Alternative Development Model Research Articles

FINANCIAL AND CREDIT IMPERATIVES OF ALTERGLOBALIZATION THE EMERGING MARKETS

The article analyzes the financial and credit imperatives of alterglobalization the emerging markets. In the study, it is researched the theory of financial globalization and there are established advantages, benefits and disadvantages of financial globalization for emerging markets. There are defined the main conditions and risks of global financial stability and there are analyzed the capital flows to emerging market economies. In the article, it is researched that the combination of declining global trade and growth would increase corporate vulnerability. It is concluded the distribution of government debt breakdown of emerging market economies in foreign currency and nonresident holdings of local currency. In the research, it is established a correlation between emerging market economy and advanced economy volatilities. In the study, it is proved that disadvantages of financial globalization include availability of crises, shocks, risks, external risks and nonliquidity. In the article, it is developed the financial-credit imperatives of alterglobalization the emerging markets and it is argued the transition of emerging markets to an alternative global model of economic development.

Planning for dynamic cities: introducing a framework to understand urban change from a complex adaptive systems approach

ABSTRACTPlanning for dynamic cities is a perennial problem that continues to grow in importance in a rapidly changing world. This paper presents a conceptual framework to understand urban change through a complex adaptive systems approach. This framework includes a process of (1) describing the system through setting boundaries and identifying the properties of the system, (2) identifying the patterns of change across scales and (3) mapping the change over time. The framework firstly, offers a tool to urban planners to approach some of the complexities of urban change and secondly, a foundation to engage with the challenge of developing alternative sustainable development models that are able to deal with the reality of complex, dynamic and interconnected urban systems and to cope with change and uncertainty in ways that build positive resilience and support regenerative design and development.

Treatment with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) differently affects survival, locomotor activity, and biochemical markers in Drosophila melanogaster.

PTZ is a convulsive agent that acts via selective blockage of GABAA receptor channels, whereas 4-AP leads to a convulsive episode via blockage of K+ channels. However, the mechanism(s) by which pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) cause toxicity to Drosophila melanogaster needs to be properly explored, once it will help in establishing an alternative model for development of proper therapeutic strategies and also to counteract the changes associated with exposure to both epileptic drugs. For the purpose, we investigated the effects of exposure (48h) to PTZ (60mM) and/or 4-AP (20mM) on survival, locomotor performance, and biochemical markers in the body and/or head of flies. 4-AP-fed flies presented a higher incidence of mortality and a worse performance in the open field test as compared to non-treated flies. 4-AP also caused a significant increase in the reactive species (RS) and protein carbonyl (PC) content in the body and head. Also a significant increase in catalase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities was observed in the body. In the same vein, PTZ exposure resulted in a significant increase in RS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), PC content, and catalase activity in the body. PTZ exposure also caused a significant increase in AChE activity both in body and head. It is important to note that PTZ-treated flies also down-regulated the NRF2 expression. Moreover, both 4AP- and PTZ-fed flies presented a significant decrease in MTT reduction, down-regulation, and inhibition of SOD in body. However, SOD was significantly more active in the head of both 4-AP and PTZ-treated flies. Our findings provide evidence regarding the toxicological potential of both PTZ and/or 4-AP to flies. This model will help in decoding the underlying toxicological mechanisms of the stated drugs. It will also help to properly investigate the therapeutic strategies and to counteract the drastic changes associated with both epileptogenic drugs.

Development as a Source of Conflict: The Sahukars, Displaced People and the Maoists in Koraput

The dominant debate in India on the role of development in reducing conflicts still remains open. Despite development measures by both state and non-state actors, conflicts continue to emerge frequently in the country. In Koraput district of Odisha state, development models implemented by the state and by non-state actors have accentuated conflicts. The Sahukar-model of development has caused land alienation among marginalised communities leading to conflicts between the landowners and the landless. Large-scale displacements caused by mega development projects have intensified the confrontation between the displaced and the state. The Communist Party of India-Maoist (‘Maoists’ in short) claims to have an alternative development model, which rejects the state-led development plan. The alternative model imposed by the Maoists—reclaiming land from the rich and adopting ‘Community Farming’—has further exacerbated the conflicts among various communities. Though the nature of conflict and its contenders keep changing, the conflicts as such refuse to die down in Koraput.

Institutional Innovations in China: Can China Serve as an Alternative Development Model

Over the past few decades China has emerged as an alternative model of development especially for countries in Asia and Africa. Not only has China achieved impressive growth rates, lifted almost half a billion people out of poverty but has also emerged as a rising global power. Many economists and development practitioners look towards western democracies as a model of growth and development. However due to China's silent rise as a major global economic power many countries particularly in Asia and Africa are relating to China's institutional reforms and development. These include reforms towards greater decentralization, formation of special economic zones, promotion of private entrepreneurship and other experimentations. This paper looks at these institutional innovations in light of their relevance for other developing countries. The analysis in this paper elucidates why China can serve as an alternative model of development despite some imperfections. The unorthodox, innovative and experimental solutions provided by the Chinese experience shows that governments in developing countries should be open to creative ways of problem solving rather than rigid technocratic approaches.

A Strategy for Sperm Cryopreservation of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, for Remote Commercial-scale High-throughput Processing.

Sperm cryopreservation is an essential tool for long-term storage of genetic resources for aquaculture fishes. The goal of this study was to develop an efficient and streamlined protocol for high-throughput processing for sperm cryopreservation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. The objectives were to evaluate: 1) osmolality of blood serum for determining extender osmolality; 2) effects of extenders for fresh sperm dilution and refrigerated storage; 3) effects of methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on fresh sperm motility, and 4) motility and fertility after thawing. In this study, sperm samples were collected at a hatchery site in Canada, and shipped to a freezing site located 2200 miles (3550 km) away in the United States. Evaluation of three extenders indicated that Mounib solution was suitable for diluting dry sperm for sample processing. Ten percent of methanol or DMSO was less toxic to sperm cells than was 15% within 30 min. Further testing with methanol at 5, 10, and 15%, and sperm solution:extender dilutions (v:v) of 1:1, 1:3, 1:19 (at concentrations of ~5×107; 3×108, and 1×109 cells/mL) indicated that methanol at 5% and 10% showed less toxicity to fresh sperm within 1 hr at sperm: extender dilutions of 1:1 and 1:3. Post-thaw motility of sperm cryopreserved with 10% methanol was significantly higher than that with 10% DMSO, and fertility reflected those results (0-1% in DMSO vs. 38-55% in methanol). Further evaluation of sperm cryopreservation with 10 and 15% methanol at sperm dilution ratios of 1:1, 1:3, 1:19 indicated post-thaw motility in 10% methanol was significantly higher than that in 15% methanol, and post-thaw fertility in 10% methanol at 1:1 and 1:3 dilution ratios had fertilization rates similar to that of fresh sperm controls. Sperm samples from 12 males cryopreserved with 10% methanol showed male-to-male variation in post-thaw motility (0-36%). Overall, a simplified standard protocol was established for cryopreservation of shipped sperm of Atlantic salmon using extender without egg yolk and yielded satisfactory post-thaw motility and fertilization rates. This procedure can be readily adopted by aquaculture facilities to take advantage of high-throughput cryopreservation capabilities at remote service centers. Most importantly, this approach lays the groundwork for an alternative commercial model for commercial-scale production, quality control and development of industrial standards. Control of male variability and sperm quality remain important considerations for future work.

Underdevelopment and Economic Theory of Growth: Case for Infant Industry Promotion

The article reviews the literature on economic development, critiques neoliberal economic theories, and advances the theory of infant industry promotion as an alternative model for development in Africa. The essay argues that for developing countries to catch up to developed countries requires contextualizing development theory, applying selective economic policies to industries where productive capacities can be developed, and localizing the policy lessons to develop the productive abilities of local industries. The role of state in development and implementation of protective measures such as tariffs, import bans on key raw materials, and rebates on industrial inputs is discussed. To escape the Resource Curse, African states will have to develop an alternative source of employment, an industrial base, and strengthen the productive powers of infant industries if those industries are to survive fierce international competition. To be durable in the African context, economic policy must reflect local conditions, vary from one historical context to the next, use readily available resources, and adequately respond to local problems. Author’s Note Christopher Zambakari is a candidate for a Law and Policy Doctorate (LPD) at Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts. His interest is in political reform, economic development, presence of postcolonial violence, and progress in nation and state building projects in Africa.

Directions in a Post-aid World? South–South Development Cooperation and CSOs in Latin America

The architecture of international aid to developing and emerging economies is undergoing significant change. Post-aid world conditions will reshape relationships between international aid actors including donors, civil society organizations (CSOs), governments, and other institutions. These trends draw attention to South–South Development Cooperation (SSDC) as a promising direction in regions like Latin America. CSOs’ participation in SSDC might challenge and divert the dependency and power asymmetries in traditional North–South aid. As potential adaptive strategy for CSOs, SSDC diversifies the actors involved in aid and the resources exchanged, and produces different development discourses. The article outlines SSDC as an alternative development model and specifically considers the participation of CSOs. It provides a case of CSOs’ participation in SSDC in the region of Latin America. As research on CSOs in SSDC is limited, the article contributes to its further understanding and provides further avenues of research.

SPECIFICATION AND VERIFICATION OF THE ALTERGLOBALIZATION

Research is devoted to the analysis of economic diversity of global actors and the process investigation of rethinking social change and social movements in favor of alternative model of global society. The purpose of the research is to analyze alterglobal movements aimed at economic valorization of diversity and elaboration conclusions on the implementation alterglobal model of the world economy. The object of research is the alternative model of world economy development. An evaluation of conflicting relations of the alterglobalization and neoliberal ideology is carried in terms of market self-regulation. The influence of neoliberal ideology on actors is determined; the deprivation of world general alternatives is defined by the global system promotion of market management and government intervention. The process of rethinking social change and social movements is studied particularly in the matter of calling the existing forms of activity; concepts of changes associated with large movements of industrial society. Participation of alterglobal movement is identified in the fight against offshore relocation, economic inequality and social justice. An analysis of valorization of economic diversity is conducted as one of the defining values of alterglobal movement in the aspects of identity, convergence, relevance and alternativeness. The conclusions on the specification and verification of alterglobalization understanding are formulated.

"The Actualized Neurosurgeon": A Proposed Model of Surgical Resident Development.

Modern neurosurgical training is both physically and emotionally demanding, posing significant challenges, new and old, to residents as well as programs attempting to train safe, competent surgeons. Models to describe resident development, such as the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competencies and milestones, address the acquisition of specific skills but largely ignore the stresses and pressures unique to each stage of resident training. We propose an alternative model of resident development adapted from the developmental psychology literature. Our model identifies the challenges that must be met at each stage of junior, intermediate, and senior and chief residency, leading ultimately to an "actualized" neurosurgeon (i.e., one who has maximized his or her potential). Failure to overcome any 1 of these challenges can lead to specific long-lasting consequences, including regret, identity crisis, incompetence, and bitterness. In contrast, the actualized surgeon is one who has successfully acquired the virtues of hope, will, purpose, fidelity, productivity, leadership, competence, and wisdom. The actualized surgeon not only functions safely, confidently, and professionally, but also successfully navigates the challenges of residency and emerges from them having fulfilled his or her maximal potential. This developmental perspective provides an individualized description of healthy surgical development. Our model allows programs to identify the basis for residents who fail to progress, counsel residents during their training, and perhaps help identify resident candidates who are better prepared to meet the developmental challenges of residency training.

South-South trade and South-North trade: Which contributes more to development in Asia and South America? Insights from estimating income elasticities of import demand

The experience of the global economic crisis led developing countries to intensify the diversification of sources of growth, seeking alternative models of economic development. The expansion of South-South trade assumed greater significance in the context of this search. Yet how promising a strategy is this? In attempting to answer this question, this paper documents the evolution of South-South trade and puts forward some theoretical considerations. It then undertakes an econometric analysis to estimate the income elasticities of import demand in bilateral trade relationships among developing Asian and South American countries and two key Northern markets. On applying an ARDL model, the analysis yields mixed results in terms of whether South-South trade presents higher income elasticities than South-North trade. Still, the findings show that South-South trade can be an alternative source of growth, especially if South-North income and import growth differentials persist.

Constraint As an Ethical Postulate in the Context of Ecological Limits

The problem of natural resources being finite as well as the capability of ecosystems and the biosphere to assimilate the effects of economic activity on the one hand, and growing economic discrepancies on the other raise a question mark over the chase after the unrestrained economic growth. In the search for alternative models of thinking and development a significant role of constraint is being more and more emphasized. In the case of ecological barriers limitation of using non-renewable resources, greenhouse gases emissions, excessive consumption and production seems to be a reasonable strategy that manifests our care for the natural environment.The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that the postulate of constraint present in the de-growth model in the form proposed by Tim Jackson and Serge Latouche apart from a quantitative dimension has, above all, a qualitative and ethically orientated dimension. Constraint conceived in the above way stays close to terms like moderation, restraint, sustainability, i.e. such terms that possess solid ethical foundations and constitute an important base for environmental ethics.

A case study of culturally informed disability-inclusive education policy development in the Solomon Islands

ABSTRACTInclusive education in general, and disability-inclusive education in particular, is a high-level priority for development work in aid-supported countries. This paper presents a bottom-up process of developing disability-inclusive education policy in one country – the Solomon Islands. It is well understood that the promotion of quality in disability-inclusive education requires a clearly stated policy; however, in many developing countries, there has been a history of policy borrowing rather than culturally informed policy development. This paper will critically discuss how policy development occurs in aid-funded development work and then offers an alternative model of Australian aid-supported policy development as an in-depth case study.

The Spirit of the Spiritless Situation: The Significance of Rojava as an Alternative Model of Political Development in the Context of the Middle East

In the aftermath of the on-going crisis in Syria, Rojava (West Kurdistan) has morphed into a de facto autonomous region. While this region has mainly gained international recognition for its unexpected yet daring resistance to the brutal forces of the so-called Islamic State in Syria, there is actually much more to Rojava than the heroic fighting of a few Kurdish barricades in the debris of the cities and villages of northern Syria. By refusing to give into the dominant narratives of separatism and—most significantly—top-down state building, Rojava is in fact seeking to establish an alternative social model in a number of respects. Despite (or even because of) this, Rojava has not received the appreciation that it deserves in academic circles or in the media. This article aims to explore some of Rojava’s socio-political features. The first half explains the theoretical and historical background to Rojava’s social–political foundations. The second half attempts to study Rojava from a philosophical perspective, using French philosopher Alain Badiou’s concepts of ‘Event’ and ‘fidelity to the Event’. As a Badiousian Event, Rojava has been a significant historical occurrence which brings the formerly unseen or concealed part of the society to the surface. It represents a universal ‘truth’ and shows the way for an ‘alternative’. Consequently, it instigates ‘fidelity to the Event’—inspiring people from beyond its borders to support and defend it. It subsequently boldly declares that it is seeking to establish an ‘alternative’ and has actually started the process: it refuses to postpone the enactment of this process until the war is over. In its concluding thoughts, the article outlines some of the obstacles to Rojava’s flourishing as an alternative model for society.

Corals in high diversity reefs resist human impact

Coral reefs are amongst the most diverse ecosystems in the biosphere. However, they also represent one of the most threatened marine systems. Apart from global change, especially fishing and tourism affect coral reefs either with mechanical damage or with increase of pollution and sedimentation. Recently, the increase of disturbances has induced extensive changes in community structure and composition of coral reefs. Well-balanced and rich communities can better resist disturbances and show a more rapid recovery, compared to less biodiverse systems.This study assesses the status of coral reefs subjected to several anthropogenic pressures, using a modified version of Coral Condition Index (CCI) that takes into account all Acropora and Pocillopora growth forms and considers a further category of coral damage: the presence of disease. The investigations were carried out at Bangka Island (North Sulawesi, Indonesia), where some of the most flourishing reefs in the country are present. The CCI takes into account the extent of different damages on coral colonies, particularly of the genera Acropora and Pocillopora, being among the most widespread bioconstructors of local coral reefs and very sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances. The aim of the present work is to test whether the CCI is a reliable index in different coral reefs, and to evaluate if highly biodiverse reefs show a better resistance to several human stressors.Data showed high values of CCI (0.9 on average) at all the investigated sites and at the two depths (3 and 9m) for each site, with the most abundant category represented by “healthy coral colonies”. These data indicate a reasonably good health status of the reef in the study area (CCI>0.8). The presence of different types of human pressure in the study area was evaluated through the use of metric proxies. Results do not seem to show any significant influence of such human activities on reef coral status, as shown by the low values of correlation between CCI values and the distances of the study sites from the three main sources of stress (Villages, Resorts and Other). Moreover, the present data seem to confirm that highly biodiverse and well-structured assemblages can resist disturbances more efficiently and that human pressure in the study area is sustainable. Compared to fishing activities, the impact of Scuba diving on coral reef is lower, resulting more sustainable and ecologically non-destructive.CCI summarizes many kinds of information and can be applicable in various areas with different pressures. It is a useful tool that might help to assist and guide management decisions towards alternative development models.

Supporting the Role of Associate Dean in Universities: an Alternative Approach to Management Development

AbstractLocated between senior management and academic staff, the role of the Associate Dean in universities appears to be growing in number, complexity and importance in recent years. A role arguably fraught with complexity, it remains largely undefined and under‐researched. While little is known about the role in general, less still is known about their leadership development experiences. This paper reports on a Leadership Foundation funded UK study to explore what training and role preparation Associate Deans have had. Data was collected from 15 interviews with Associate Deans from five different institutions and a follow‐up online survey of Associate Deans (n = 172) throughout England and Wales. The study found that 60 per cent of respondents had received little or no formal management training and that 24 per cent of those who had received training reported it to be only moderately useful or of little or no use. In contrast, however, the respondents identified the establishment of informal learning and support networks with other Associate Deans as being a vital source of support. The paper argues that an alternative model of management development, based on relational and social learning theories, might be a more appropriate way to help support this group of academic middle leaders.

Institutional Innovations in China: Can China Serve as an Alternative Development Model?

Over the past few decades China has emerged as an alternative model of development especially for countries in Asia and Africa. Not only has China achieved impressive growth rates, lifted almost half a billion people out of poverty but has also emerged as a rising global power. Many economists and development practitioners look towards western democracies as a model of growth and development. However due to China's silent rise as a major global economic power many countries particularly in Asia and Africa are relating to China's institutional reforms and development. These include reforms towards greater decentralization, formation of special economic zones, promotion of private entrepreneurship and other experimentations. This paper looks at these institutional innovations in light of their relevance for other developing countries. The analysis in this paper elucidates why China can serve as an alternative model of development despite some imperfections. The unorthodox, innovative and experimental solutions provided by the Chinese experience shows that governments in developing countries should be open to creative ways of problem solving rather than rigid technocratic approaches.

Buddhist socio-cultural influences on entrepreneurial actions and performance: case of rural Thailand

This study examines entrepreneurs in the Buddhist socio-cultural setting of rural villages of Thailand. Avoiding conflict is a cultural norm and business challenge for Buddhists, who have social and ethical obligations to present oneself as avoiding 'clashes' at any cost, particularly in a rural environment that is fraught with uncertainty and the 'triple jeopardy' effect. A total of 178 rural small business respondents from 31 Buddhist provinces with different economic development were obtained through interview-based field research using a survey questionnaire administered in-person on-site. Although the Buddhist context fosters peace loving entrepreneurs, it was found that non-financial success matters more, 'reactive' actions were taken in response to competition instead of aggressive preemptive actions, and there was positive correlation between proactiveness, risk-taking and innovativeness. This suggests the need to consider alternative models of socio-economic development that offer a more holistic and balanced approach for rural Buddhist entrepreneurs.

Participatory Art: from the “Relational Aesthetics” to the Post-Participatory Art

This article analyzes the phenomenon of “participatory art” widely used today in different contemporary art-practices around the world. In the last decade of the twentieth century, the collapse of the Soviet bloc led to the loss of the socialism as an alternative model of social development, the establishment of the hegemony of neo-liberalism, and the emergence of the “end of history” concept. Altogether these factors created a demand of a social turn in the art and led to the widespread dissemination of the “socially-engaged art”. This kind of art sought to mend these gaps in existing social connections and provoke social change. This article offers a detailed examination of two approaches to the “socially-engaged art”: the French theorist Nicolas Bourriaud’s concept of “relational aesthetics” and the American researcher Claire Bishop’s notion of “participatory art”. The final part of the article gives a critical second thought to the both of the abovementioned approaches to the “socially-engaged art” in relation to the phenomenon of art-activism, which became widely known around the world at the beginning of the twenty-first century. In conclusion, the post-participatory art is advancing as an alternative model, which better accounts for these most recent artistic practices.

Wissenstransfer, Experten und ihre Handlungsspielräume am Instituto de Nutrición de Centro América y Panamá (INCAP), 1961-1982

In the history of development there has been a tendency to attribute developmental initiatives to coordinating centres in the global north and view countries in the south as recipients, a phenomenon that continues to the present day. The Central American Nutrition Institute (INCAP) is by contrast an example of a regional institution that not only generated a considerable body of knowledge concerning the nutritional state of the region and policy proposals but also advocated an alternative development model emphasizing local resources. Although INCAP enjoyed some success in disseminating a number of its ideas through international organisations, the implementation of its vision was ultimately hampered by the unstable political situation prevailing in Central America in the time period analyzed in this article.