of dye removal from the aqueous phase to the organic phase at different contact times, temperatures and pH values was studied. this research aims to study the potential of using Amberlite LA-2 as an extracting material for Congo red dye removal. UV-visible Spectrophotometer were used to assay the dye concentration in the aqueous solution before and after removal. Distribution coefficients (KD), loading capacity (Z), and extraction efficiency (E%) were computed using experimental data. The maximum extraction efficiency of 99.69 % was obtained with a loading capacity of 384.366 mol/kg. The obtained results also indicated that the removal of dye increases with the increase in the concentration of Amberlite LA-2. The best removal was obtained in a neutral medium (pH = 7), a temperature of 20 oC. A mechanism of extraction by Amberlite LA-2 was also proposed.

On the Use of Pseudo-Protic Ionic Liquids to Extract Gold(III) from HCl Solutions.

Solvent extraction of gold(III) from HCl media using pseudo-protic ionic liquids (PPILs) dissolved in toluene as the extractant phase is investigated. Three PPILs are generated from the reaction of commercially available amines and 1 M HCl solution and named as pri-NH2H+Cl- (derived from the primary amine Primene 81R), sec-NHH+Cl- (derived from the secondary amine Amberlite LA2) and ter-NH+Cl- (derived from the tertiary amine Hostarex A327). In the above structures, -NH2H+Cl-, -NHH+Cl- and -NH+Cl- represented the active groups (anion exchangers) of the respective PPIL. In the case of gold(III) extraction, the experimental variables investigated included the equilibration time (2.5-30 min), temperature (20-60 °C), HCl concentrations (1-10 M) in the aqueous phase, gold(III) concentration (0.005-0.05 g/L) in this same phase, and PPILs concentrations in the organic phase. From the experimental data, and using the Specific Interaction Theory, the interaction coefficients (ε) for the pair AuCl4-, H+ are estimated for the systems involving the three PPILs. Gold(III) is recovered from the metal-loaded organic phases using sodium thiocyanate solutions, and from these, gold is finally recovered by the precipitation of zero-valent gold (ZVG) nanoparticles.

Gallic Acid Reactive Extraction with and without 1-Octanol as Phase Modifier: Experimental and Modeling

Gallic acid (GA) is a naturally occurring phenolic acid that can be found in the leaves, roots, flowers, or stems of a wide variety of plant species. It has a broad range of uses in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The objective of this research is to investigate the GA reactive extraction process employing dichloromethane and n-heptane as solvents, 1-octanol as a phase-modifier, and Amberlite LA-2 as an amine extractant dissolved in the organic phase. The separation yield and distribution coefficient data were discussed, along with the analysis of the extraction conditions and the extraction mechanism. Dichloromethane employed as the solvent, 80 g/L Amberlite LA2 used as the extractant, and 10% phase modifier were determined to be the ideal conditions for the reactive extraction onto a biphasic organic-aqueous system. Statistical regression and artificial neural networks (ANNs) established with the differential evolution (DE) algorithm were also used to model and optimize the process.

Removal of Methyl Orange Dye from Aqueous Solutions using Amberlite LA-2 as an Extractant

The removal of methyl orange dye, MO, has been accomplished through the use of liquid-liquid extraction from aqueous solutions using Amberlite LA-2 as an extractant. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to determine the concentration of dye in an aqueous solution. The effect of pH was studied at a specific concentration of dye and Amberlite at contact time. The effect of the initial dye concentration (20-80 ppm), and Amberlite concentration (0.011-0.044 M) on the removal rates of the dye at different contact times (15- 60 min), and temperatures of 20-40 OC have been investigated. The experimental results of extraction were used to calculate the distribution coefficient (KD), loading capacity (Z), and extraction efficiency (E%). The removal of the dye decreases with the increase in the amount of Amberlite. Moreover, there was an increase in the E % with increasing temperature. The best pH was determined to be 5.5. The maximum extraction value of about (97.65%) was obtained.

Fractionation of dicarboxylic acids produced by Rhizopus oryzae using reactive extraction

Fumaric, malic, and succinic acids have been selectively separated from their mixture obtained by Rhizopus oryzae fermentation using reactive extraction with Amberlite LA-2 dissolved in three solvents with different dielectric constants (n-heptane, n-butyl acetate, and dichloromethane). This technique allows recovering preferentially fumaric acid from the mixture, the raffinate containing only malic and succinic acids. The extractant concentration and organic phase polarity control the efficiency and selectivity of acids extraction. The increase of aqueous phase viscosity reduces the extraction yield for all studied acids, but exhibits a positively effect on separation selectivity. By using Amberlite LA-2 concentration equal to that stoichiometrically required for interfacial reaction with fumaric acid and mixing intensity which does not allow higher diffusion rates for larger molecules (malic and succinic acids), the maximum value of fumaric acid extraction rate exceeds 90%, while the selectivity factor value becomes 20. Regardless of the extraction system, the complete separation of fumaric acid from their mixture is possible by multi-stage extraction process, adjusting the extractant concentration in each stage. At higher values of aqueous phase viscosity, more extraction stages are required, while the increase of solvent polarity reduce the required number of stages for total recovery of fumaric acid.

Intensification of formic acid from dilute aqueous solutions using menthol based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents

The fermentation of biomass and organic waste streams is the primary source of formic acid production. Formic acid is the hydrogen energy carrier and is used as a hydrogen storage medium in fuel cells. Sustainable production of formic acid makes the hydrogen-fuel cell entirely environmentally friendly and ensures the long-term storage of renewable energy. Therefore, green, economic, and sustainable production and recovery of formic acid are highly demanded. In this study, it was aimed to use a new generation, green, easily prepared, and designer hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) for the removal of formic acid via reactive extraction. HDESs obtained by preparing binary mixtures of nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid (HBD), and menthol (HBA) were used as diluents; tri-n-octylamine (TOA) and Amberlite LA-2 (Amb.LA-2) were acted as extractants. Experiments were performed to investigate the effect of extractant type and concentration, initial acid concentration, and volume of the organic phase on extraction. Experimental data were presented by calculating the extraction efficiency (E%), distribution coefficient (D), and loading factor (Z). Results demonstrated that the extraction efficiency remained between 10 and 13% when performing physical extraction using M-NA, M-DA, and M-DDA, while TOA was diluted with the same HDESs reached around 90% and with Amb.LA-2 85%. The highest distribution coefficient was obtained that the organic phase consisting of TOA and M-DDA mixture was used. The efficiency of utilized HDESs was in the following order: M-DDA ​> ​M-DA ​> ​M-NA.

SYNERGISTIC EXTRACTION OF SILVER FROM NITRIC ACID MEDIUM WITH DITHIZONE IN THE PRESENCE OF A SECONDARY AMINE- AMBERLITE LA-2 USING 110mAg-RADIOISOTOPE

Synergistic extraction of silver has been investigated in the presence of two different kinds of extractants, one of which is a chelating ligand, dithizone and the other is a long-chain secondary amine amberlite LA-2 at pH 3.0 using a radiotracer technique. The apparent formation constant, overall equilibrium constant and adduct formation constants were calculated from distribution coefficients. Interestingly, it was observed that the adduct formation constant is too high when the ligand concentration is increased by keeping the amine concentration fixed at 0.044 M compared to that obtained when the ligand concentration is kept fixed at 8.74×10-4 M.

Direct Extraction of Fumaric Acid from Rhizopus oryzae Suspensions-Interfacial Mass Transfer.

Experimental studies on the reactive extraction of fumaric acid with Amberlite LA-2 from Rhizopus oryzae suspensions using three solvents with different dielectric constants varying from 9.08 to 1.90 (dichloromethane, n-butyl acetate, and n-heptane, respectively) underlined the particular behavior of the extraction system in the presence of fungal biomass. The interfacial mass flow of the reaction product was found to be significantly affected by the biomass, due mainly to its adsorption onto the phase separation interface, this leading to the appearance of a physical barrier against the solute’s transfer. However, the magnitude of the adsorption phenomenon was found to depend on Rhizopus oryzae’s affinity for the solvent phase, which increased significantly from dichloromethane to n-heptane. The negative influence of the biomass on the interfacial mass transfer can be partially counteracted by adding 1-octanol into the organic phase, improving the solvent’s ability to solve the fumaric acid–Amberlite LA-2 complex and simplifying the reactive extraction mechanism, effects that were found to be more important for low-polar solvents. Consequently, for the same mixing intensity, the maximum amplification factor was reached for n-heptane, its value being almost 5–6 times higher than that obtained for dichloromethane and over 2 times higher than that obtained with n-butyl acetate.

Influence of solvent polarity on reactive extraction of fumaric acid with Amberlite LA-2 from viscous solutions

ABSTRACT Current studies on the reactive extraction of fumaric acid with Amberlite LA-2 from aqueous phases with different viscosities using three solvents highlighted the influences of rheological properties of the fermentation medium on the efficiency of the extraction system. The obtained results showed that increasing the viscosity of the aqueous phase influences both the efficiency of the reactive extraction and the magnitude of the diffusional and kinetic resistances. The negative effect of increasing the viscosity of fumaric acid solutions on the interfacial mass flow of the product resulting from the reaction between acid and extractant was described by the reduction factor. For dichloromethane, by increasing the speed from 200 to 1000 rpm, the R factor increases 1.05 times for 8 cP and 3.56 times for 64 cP, while for n-heptane R factor increases 1.11 times for 8 cP and 9 times for 64 cP. The positive effect of alcohol was quantified using the amplification factor, which reached maximum values for n-heptane, under similar experimental conditions. The influences of studied factors on interfacial mass flow of the complex formed by reaction of fumaric acid with amine extractant have been quantified by mathematical expressions, proposed for extraction system without and with 1-octanol.

Prediction of Succinic Acid Extraction Efficiency in the Emulsion Liquid Membrane by using Machine Learning Techniques

This research aims to predict succinic acid concentration in the external phase during the emulsion liquid membrane process by using artificial neural networks along with a popular alternative method: k-nearest neighbor technique. The solute concentration values can be predicted by the proposed method without performing a great number of emulsion liquid membrane experiments. Several computer simulations were performed to demonstrate the success of the system. Simulation results showed that the estimated solute concentration values are very close to the achieved experimental results. The optimal conditions for emulsion liquid membrane were found to be: solvent kerosene, TOPO concentration (1%w/w), Amberlite LA-2 concentration (4%w/w), surfactant concentration (5%w/w), Na2CO3 concentration (5%w/v), modifier (decanol) concentration (2%w/w), mixing speed 300 rpm. The average accuracy percentages achieved by artificial neural network and k-nearest neighbor approaches were 88.75and#177;1.94% and 90.2and#177;1.2%, respectively.

Prediction of Succinic Acid Extraction Efficiency in the Emulsion Liquid Membrane by using Machine Learning Techniques

This research aims to predict succinic acid concentration in the external phase during the emulsion liquid membrane process by using artificial neural networks along with a popular alternative method: k-nearest neighbor technique. The solute concentration values can be predicted by the proposed method without performing a great number of emulsion liquid membrane experiments. Several computer simulations were performed to demonstrate the success of the system. Simulation results showed that the estimated solute concentration values are very close to the achieved experimental results. The optimal conditions for emulsion liquid membrane were found to be: solvent kerosene, TOPO concentration (1%w/w), Amberlite LA-2 concentration (4%w/w), surfactant concentration (5%w/w), Na2CO3 concentration (5%w/v), modifier (decanol) concentration (2%w/w), mixing speed 300 rpm. The average accuracy percentages achieved by artificial neural network and k-nearest neighbor approaches were 88.75and#177;1.94% and 90.2and#177;1.2%, respectively.

Mechanism, influencing factors exploration and modelling on the reactive extraction of 2-ketogluconic acid in presence of a phase modifier

Taking into account that limited research has been carried out on the reactive extraction of 2-ketogluconic acid, this study was focused on analyzing the pH dependent extraction performance and the molar ratios of acid and extractant (Amberlite LA-2) dissolved in three solvents with 1-octanol as phase modifier. Back extraction was successfully performed using NaOH solutions. The mechanism of the interfacial reaction in the presence of 1-octanol, pointed out that, indifferent of the pH value and solvent polarity, only one molecule of 2-ketogluconic acid and one of extractant react at the interface. The positive effect of 1-octanol on extraction efficiency was quantified by means of the amplification factor, its maximum values being 2.43 for dichloromethane, 3.67 for butyl acetate and 3.64 for n-heptane. In addition, the process was modelled using statistical regression and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) determined with chaos based Differential Evolution algorithm. The best ANN model had a mean squared error for the testing phase of 0.19 and modeled the process with an acceptable error.

Development of vegetable oil-based emulsion liquid membrane for downstream processing of bio-succinic acid

Succinic acid has been recognized as a useful platform chemical that can be applied in various industries. The application of bio-based succinic acid is still limited due to high downstream processing cost. In this study, vegetable oil-based emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process is proposed to recover succinic acid from fermentation broth. The ELM system consists of three main liquid phases; external feed, membrane, and internal stripping. The liquid membrane phase was prepared by dissolving Amberlite LA2 and Span 80 in palm oil, while, the internal phase comprises of sodium carbonate solution, Na2CO3. The influence of feed, stripping agent and carrier concentration, treat ratio, as well as liquid membrane recycling on ELM performance were studied. The results showed 10g/L of initial concentration, 1.0M of Na2CO3, 0.7M of Amberlite LA2, and treat ratio of 1:5 is the best condition with almost 100% recovery and enrichment of 21 times. The recycled liquid membrane concentrates the succinic acid up to 12 times. Therefore, the proposed ELM is a potential technology to extract bio-succinic acid.

Parametric Analysis of Mandelic Acid Separation from Aqueous Solutions by Using Secondary Amine Mixture (Amberlite LA-2) in Various Diluents

Mandelic acid (MA) an α hydroxycarboxylic acid found in bitter almonds. It has gained importance in recent years, especially due to its use in the cosmetic industry. Separation processes of mandelic acid have a critical point in the production stages obtained the product form. In this study, extraction of mandelic acid from aqueous solutions was carried out using five different concentrations of Amberlite LA-2 (LA2) solution. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), 2-octanone, 1-octanol, n-pentane, octyl acetate, and toluene were used as diluents in the organic phase. The batch extraction results of mandelic acid were obtained for process design. The data were analyzed with respect to loading factor (Z), distribution coefficient (D), and extraction efficiency (E). In addition, the overall extraction constants, K11, K12, K13, and K23 have been determined for acid–amine complex. The maximum removal of mandelic acid in this study is 92.75% with MIBK and 0.57 mol·kg–1 initial concentration of...

Separation of fumaric acid by amine extraction without and with 1-octanol as phase modifier

The aim of the current experiments was to study the reactive extraction of fumaric acid using Amberlite LA-2 and to comparatively analyze the influences of the process parameters (pH-value of aqueous phase, extractant concentration, and organic phase polarity) on the separation performances for the extraction systems with and without 1-octanol. Also, original equations describing the influence of extractant concentration on distribution coefficient were proposed. The results indicated that the mechanism of the interfacial reaction between acid FA(COOH)2 and extractant (Q) is controlled by the organic phase polarity and the pH-value of aqueous phase plays an important role on extraction efficiency. Thus, the structure of the extracted complexes, in the absence of 1-octanol, are FA(COOH)2Q2 for n-heptane and FA(COOH)2Q for dichloromethane. The addition of 1-octanol modified only the structure of complexes extracted in n-heptane to FA(COOH)2Q. The positive effect of 1-octanol on extraction efficiency was quantified by means of the amplification factor, its maximum values being 2.8 for dichloromethane, and 2.48 for n-heptane. The extraction mechanism influences also the value of the extraction constant, the highest value, KE = 1.31 ·103 (L2·mol−2), was obtained for lower polarity of the organic phase, namely n-heptane.

Extraction and recovery optimization of succinic acid using green emulsion liquid membrane containing palm oil as the diluent

Succinic acid extraction and recovery from aqueous solution via emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) was investigated. The liquid membrane formulation consists of Amberlite LA2 as a carrier, palm oil as a diluent, sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) as surfactants, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as a stripping agent, and octanol as a modifier. At the best condition of 0.01 M Na2CO3, 1:3 treat ratio, 0.7 M Amberlite LA2, 10% w/v modifier, and external solution of pH 2, the extraction of succinic acid was up to 71%. The optimization of recovery by response surface methodology (RSM) shows that around 40% of succinic acid was recovered. At the favorable condition, 84% of succinic acid was recovered with almost 100% purity. Hence, the ELM study can be extended to extract and recover succinic acid from real fermentation broth. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13065, 2019

Study on rosmarinic acid separation by synergic extraction

ABSTRACTSeparation of rosmarinic acid by synergic reactive extraction using a mixture of two extractants (one of aminic and one of basic type) dissolved in solvents with different polarities has been studied. By analysing the influences of the main factors (organic phase polarity, extractant concentration in the mixture) on the synergic effect, the most important synergic effect (CS = 10.89) was found to correspond to the extractants mixture containing 5 g/l D2EHPA and 5 g/l Amberlite LA-2 dissolved in n-heptane. In this system the extraction constant reached the maximum value of 6.78 l2/mol2.

Stability of Palm Oil-based Emulsion Liquid Membrane for Succinic Acid Extraction from Aqueous Solution

Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process has high potential in the separation of succinic from the fermentation broth. However, the major drawback of this technology is the stability of emulsion globules during the extraction process and the chemical involved in the liquid membrane formulation. This study investigate the stability of ELM using a greener formulation containing Amberlite LA-2 as a carrier, Span 80 and Tween 80 as a surfactant, palm oil as a diluent and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as an aqueous stripping agent. The emulsion stability was evaluated by observing the water-oil separation of the emulsion and microscopic image of emulsion droplets count and size. Several operating parameters including the organic to internal ratio, homogenizer speed, homogenizing time, and surfactant concentration, and surfactant blend were investigated. The results show the most stable water-in-oil emulsion was observed at 3:1 organic to internal ratio; 7000rpm homogenizer speed; 5 minute emulsification time; 3% (w/v) surfactant at HLB 8. Besides, the extraction study shows 70% of the succinic acid was extracted at 0.01M Na2CO3, 1:3 treat ratio, and 0.7M Amberlite in palm oil at optimum primary emulsion stability conditions. This indicates the potential of using palm oil based ELM for the extraction of succinic acid.