Aluminum Metal Powder Research Articles

ALUMINIUM ANALYSIS IN EYE SHADOW USING ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER

Industry is a human endeavor so that goods obtained from nature can be utilized as products that have a sale value and have a profitable profit in economic terms. Material from nature has chemicals that can be used for certain purposes, such as food, fuel, fuel, fertilizer, cosmetics, etc. so that human life becomes more comfortable. A chemical industry must pay attention to environmental sustainability and is expected to process materials that are safe for the environment, as well as products produced that are environmentally friendly. In the modern cosmetics industry, eyeshadow added pearly substances that have a shiny and radiant effect, in accordance with the current trend. Pearls derived from nature are Guanine, which comes from marine fish scales, are transparent and shiny crystals like pearls. Because Guanine is difficult to obtain, the producers replace it by adding synthetic pearls, including Aluminum metal powder. Aluminum is a metal used for basic materials of household appliances, but is contained in eyeshadow which functions as a pearling agent. Research on aluminum in eye shadow cosmetics has been carried out on the market. Quantitative analysis was carried out with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, the results obtained showed the presence of Aluminum with the results of all eyeshadow used as samples containing Aluminum, but the level was still below the permissible level of 10%. Aluminum content contained in the eyeshadow used as a sample is between 0.35 mg / gram-16.952 mg/gram or 0.35% -1.69%. The smallest one is in the Gold E color eyeshadow brand and the highest one in the Gold B brand eyeshadow

Mechanical properties of high density MgAl2O4/TiC/W composite prepared via self-propagating synthesis with direct consolidation technique

MgAl2O4-TiC/W composite has been successfully insitu synthesized in a high dense form using combustion synthesis under-load technology. The process was applied to a blend of titanium dioxide, carbon magnesium oxide, aluminum metal and tungsten carbide powders. The different parameters affecting the synthesis of the target composite were investigated. This included the effect of aluminium particle size (37, 18.2, 5.6 μm), carbon stoichiometry (0.7–0.9), WC wt% (10–30 wt%). The obtained results showed that, 18.2 μm Al, 0.8 carbon stoichiometry and 234 MPa load were necessary to obtain high dense composite 2.4 vol% porosity and hardness of 1535 HV with homogeneous microstructure. Addition of 20 wt% WC highly improved the microstructure and the sample hardness was increased to 1754 HV with a sample porosity of ∼3.0 vol%. Thermodynamic study of the different reactions involved in the combustion process was also conducted.

Ni(II)/Al(0) mediated benzylic $$\hbox {Csp}^{3}$$-$$\hbox {Csp}^{3}$$ coupling in aqueous media

Abstract The reaction of benzyl bromides and chlorides with aluminium metal powder or foil (1.2 eqv.) in the presence of catalytic nickel nitrate (10 mol%) in water at room temperature resulted in homocoupling to the corresponding bibenzyl products which were isolated in moderate to good yields. In sharp contrast, the same reaction in organic solvents like dichloromethane, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, methanol and toluene yielded only a trace amount of the desired product. The scope of the reaction was tested with substituents on the aromatic ring such as Me-, Cl-, CN-, F-, \(\hbox {NO}_{2}\)-, Ph- as well as \(2{^{\circ }}\) benzyl halides.Graphical abstractThe reagent combination of aluminium metal and catalytic \(\hbox {Ni}(\hbox {NO}_{3})_{2}\) promotes the homocoupling of benzyl bromides and chlorides giving rise to the corresponding bibenzyl products in good to excellent yields. The reaction is greatly facilitated in water and showed good functional group tolerance. Besides the mild reaction condition and bench-friendliness, the present reaction constitutes the first example of aluminium-mediated homocoupling of a halide in water.

Processing of Melt Flow Compatible Thermoplastic Composites for Solid State Welding Applications

Abstract Twin screw extrusion (TSE) is a one of the commercially available melt processing technique which processes thermoplastic materials for preparations of thermoplastic composite material with micro or nano-sized particle for modified mechanical, thermal and morphological properties. Various studies have been reported for targeting the issues of compatibility between two dissimilar thermoplastic materials with ease of reinforcement in the thermoplastic matrix for different application areas in last 20 years. But hitherto, very fewer studies have been reported for striking the issues of compatibility between two dissimilar thermoplastic materials for solid state welding applications especially of friction/friction stir welding applications. In the present study, two dissimilarly characterized thermoplastic materials; polyamide 6 (PA6) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) was reinforced with aluminum (Al) metal powder for preparations of thermoplastic composite by maintaining the melt flow index (MFI). The study suggested that 50% (by weight) reinforcement in PA6 matrix and 15% reinforcement in ABS matrix has resulted in the similar MFI. Parts prepared through fused deposition modeling (FDM) were then welded by friction stir welding (FSW) to justify the melt flow compatibility of two dissimilar thermoplastic materials.

In situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and thermal analysis studies of the reaction between natural hydroxyapatite and aluminum powder

The present work focuses on the study of the effects of mechanical activation on the reaction between hydroxyapatite (HAp) and aluminum metal powder using Algerian phosphate (natural HAp) as a starting raw material. Aluminum metal powder was used to obtain reinforced (HAp) composites materials with alumina. The alumina phases result from the oxidation of aluminum powder at high temperature. The reactions and phase transformations between HAp and aluminum powder were studied using thermal techniques (DTA/TG), X-ray diffraction (in situ HTXRD and standard), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and SEM analysis. After mechanical treatment for different milling time, no new phases were formed from HAp and Al after 40 h of milling at room temperature. However, all mixture powders were milled for different time showing the formation of several alumina transitions during heat treatment. The oxidation of Al powder, the formation of alumina transitions (χ and κ-Al2O3), α-alumina, HAp crystallization and tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP and α-TCP) formation were affected by ball milling time. After 40 h of ball milling, the aluminum was not detected at 673 K, which confirms the solid-state oxidation of aluminum at low temperatures. The results showed the formation of high amount of α-TCP at 1173 K in the samples milled for 40 h.

Investigations of mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of FDM fabricated parts for friction welding applications

Friction welding is one of the solid state welding techniques, for which the two pieces of thermoplastic materials must be compatible to each other. Friction welding of the two similar thermoplastic is an easy exercise but joining two dissimilar thermoplastic is difficult because of large differences in viscosity, specific density, molecular weight, melting point, crystalline vs. amorphous nature, surface behavior and dynamic-mechanical properties. In last three decades, studies have been reported to perform the friction and friction stir welding of thermoplastics but still the reason for compatibility of thermoplastic is not understood properly. In the present study attempts have been made to perform the compatibility analysis of two dissimilar polymers namely; acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polyamide 6 (PA6) by establishing their melt flow properties after Aluminum (Al) metal powder reinforcement. Twin screw extrusion (TSE) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) technologies were used to fabricate the welding specimen for potential application in maintenance engineering.

Bubble stabilisation improves strength of lightweight mortars

Lightweight foamed mortars are produced through the addition of foaming agents into the cement blend, so that voids of different sizes are formed within the matrix, reducing the density of the material and therefore also its weight. However, the increased porosity of these materials usually compromises their mechanical strength, limiting their application as a structural material. Modern infrastructure demands high-strength lightweight concrete formulations that can be adjusted to develop more ambitious projects, both in design and application. In this study, lightweight pastes and mortars were produced using Portland cement blended with fly ash and silica fume, with varying water contents, and foamed using aluminium metal powder. To stabilise the bubbles produced through oxidation of the aluminium metal, polyethylene glycol was added to the mixes, and proved effective in yielding more uniform bubbles than were observed in the samples with no added stabiliser. This led to improvements in both the bulk density and compressive strength of the materials produced according to this new methodology.

Thin film sensors for nitro aromatic explosive detection

The paper deals with the study of design, development & characterization of thin film sensor with different material for detection of Nitro aromatic explosive. Explosives like DNT (Dinitrotoluene), TNT (Trinitrotoluene) are Nitro aromatic compounds & consist of NO2 group as their prime element. Detection of nitric oxide is an indicator of the presence of Nitro-aromatic explosive. Thin film sensors of different materials like tin oxide, polyaniline, indium oxide, phthalocyanine with selective metals, palladium, aluminium were prepared using a spin coating technique. Comparative study of the resistive changes of the thin films exposed to nitric oxide was carried out. In this paper, time domain response, sensitivity of a thin film sensors &the market available sensor is studied. It was found that; thin film sensor of indium oxide doped with aluminium metal powder is most sensitive to nitroaroma.

Effect of different metal powder anti-oxidants on N220 nano carbon containing low carbon MgO-C refractory: An in-depth investigation

Effect of three different metal powder antioxidants, namely, Al, Si, and Mg was studied on the development of N220 nano carbon containing low carbon MgO-C refractory. The study was also extended to conventional MgO-C refractory compositions with 16% graphite content. All the refractory compositions were processed as per conventional MgO-C refractory manufacturing techniques and were evaluated for physical, mechanical, thermo-mechanical properties, oxidation resistance and static corrosion resistance against steel converter slag. Microstructural developments and in-situ ceramic phase formation in the compositions were also studied. The results show that nano carbon containing low carbon MgO-C refractory compositions have better properties than conventional composition and among the three anti-oxidants, the aluminum metal powder has shown the improved properties.

Microwave Sintering: An Energy Efficient Process for Sintering Aluminium Metal Powder

Microwave sintering process is quite significant and unique in recent times for sintering material for densification because of its intrinsic advantages such as rapid heating rates, reduced processing times, uniform temperatures with minimal thermal gradients. Microwave sintering process leads to substantial energy savings with higher efficiency, improved properties, finer microstructures, environmental friendly process and with less environmental hazards. The concept of sintering metals in microwave has been attempted by many researcher. Though metals are known to reflect microwave radiation, researchers have confirmed sintering of metas in powder form through microwave. In this study, sintering of aluminium metal powder through microwave route has been attempted. The study indicated that aluminium metal powder compacts sintered through microwave process showed better physical, tribological and thermal properties compared to the ones sintered through conventional sintering methods.

The effects of mechanical activation on the sintering of mullite produced from kaolin and aluminum powder

In this work, the effects of mechanical activation on the sintering of mullite produced from kaolin and aluminum metal powder was investigated. Because of the higher content of silica in kaolin it is necessary to add alumina or aluminum oxide in order to obtain the stoichiometric mullite composition. After mechanical treatment for different milling time, the reactions and phase transformations between kaolin and aluminum metal powder were studied using thermal techniques (DTA/TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The heated samples at different temperatures were studied by XRD, apparent density, open porosity measurements and SEM analysis. The results showed the formation of silicon, quartz and small amount of nacrite after 40h of milling at room temperature. All mixture powders milled for different time showed the formation of several alumina transitions during heat treatment. The formation of alumina transitions, α-alumina, cristobalite crystallization of and mullite (primary and secondary) formation was affected by ball milling time. The mixture of kaolin and aluminum milled for 40h show the formation of kyanite (Al2SiO5) at 1300°C. The mechanical treatment enhances the formation and sintering of mullite.

Composite pelletized catalyst for higher one-pass conversion and productivity in Fischer–Tropsch process

Composite pelletized catalysts for higher one-pass conversion and productivity in the Fischer–Tropsch process are reported. The introduction of aluminum metal powder as a thermal conductor leads to the formation of a new family of composite pelletized catalysts, very different from reference systems. In particular, these catalysts retain high activity and C5+ selectivity at increasing gas-hour space velocities of up to 5,000 h−1. The productivity of these composite catalysts increases almost fourfold for fivefold GHSV increase. Composite catalysts with different types of active cobalt (conventional, introduced by impregnation, or skeletal) show similar values of one-pass conversion and productivity but give different fractional and group composition of liquid hydrocarbon products. Testing of these highly productive catalysts in reactors with different aspect ratios showed that high productivity and one-pass conversion can be achieved in industrial-size units, where feasible liquid yield of up to 140 barrels per million standard cubic feet (MMSCF) of natural gas can be reached.

The Effect of Microsilica and Aluminum Metal Powder on the Densification Parameters, Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Alumina–Mullite Ceramic Composites

Microsilica, or silica fume, is an amorphous type of silica mostly collected as byproduct of the silicon and ferro-silicon alloy production. In this work, low shrinkage alumina-mullite ceramic composites were prepared from mixtures of calcined alumina, silica fume and aluminum metal powder and sintered at 1550oC for 2 hrs. The influence of silica fume and aluminum powder on the densification parameter, in situ mullite formed and mechanical properties of sintered samples were studied. The phase composition and the microstructural evolution of the sintered samples were also investigated. The results showed that, silica fume enhances the mechanical properties of sintered samples, while the aluminum powder improves the mullite formation process. Ultra low shrinkage (close to zero), and good mechanical properties (CCS ≈ 70 MPa) of alumina-mullite ceramic composites were achieved. Alumina-mullite ceramic composites are considered a promising material for high temperature applications.

Characterization of Joint Developed by Fusion of Aluminum Metal Powder through Microwave Hybrid Heating

Metallurgical joining of high thermal conductivity materials like aluminum has been technically challenging. This paper illustrates a novel method for joining of bulk metallic materials through microwave heating. Joining of aluminum alloy in bulk form has been carried out using microwave energy in a multimode applicator at 2.45GHz and 900W. SiC was used at both top and bottom of the workpiece as susceptor material to facilitate microwave hybrid heating (MHH). Aluminum in plate forms have been successfully joined through microwave heating within 600 s of exposure time. A sandwich layer of aluminum powder with approximately 0.5mm thickness was introduced between the two candidate surfaces. Near complete melting of the powder particles in the sandwich layer does take place during the microwave exposure leading to metallurgical bonding of the bulk surfaces. Characterisation of the joints has been carried out through microstructure study, elemental analysis, phase analysis, microhardness survey, X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicates that some aluminum powder particles got transformed into aluminum oxides. A dense uniform microstructure with good metallurgical bonds between the sandwich layer and the interface was obtained. The hardness of the joint area was observed to be 72.4 ± 10 Hv.

Novel approach for sol–gel synthesis of nanosize aluminium titanate

A novel sol–gel approach has been used to synthesise nanosized aluminium titanate, wherein titanium dioxide and for the first time aluminium metal powder have been used as starting materials for the preparation of respective sols, which on mixing resulted in the formation of a gel. Calcinations of washed and dried gel at temperatures ≧800°C show the formation of β-aluminium titanate. Powder X-ray diffraction data indicate that the aluminium titanate phase starts forming at 800°C itself, an observation also supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies. The content and crystalline nature of aluminium titanate increase with the increase in calcination temperature. The crystallite size is evaluated to be between 17 and 26 nm. The ‘d’ value estimated from the micrograph recorded for the sample calcined at 1000°C by high resolution TEM agrees well with the ‘d’ value for the 022 plane of β-aluminium titanate.

Aluminum-catalyzed efficient synthesis of anilides by the acylation of aryl amines under ultrasonic conditions

Substituted aryl amines undergo smooth acylation with different acyl chlorides to give anilides under sonic condition (35 kHz, 25°C) in the presence of catalytic amounts of aluminum metal powder in acetonitrile as solvent. All the reactions go to completion within 4 min and give the products in high yields (85–97%).

Effects of controllable process factors on Al rear surface bumps in Si solar cells

High efficiency solar cells require good back surface field passivation and high back reflectance in the rear Al region. In module processes, wafer-based solar cell can break through stress during soldering uneven rear aluminum surfaces - a serious problem that affects throughput. This work examined rear surfaces with respect to controllable process factors such as ramping and cooling rates during rapid thermal processing, and the fineness of aluminum powder used in the screen-printed paste. A faster ramp up rate resulted in a uniform temperature gradient between the aluminum and silicon surfaces. As a results, the bumps on the aluminum surface were small and of high density. Fine aluminum metal powder in the paste for screen-printing contact points resulted in large distribution, high density bumps. Bumps formed during cooling in metallization, their sizes and densities were dependent the on uniformity of the aluminum and silicon liquid wetting of the silicon surface.

Investigation of dynamic effects during cold upset-forging of sintered aluminium truncated conical preforms

The present paper deals with the upper bound analysis, experimental investigation and computer simulation of upset-forging of sintered aluminium truncated conical preforms, which considers heterogeneous deformation due to barreling of preform slant sides, composite die–workpiece interfacial friction conditions, preform densification along with compression and inertia effects. A generalized theoretical expression for average forging load and preform bulged profile based on the exponential velocity field and strain rate has been established. The upset-forging experiments were conducted using the sintered preforms prepared by compacting aluminium metal powder in the closed dies and various deformation characteristics were measured. Finally, the computer simulation of the upset-forging of the sintered aluminium truncated conical preforms was performed using DEFORM software and the deformation behavior velocity, effective strain and effective stress distribution were critically studied. The effect of die speed, i.e. dynamic effects on average die load has been investigated using energy and load factors. The DOE (Design of Experiment) and RSM (Response Surface Methodology) techniques were also used to investigate and determine interrelationships between important upset-forging characteristics and the results were presented graphically. During the present investigations, it was found that inertia energy dissipation and energy factor increases, where as die load and load factor decreases exponentially with die speed. It is expected that the present work will be useful for effective assessment of various deformation characteristics during processing of sintered materials, especially at high-speed.

Synthesis and nonlinear optical characterization of nanocrystallineγ-alumina produced by in-flight thermal plasma route

Using a plasma spray torch, nanocrystalline γ -alumina powder has been synthesized in a reactor through oxidation of micron-size aluminum metal powder by in-flight thermal plasma processing. The synthesized particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM). The particle size was in the range of ~7 to ~56 nm and spherical in shape. Furthermore the nonlinear refractive and absorptive indices of the sample under various intensities using Z-scan and moire deflectometry techniques by a CW He-Ne laser at 632.8 nm wavelength were measured.

Al2O3–B4C–Al Composite Material Systems via Pressureless Infiltration Methods

Modification of the Al2O3–Al system's chemistry via the addition of B4C is described and is shown to result in fully dense structures via wetting techniques at high temperatures, without the need for pressure‐assisted infiltration. The relationships between the surface area of boron carbide and alumina powders, the effectiveness of infiltration, the material chemistry following infiltration, and the resulting mechanical properties of Al2O3–B4C–Al composites are evaluated. Additional approaches, including the incorporation of aluminum metal powder as an additional wetting agent before infiltration, are described in conjunction with a variation of both the surface areas and the volumetric ratios of inert Al2O3 to reactive B4C phases. These methods can provide the means to achieve low‐cost metal matrix composites in both vacuum and argon infiltration environments, and represent an approach that enables the generation of articles with complex geometries, requiring minimal secondary finishing treatment.