Aluminum Sludge Research Articles

Filtro empacado con residuos de lodos de Al para la eliminación de fósforo como sistema de pulimento en una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales

Recently, using residual aluminum sludge (Al-sludge) from drinking water treatment plants for phosphorus removal has been assessed and it has shown to be highly efficient. However, most of the studies have been conducted using synthetic water. Only a few works have applied this method to real wastewater (WW), and none of them have been tested in continuous mode, as a polishing step, in a pilot-scale, decentralized wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). This paper aimed to evaluate the performance of an immersed filter packed with a bed of residual Al-sludge as a polishing system for Phosphorous removal, in a pilot-scale, decentralized WWTP. The study determined at laboratory-scale the capacity for phosphorus removal through batch and continuous tests using both synthetic and real wastewater and evaluated the effect of retention time. Based on the results, an Al-sludge immersed filter (Al-sludge Filter) at pilot-scale was constructed, implemented, and evaluated as a polishing step for the effluent of a decentralized-WWTP. The results showed that during continuous testing with real WW, the phosphorus removal capacity was 2.55 mg P-PO43-∙g-1 per gram of Al sludge using a retention time of 120 min. The Al-sludge filter as a polishing system presented an average removal efficiency of 94 ± 8 % and an effluent concentration of under 0.50 mg P-PO43-∙l-1 during the first 20 operational days. For the next 17 days, the system removed 85 ± 9 % on average, showing an effluent concentration of under 1.0 mg P-PO43-∙l-1. From operational day 32 onwards, the removal efficiency was 63.6 ± 10.7 %, with an average effluent concentration of 2.20 ± 0.39 mg P-PO43-∙l-1.

Experimental and theoretical study on the physico-mechanical characteristics and radiation shielding capability of hardened alumina sludge waste-cement pastes containing MnFe2O4-nanoparticles

This research investigates the impact of incorporating low-cost MnFe2O4 spinel nanoparticles (MF-NPs) at varying concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 mass%) on the mechanical and physical properties of blended cement pastes. These pastes were produced by replacing different proportions (5, 10, and 15 mass%) of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with activated alumina sludge waste (AAS), to promote sustainability. Also, the research examined the gamma radiation shielding effectiveness of certain hardened composites against a 137Cs gamma radiation source with an energy of 661.64 keV using a NaI (Tl) detector (Oxford Model) with 3″ × 3″, amplifier and 16 k multi-channel analyzer. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) of all the studded samples were calculated theoretically using a Monte Carlo code MCNP-5 code. The gamma radiation shielding properties were analyzed in depth using a Monte Carlo code MCNP-5 simulation model. The theoretical and experimental results for LAC were found to be in complete agreement. Phy-X/PSD software was applied to estimate the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) for gamma radiation at various energies, as well as the effective atomic number (Zeff), mean free path (MFP), half-value layer (HVL), and tenth-value layer (TVL). The findings demonstrated that the addition of 0.5% MnFe2O4 nanoparticles (MF-NPs) to blended cement pastes exhibited the best physical and mechanical characteristics, as well as the most effective gamma radiation shielding.

Alkali-activated composites with synthetic fibers and recycled aggregates: a study of mechanical properties

This study examines the potential for enhancing alkali-activated composites (AACs) through the incorporation of a blend of meta-zeolite (MZ) and slag, reinforced with synthetic fibers and incorporating aluminum sludge (AS) and recycled concrete aggregate. AACs were activated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃) in varying ratios and molarities (8M to 14M). The optimal mix, comprising 50% MZ and 50% S at 12M NaOH with 30% AS, exhibited notable enhancements in mechanical properties. Specifically, the addition of 0.5% basalt fibers resulted in a 7.26% increase in compressive strength and a 24.15% enhancement in flexural strength. These findings underscore the potential of MZ-S-based AACs, enhanced with aluminum sludge and basalt fiber, to develop advanced, sustainable construction materials. The study underscores the significance of optimizing material ratios and reinforcement strategies to achieve superior performance, thereby contributing to the development of environmentally friendly building solutions that align with contemporary standards.

Innovative technology and equipment for stone processing sludge recycling

The aim of the study is to substantiate the parameters of technology and equipment for the manufacture of building products using alumina sludge from stone processing as an alumina aggregate. The standard methods of setting up an experiment for laboratory washing of granular sludge from stone processing and studying its physical and mechanical characteristics, manufacturing laboratory samples of polystyrene concrete blocks with further study of their strength characteristics were used. The physical and mechanical characteristics of granular man-made material - sludge waste from the stone processing industry - were experimentally determined. The possibility of using man-made sludge in the manufacture of polystyrene concrete blocks was substantiated by its particle size distribution and mineralogical composition. Average samples of granular material were deslagged using the TurboWash unit. The particle size distribution of the material after washing was analysed. According to the standard technology, recipe and raw materials for D300 polystyrene concrete, polystyrene concrete blocks of standard sizes of three grades were produced. Primary sludge without preliminary processing, sand and dusty loess obtained from the processing of primary sludge were used as an aggregate. The numerical values of the axial compression resistance for the studied grades of polystyrene concrete blocks were determined.

A green synthesis strategy toward calcined calcium-aluminum layered double hydroxide with sludge as aluminum source for efficient removal of phosphate from water

Layered double hydroxides promise efficient phosphorus removal from water, yet their preparation process inevitably leads to the consumption of metal minerals and incurs high material costs. The drinking water treatment aluminum sludge with high aluminum content is a suitable source for obtaining metal aluminum. Recognizing the environmental and economic challenges in traditional layered double hydroxides production, this research proposes a novel approach utilizing high-aluminum drinking water treatment aluminum sludge as an alternative aluminum source. Herein, calcium-aluminum layered double oxides with aluminum sludge as aluminum source (Ca/(Al-DWTAS)-LDOs) were prepared by co-precipitation and calcination method. The study meticulously examines the influence of variables such as dosage, initial pH, and the presence of coexisting ions on phosphorus removal efficiency: at the optimal dosage (0.5 g/L), the adsorption efficiencies of Ca/(Al-DWTAS)-LDOs for phosphate in the range of 2.0 < pH < 11.0 and in the environment of common anionic disturbances were maintained at more than 90%. After six adsorption-desorption tests, the phosphate removal efficiency of Ca/(Al-DWTAS)-LDOs only decreased from 98.85% to 74.38%. According to the Sips isotherm model, the maximal adsorption capacity of Ca/(Al-DWTAS)-LDOs at ambient temperature (25 °C) was determined to be 110.14 mg/g. Adsorption mechanism of Ca/(Al-DWTAS)-LDOs were explored through characterization, kinetic and thermodynamic studies, mainly involving electrostatic reactions, ion exchange reaction, surface complexation reaction, and surface precipitation. When 0.5 g/L Ca/(Al-DWTAS)-LDOs was added to the actual swine wastewater with phosphate content of 37.25 mg/L, the phosphate removal efficiency reached 86.19%. This study not only provides an alternative process method for the acquisition of layered double hydroxides, but also has wide applications for environmental protection.

Construction of 3D network aluminum sludge-based hydrogel beads: combination of macroization, amino functionalization, and resource utilization.

An aluminum sludge-based composite material was constructed against the problems of phosphorus pollution and the waste of aluminum sludge resources. Utilizing metal Ce doping and hydrogel microbeads with pore preparation, the adsorption performance of the original sludge was improved. Meanwhile, the macroscopic body was constructed, and on this basis, polyethyleneimine (PEI) was introduced to complete the amino functionalization further to enhance the adsorption of phosphorus by the adsorbent, and NH-CeAIS-10 microbeads were successfully prepared. In adsorption, microbeads with larger specific surface area and richer functional groups are better choice compared to original sludge. The results of SEM, BET, FT-IR, and XPS analyses indicate that the adsorption of phosphorus by the microbeads is mainly achieved through electrostatic interactions, ligand exchange, and the formation of inner-sphere complexes. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity of NH-CeAIS-10 was 29.56mgg-1, which was four times higher compared to native aluminum sludge. This also confirms the significant enhancement of phosphorus adsorption through the modification of aluminum sludge. Besides, in dynamic adsorption column experiments, the material exhibited up to 99% removal in simulated wastewater for up to 30days, demonstrating the great adsorption potential of NH-CeAIS-10 in engineering applications.

Management of selected waste generated during cable production

The subject of the research was the recovery of raw materials from waste generated in the production of cable insulation and the management of aluminum sludge. It was found that 49% (w/w) acetophenone, 6.8% (w/w) α-methylstyrene, and 17.2% (w/w) cumyl alcohol can be recovered from waste with a loss on ignition of 95% and used in various industries. A gas chromatograph equipped with a mass spectrometry detector was used to identify the recovered compounds. A waste distillation process was proposed to remove the water layer and obtain a concentrated acetophenone fraction. A method of neutralizing the water fraction and distillation residues is presented. The proposed waste management method is an alternative method to the currently used thermal transformation method. In turn, aluminum sludge was used to produce aluminum sulfate, which was used in the plant’s sewage treatment plant as a coagulant. The effect of this action was a reduction of 67% in the content of total iron, 60% of trivalent iron, and 32% of chemical oxygen demand. The above-mentioned examples of waste management are part of a closed-loop waste management strategy.

Developing a novel lightweight substrate for constructed treatment wetland: The idea and the reality

The cost-effective and environmentally friendly substrates play an important role in functioning constructed wetlands (CWs). This study innovatively composes aluminum sludge and polyurethane under the action of a catalyst to develop a novel lightweight substrate (Al-NLS), which is expected to be used as a main substrate in CWs. The driving force of it lies in reducing construction costs of CWs in practice, while offering a flexible and considerably efficient substrate in CW. The bulk density of the resultant Al-NLS was apparently reduced by about 80 % compared with common substrate of gravel. The static adsorption experiments showed that the adsorption behavior of Al-NLS on phosphorus (P) was in accordance with Langmuir isotherm (with maximum P adsorption capacity of 1.12 mg/g,) and quasi-second-order kinetic models. The use of Al-NLS as a single stage wetland substrate to treat real domestic wastewater has favorable removal efficiencies of COD (65.9–74.3 %), TP (86.9–98.6 %), NH4+-N (61.1–52.2 %) and TN (35.4–45.6 %). The mechanisms of P removal onto Al-NLS were examined by various physiochemical characterizations of Al-NLS and raw alum sludge, which revealed that P adsorption was via forming Hydroxy-Al by ion exchange. In addition, high throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Al-NLS had positive impact on the richness and diversity of microbial community for pollutants removal, while the abundance of key functional bacteria such as proteobacteria and bacteroidota was higher in the longer retention time of CW (HRT = 2 days). These results indicated that Al-NLS could be used as a new alternative substrate in CWs technology.

Filtro empacado con residuos de lodos de Al para la eliminación de fósforo como sistema de pulimento en una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales

Recently, using residual Aluminum sludge (Al-sludge) from drinking water treatment plants for Phosphorus removal has been assessed and it has shown to be highly efficient. However, most of the studies have been conducted using synthetic water. Only a few works have applied this method to real wastewater (WW), and none of them have been tested in continuous mode, as a polishing step, in a pilot-scale, decentralized wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). This paper aimed to evaluate the performance of an immersed filter packed with a bed of residual Al-sludge as a polishing system for Phosphorous removal, in a pilot-scale, decentralized WWTP. The study determined at laboratory-scale the capacity for Phosphorus removal through batch and continuous tests using both synthetic and real wastewater and evaluated the effect of retention time. Based on the results, an Al-sludge immersed filter (Al-sludge Filter) at pilot-scale was constructed, implemented, and evaluated as a polishing step for the effluent of a decentralized-WWTP. The results showed that during continuous testing with real WW, the Phosphorus removal capacity was 2.55 mg P-PO43-∙L-1 using a retention time of 120 min. The Al-sludge filter as a polishing system presented an average removal efficiency of 94% ± 8% and an effluent concentration of under 0.50 mg P-PO43-∙L-1 during the first 20 operational days. For the next 17 days, the system removed 85% ± 9% on average, showing an effluent concentration of under 1.0 mg P-PO43-∙L-1. From operational day 32 onwards, the removal efficiency was 63.6% ± 10.7%, with an average effluent concentration of 2.20 ± 0.39 mg P-PO43-∙L-1.

Resource utilization of drinking water treatment aluminum sludge in green cementing materials: Hydration characteristics and hydration kinetics

As a byproduct of water treatment, drinking water treatment aluminum sludge (DWTAS) has challenges related to imperfect treatment and disposal, which has caused potential harm to human health and the environment. In this paper, heat treatment DWTAS as a supplement cementitious material was used to prepare a green cementing material. The results show that the 800°C is considered as the optimum heat treatment temperature for DWTAS. DWTAS-800°C is fully activated after thermal decomposition to form incompletely crystallized highly active γ-Al2O3 and active SiO2. The addition of DWTAS promoted the formation of ettringite and C-(A)-S-H gel, which could make up for the low early compressive strength of cementing materials to a certain extent. When cured for 90 days, the compressive strength of the mortar with 30% DWTAS-800°C reached 44.86 MPa. The dynamic process was well simulated by Krstulović-Dabić hydration kinetics model. This study provided a methodology for the fabrication of environmentally friendly and cost-effective compound cementitious materials and proposed a “waste-to-resource” strategy for the sustainable management of typical solid wastes.

"INDUSTRIAL WASTE UTILIZATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS ON ECOSTROINII-PV LLP EXAMPLE "

"The results of the work of EcostroyNII-PV LLP on the processing of technogenic waste of energy and metallurgy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Pavlodar region are presented. The use of waste in the manufacture of construction products is one of the most effective solutions to environmental problems in the region. The proposed technology for the production of construction products using ash and slag waste provides for innovative compositions of raw materials mixtures and provides an increase in operational characteristics and an increase in labor productivity in construction. The applied technology, in comparison with existing analogues, provides for the use of local waste (ash and slag waste from the burning of Ekibastuz coal, bauxite sludge of the Pavlodar aluminum plant, steelmaking slag). They differ in chemical and granulometric composition, as well as binding properties from other analogues and prototypes. In the production of construction products, a concrete mixture has been introduced and patented, including, %: slag-Portland cement – 14.32–17.00; sand – 18.74–25.52, crushed stone – 46.50-49.71, alumina sludge obtained during processing of Kazakhstan bauxite – 5–7; self–disintegrating slag of steelmaking production – 5–7; ash and slag waste of thermal power plants from burning Ekibastuz coals – 5–7. According to the test results, the average tensile strength of building products (paving slabs, curbstones, hollow bricks) is 3.2 – 3.8 MPa (strength class 2.5). "

Enhanced phosphate adsorption studies on several metal-modified aluminum sludge: preparation optimization, adsorption behavior, and mechanistic insight.

To solve the problems such as water eutrophication caused by excess phosphorus, the potential residual value of aluminum sludge was fully exploited and its phosphate adsorption capacity was further improved. In this study, twelve metal-modified aluminum sludge materials were prepared by co-precipitation method. Among them, Ce-WTR, La-WTR, Y-WTR, Zr-WTR, and Zn-WTR showed excellent adsorption capacity for phosphate. The adsorption performance of Ce-WTR on phosphate was twice that of the native sludge. The enhanced adsorption mechanism of metal modification on phosphate was investigated. The characterization results showed that the increase in specific surface area after metal modification was 9.64, 7.5, 7.29, 3, and 1.5 times, respectively. The adsorption of phosphate by WTR and Zn-WTR was in the accordance with Langmuir model, while the others were more following the Freundlich model (R2 > 0.991). The effects of dosage, pH, and anion on phosphate adsorption were investigated. The surface hydroxyl groups and metal (hydrogen) oxides played an important role in the adsorption process. The adsorption mechanism involves physical adsorption, electrostatic attraction, ligand exchange, and hydrogen bonding. This study provides new ideas for the resource utilization of aluminum sludge and theoretical support for preparing novel adsorbents for efficient phosphate removal.

Achieving win-win outcomes with cerium-loaded porous aluminum sludge hydrogel microspheres for enhanced phosphate removal

Breaking the technical bottleneck of traditional powdered adsorbent in phosphate adsorption application treatment, a macroscopic high adsorption performance aluminum sludge-based composite hydrogel material was constructed to synergistically solve the problems of water eutrophication and aluminum sludge resourcization. In this study, porous Ce-modified aluminum sludge hydrogel microspheres (Ce-AlS-SA) were prepared to improve the surface chemical structure and microscopic morphology of the macroscopic adsorbent material to enhance the adsorption capacity and achieve effective solid-liquid separation. The best adsorption performance of the material (Ce-AlS12-SA1) was obtained when the Ce-AlS: SA: Na2CO3 was 12:1:1, and obtained the optimal adsorption conditions by Response Surface Method (RSM) with 1.5 mg/L of the dosage, 4 of pH and 50 mg/L of Cphosphate. The maximum adsorption of 20.36 mg P/g was obtained by the Langmuir model at 303 K, which was 2.92 times more than raw sludge. According to the Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, the adsorption process is chemisorption; the multi-stage adsorption process is reflected in the intraparticle diffusion and film diffusion models. The main mechanisms combined with the characterization analysis are electrostatic gravity, ligand exchange, and inner-sphere complexation. Meanwhile, Ce-AlS12-SA1 shows good resistance to interference in the coexistence of multiple ions. Therefore, this material can be recognized as a new material with in-depth, diversified and practical needs for resourceful utilization, which is expected to achieve extensive engineering applications in the future.

Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on nutrient removal from bioretention cells

There have been numerous summaries of the runoff purification characteristics of bioretention cells in warm climates. However, little has been done on the effects of freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) that frequently occur in cold regions on bioretention cell performance. Three experimental columns were constructed to simulate the operation of the bioretention cell under the FTCs. The effects of FTCs on the nutrient removal efficiency of different filling bioretention cells were analyzed. The results showed that the ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) concentration in the effluent of the wood chip bioretention cell under the T3 conditions (WBCF) (2.35 mg/L) was significantly higher than that of the wood chip bioretention cell operating at room temperature (WBCR) (0.62 mg/L). The effluent NH4+-N concentration of aluminum sludge bioretention cell (ABCF) (0.096 mg/L) under the FTCs was lower than that of WBCF (0.91 mg/L). Under the T3 condition, the effluent nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations of WBCF (5.33 mg/L and 8.86 mg/L) were higher than those of WBCR (5 mg/L and 6.11 mg/L) at room temperature. Under FTCs conditions, both WBCF and ABCF had high NO3−-N removal efficiency (up to 85.87% and 24.75%) at the initial stage of thawing of the filler, and the efficiency gradually decreased with the thawing of the filler. With the increase of FTCs, the NO3−-N removal efficiency of WBCF gradually decreased (always higher than 13.6%), while the removal efficiency of ABCF fluctuated wildly (the removal efficiency was primarily negative). The total phosphorus (TP) concentration in the effluent of WBCF (0.11 mg/L) under the T3 conditions was lower than that of WBCR (0.02 mg/L) at room temperature, and the TP concentration of ABCF (0.021 mg/L) in the effluent under the FTCs was slightly lower than that of WBCF (0.031 mg/L). The FTCs have a more significant impact on removing nitrogen pollutants in runoff, but have little effect on phosphorus. Compared with aluminum sludge, wood chips are more suitable for efficient removal of nitrogen pollutants in runoff under the FTCs. The experimental conclusions can provide a reference for the construction of bioretention cells in cold regions.

Copper and Zinc Removal from Wastewater Using Alum Sludge Recovered from Water Treatment Plant

The study aimed to determine Aluminum sludge composition and structure for its valorisation as an alternative natural material for heavy metals removal from wastewater for further reuse as treated water in different applications. The study was conducted to investigate the introduction of Al-bearing sludge composition. The physical and chemical properties were examined using X-ray diffraction tests (XRD), scanning electron microscope tests (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared tests (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller tests (BET). Furthermore, the heavy metal concentrations of synthetic wastewater were measured using the spectrophotometry method. The experimental procedure is based on testing different pH limits and amounts of aluminum sludge to find the optimum conditions for copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) removal. The results demonstrated a high removal efficiency where its value reached up to 97.4% and 96.6% for Zn and Cu, respectively, in an acidic medium (pH = 6) using a relatively high amount of sludge (1400 mg). Nevertheless, a low efficiency was obtained in the strongly acidic medium (pH = 4) and a smaller sludge amount of about 480 mg.

Water sludge reuse as a geotechnical component in road construction: Experimental study

In Brazil, the process of surface water potabilization for public supply generates sludge, but information on this waste is scarce, and its disposal in landfills and waterways, without prior treatment, generates pollution. This experimental study evaluated the incorporation of aluminum and ferric sludge, commonly generated in Brazil, into different soils for road pavement infrastructure. Sludge generated in two water treatment plants in the state of São Paulo was characterized regarding risks to human health and the environment and individually incorporated into clayey sand soil and sandy soil in proportions of 25 and 50%. Evaluation of the mechanical tests of the soil sludge mixtures and their suitability for road construction found that i) all percentages of aluminum and ferric sludge incorporated into clayey sand soils and sandy soil met the mechanical standards for use in embankment; ii) aluminum sludge incorporated into sandy soils proved to be suitable for use in pavement subbase; iii) the percentual incorporation is higher than previous research; iv) the use of sludge as a partial replacement for virgin soil makes road construction cleaner. Analyses of variance on the mechanical properties of the soil-sludge mixtures showed that soil type is the only factor influencing this variable. Only the interaction of water treatment sludge (WTS) type with the other factors is significant for the CBR and Swell data. • In Brazil, WTS can be used in road pavement as embankment and subbase. • The factors influencing the mechanical properties were evaluated using ANOVA. • WTP produces different sludge according to the coagulant and quality of the treated water. • The sludge contains high concentrations of iron, aluminum, and manganese. • Sludge can substitute for natural material in road construction until 50%.

The performance and mechanism of iron-modified aluminum sludge substrate tidal flow constructed wetlands for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants

Aiming at the poor N and P removal performance in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants by constructed wetlands (CWs), aluminum sludge (AS) from water supply plants was used to prepare iron-modified aluminum sludge (IAS), and tidal flow constructed wetlands (TFCWs) using IAS as substrates were constructed. By means of high-throughput sequencing, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), etc., the removal mechanism of N and P in the system and fate analysis of key elements were also interpreted. Results showed that an interlayer structure beneficial to adsorbing pollutants was formed in the IAS, due to the iron scraps entering into the molecular layers of AS. The removal rates of TP and TN by IAS-TFCWs reached 95 % and 47 %, respectively, when the flooding/resting time (F/R) and C/N were 6 h/2 h and 6. During the three-year operation of the IAS-TFCWs, the effluent concentrations of CODCr, NH4+-N, and TP could comply with Class IV Standard of “Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water” (GB3838-2002). The mechanism analysis showed that the N removal was effectuated through Fe2+ as the electron donor of Fe(II)-driven the autotrophic denitrifying bacteria to reduce nitrate, while the P removal mainly depended on the adsorption reaction between FeOOH in IAS and phosphate. In conclusion, the stable Fe-N cycle in the IAS-TFCWs achieved simultaneous and efficient N and P removal.

Structured sludge derived multifunctional layer for simultaneous separation of oil/water emulsions and anions contaminants

The effective treatment of complex oily wastewater is of great significance but still a considerable challenge, since single-function, expensive reagents, and complicated process have emerged as shackles for practical applications. Herein, with the objective to waste-control-waste, we proposed a facile and sustainable strategy to fabricate a low-cost multifunctional layer from hazardous waste aluminum sludge (WAS) for complex oily wastewater management. The as-designed layered double oxides/WAS (LDOs/WAS) layer with three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical rough surface exhibited excellent underwater superoleophobicity even under corrosive conditions and low adhesion to oil without any chemical modification reagent treatment. Significantly, the layer can be applied to gravity-directed simultaneous efficient oil-in-water emulsions and anions (taking phosphate as an example) separation with a separation efficiency for emulsion and phosphate up to 99.4% and 99.1%, respectively, and a high separation flux of above 2585 L m−2 h−1. Notably, the flux can be controlled simply and flexibly by adjusting the thickness of the layer. Furthermore, the layer also displayed excellent thermal stability, chemical stability, durability and recyclability. Therefore, this work not only presents a promising approach to design sludge-based multifunctional materials for complex oily wastewater remediation, but also shows great potential and value in environmental pollutions reduction and industrial applications.

Mechanism of the Hydration Process of Drinking Water Treatment Aluminum Sludge in Composite Cementitious Materials

Mechanism of the Hydration Process of Drinking Water Treatment Aluminum Sludge in Composite Cementitious Materials

Achieving Win-Win Outcomes with Cerium-Loaded Porous Aluminum Sludge Hydrogel Microspheres for Enhanced Phosphate Removal

Achieving Win-Win Outcomes with Cerium-Loaded Porous Aluminum Sludge Hydrogel Microspheres for Enhanced Phosphate Removal