Alternative Development Model Research Articles

Mainstream economics’ war with the environment: counter-critiques from heterodox economics and Islamic economics

PurposeThis study aims to present the perspectives of heterodox economics and Islamic economics on environmental economics, as an alternative to mainstream economics, which takes economic growth as its main objective and argues that environmental problems will largely disappear when economic growth is achieved.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, there was no intention to conduct a detailed analysis of heterodox economic models and Islamic economics. Instead, the approaches to the “environment,” which can be considered as an urgent need of the planet, were evaluated, and the inadequate proposals of the mainstream economics’ environmental approach were theoretically criticized and heterodox economics and Islamic economics were proposed as an alternative model.FindingsHeterodox and Islamic economics offer alternative models of development prioritizing social and ecological justice to address environmental problems, which is in contrast to mainstream economics’ narrow focus on market mechanisms and individual rationality. Thus, engaging in more dialogue in the context of the environment is inevitable for both schools, considering the vast geography inhabited by Muslims and the proposed heterodox economic policies, and moreover, these approaches are modeled for the first time.Originality/valueThis article presents a synthesis of Islamic economics and heterodox thinking in contrast to mainstream economic policy, highlighting their similarities and differences and providing a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities and potential solutions of environmental problems. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this approach has not been previously explored, making it an original contribution to the literature.

Entrepreneurship Education for Gross National Happiness in Bhutan

The Buddhist Kingdom of Bhutan enjoys global fame for its pursuit of GNH (Gross National Happiness) as an alternative model of development. An increase in youth unemployment has made Bhutan look to entrepreneurship as a possible solution, prompting a need for entrepreneurship education. But what could entrepreneurship education look like in a context where policies and culture promote simple living and contentment, are cautious with regard to cultural change, and seek to constrain wealth accumulation of private sector entrepreneurs? This essay offers a number of suggestions for entrepreneurship education guided by GNH principles. The essay concludes by discussing what Western cultures can learn from GNH infused entrepreneurship education.

Feasibility of alternative economic models for local development in the municipality of Ivinhema/MS

The pandemic context faced at all levels of society (international, national, state and even municipal) made society hostage to restrictive measures implemented by the government, in its most diverse spheres. The object of this study was the municipality of Ivinhema/MS where these restrictive measures were also present, reflecting on the need to make alternative measures feasible for business and income generation. In this way, the objective of the study was to present viable alternatives of social economies for the local development of the municipality of Ivinhema/MS. The main theoretical constructs used as a basis were local development, creative economy, circular economy, social currency and, finally, the brief presentation of the municipality under analysis. The case studies show that the application of alternative economic models has great potential to promote improvement in terms of employment and income in the municipality, with social and economic benefits to the local and regional community.

Linear to Circular: an Alternative Model of Economic Development

With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution we have been following a linear economic model. The shortcomings of this system, with its pressure on nature and its focus on constant economic growth, have now become so obvious that they beg the question: where do we go from here? There is an alternative to this obsolete economic model, the so-called circular economy. In this article, we review its basic ideas and structural features.

МОДЕЛІ ІНКЛЮЗИВНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ТА АДАПТАЦІЯ ЇХ У ТУРИЗМІ

The challenges faced by the international community in recent years undermine the already unsteady economic situation in the world, which leads to the worsening of existing problems, as well as causes the emergence of new ones and leads to the deepening of economic and, as a result, social crises. Taking into account all the negative factors and the inability of traditional tools of influence to solve urgent issues, there was a need for more active application of alternative development models that would maximally cover all spheres of activity of countries, economic players and society and ensure their rapid and sustainable mutual development. Tourism, which accounts for a significant share of the world GDP and is one of the main sources of income for many countries, opens up opportunities for stimulating global economic growth and promoting the growth of the population's living standards, primarily its vulnerable strata and marginalized groups, becoming one of the drivers of inclusive development. The concept of inclusive development is mostly considered on a global, national and regional scale. However, the available studies reveal little about the roles of individual sectors of the economy in the process of inclusive development and growth. The tourism sector is potentially one of the drivers of inclusive development, given its potential economic and social impact. That is why the problem of developing a model of inclusive tourism development is becoming especially urgent.

Demographic processes in the context of regional development concepts

The study is dedicated to analyzing the role of demographic processes in the evolution of regional development concepts. The article focuses on the most influential elements of regional development, one of which is the demographic process. The aim of the research is to identify modern theoretical approaches to economic-regional development involving demographic indicators to optimize regional policy in Ukraine. It is established that regional policy is developed under the influence of various theories that seek to legitimize the role of state intervention in national economic processes, the relationship between regions (communities) and the state, and the efficient use of productive forces. It is found that modern geographical science contains many alternative models of regional development (dynamic and spatial). The most common concepts of regional development include neoclassical, cumulative growth, regional growth, and the modern concept of regional clusters. It has been observed that concepts and approaches to regional development over time have evolved towards emphasizing the importance and utilization of human potential, experience, and knowledge as crucial elements of regional development, and research in this direction still requires further improvement and development. The conclusions highlight the importance of regional development in the context of demographic processes amid economic crisis. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in their potential utilization for the formulation and implementation of state economic policy. The use of a comprehensive approach in the development of regional development concepts, taking into account all factors and regularities, which potentially contributes to strengthening the development potential of the territory, can have a positive impact on population development and addressing demographic and economic crisis issues. Further research is aimed at conceptualizing the target model of modern regional development.

Collaborative Development of Smart Villages: A Model with Pesantren Joglo Alit for Social, Cultural, Economic, and Ecological Enhancement

The research presented in this article seeks to reconstruct the concept of smart villages, focusing on the alignment with the aspirations of lecturers at the Educational Management Department at UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. In collaboration with Pesantren Joglo Alit, a smart public space model was developed to pioneer Smart Village, emphasizing social, cultural, economic, and ecological enhancements to support a better quality of life. Through Strengths, Opportunities, Aspirations, and Results (SOAR) analysis on two levels—academic society aspiration and mutual partner aspiration—a prototype of smart villages was constructed. The research identifies three strategic issues: smart village, star-up for education, and laboratory for social service. Several alternative models for smart village development were explored, leading to the agreement on an enterprise model in the targeted village. The prototype implementation took 41 days, and its implications offer a nuanced understanding of how education can drive broader relevant competencies in smart village development. The findings have significant implications for education, rural development, and sustainability. Constraints such as low technology are acknowledged, and recommendations for future research and policy formulation are provided.

Study on CO2 Huff-n-Puff Development Rule of Horizontal Wells in Heavy Oil Reservoir by Taking Liuguanzhuang Oilfield in Dagang as an Example

Heavy oil reservoirs are often characterized by high viscosity and poor mobility, which is more complex with the presence of bottom water. The conventional vertical well development method has low oil recovery efficiency and limited controlled reserves of a single well. In addition, water cut can increase dramatically when the edge-bottom water breaks through. Horizontal well and CO2 huff-n-puff is an effective alternative development model for heavy oil reservoirs. This development method makes efficient use of CO2 and accords with the “Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)”. The horizontal well can increase the drainage area. The dissolution of CO2 improves the mobility of crude oil and increases formation energy. In this paper, we established numerical simulation models based on the Liuguanzhuang oilfield in Dagang. The characteristics and producing rules of the horizontal well and CO2 huff-n-puff development in the heavy oil reservoir were studied. The results show that the production characteristics of horizontal well and CO2 huff-n-puff were similar to Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD). CO2 forms a viscosity reduction area above the horizontal well and the heavy oil flows into the wellbore due to gravity after viscosity reduction. The CO2 huff-n-puff can effectively enhance the production area of horizontal wells compared with the depletion development. However, the improvement in the production area gradually decreased as CO2 huff-n-puff cycles continued. There was a boundary of production area against the horizontal well, with the main production of heavy oil occurring at the upper and either end of the horizontal well. The CO2 huff-n-puff has a restraining effect on the edge-bottom water, which is confirmed via the proposed theoretical model.

Foreign direct investments and the dynamics of trade and capital flows: Schumpeterian insights for sustained development

AbstractThis article analyses the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in trade and development theory and outlines the resulting implications for economic policy. We propose an alternative model of international trade and development based on absolute, not comparative advantages of firms, which are nested in countries but compete internationally. Applying a Schumpeterian theory of dynamic development, we consider how firms can either increase their competitiveness through productivity gains at a given wage level, or by combining the existing high level of productivity with lower wages in low‐income countries. We argue that the aim of competition policy must be to improve the quality of economic competition in international markets, limit monopoly rents and disincentivise rent‐seeking activities through the mere outsourcing of production. To that end, we propose that economic policy must reinstate rigorous wage bargaining regimes and make FDI subject to wage conditionality, obliging foreign companies to increase their wages in the host economy in line with average national productivity growth and the national inflation target.

A single-cell census of mouse limb development identifies complex spatiotemporal dynamics of skeleton formation.

Limb development has long served as a model system for coordinated spatial patterning of progenitor cells. Here, we identify a population of naive limb progenitors and show that they differentiate progressively to form the skeleton in a complex, non-consecutive, three-dimensional pattern. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the developing mouse forelimb identified three progenitor states: naive, proximal, and autopodial, as well as Msx1 as a marker for the naive progenitors. Invivo lineage tracing confirmed this role and localized the naive progenitors to the outer margin of the limb, along the anterior-posterior axis. Sequential pulse-chase experiments showed that the progressive transition of Msx1+ naive progenitors into proximal and autopodial progenitors coincides with their differentiation to Sox9+ chondroprogenitors, which occurs along all the forming skeletal segments. Indeed, tracking the spatiotemporal sequence of differentiation showed that the skeleton forms progressively in a complex pattern. These findings suggest an alternative model for limb skeleton development.

Black Political Economy, Solidarity Economics, and Liberation: Toward an Economy of Caring and Abundance

Combining Black political economy and solidarity economy theories and practices provides alternative models for group development based on recognizing and developing internal (to the individual and to the community) capacities and creating mechanisms that equitably produce, distribute, recycle, and multiply local expertise and capital within communities of color, especially Black, communities—creating a solidarity economy of caring community for survival (successful social reproduction), sustainability, and liberation. The history of mutual aid, cooperative ownership, and economic democracy among African Americans demonstrates how economic cooperation and solidarity economics have enabled Blacks to address human needs, generate income, and at the same time be family and community friendly, in reaction to anti-Blackness and racial economic inequality. Cooperatives enable low-income residents, women, immigrants, and people of color (who often are without any avenue to gain income or assets) to provide affordable, quality goods and services in ecologically sustainable ways and generate jobs, stabilize their communities, and accumulate some assets. The history of African American cooperative ownership demonstrates that Black Americans have been successful in creating and maintaining collective and cooperatively owned enterprises that often provided not only economic stability for members and their communities but also developed many types of human and social capital and developed community-wide well-being. I discuss how this helps us to define an economics of abundance and explore possibilities for achieving economic liberation in the twenty-first century. JEL Classification: J15, B54, P13

Autonomous activism and accountability in a democratic transition: evidence from Tunisia

ABSTRACT How do citizens in the Arab world hold their governments to account between elections? Diagonal accountability mechanisms in the literature show how citizens can constrain executive power by imposing reputational costs, by using legal action, or through watchdog oversight. However, citizen mobilizations in the Arab world are often autonomous, reflecting low political trust and ineffective political parties and therefore weakening potential accountability mechanisms. This article uses a structured, focused comparison of protest episodes during the Tunisian transition to theorize three alternative mechanisms used in autonomous mobilizations. Autonomous movements develop legitimacy for their claims by reinterpreting initial grievances as legitimate claims for greater popular participation in decision-making. Although these movements all insist on their independence from parties and unions, they develop temporary and expedient alliances with political actors for greater leverage. When movements have sufficient local resources, they try to establish lasting collective capacities to demonstrate alternative models of development. These findings contribute to a richer understanding of the varied mechanisms behind accountability processes in new democracies by showing how autonomous movements deploy alternative strategies to shape the quality of their emerging democratic system.

The social economy in Europe as an alternative development model

ABSTRACT The social economy in Europe has grown in strength over the last 40 years. This paper analyses the different dynamics that are at play within the social economy. On the one hand, it appears to have a unique approach to social and business organisation integrated within the current construction of the Single Market and the Economic and Monetary Union. On the other hand, together with the political, social, feminist and environmental movements that pursue the same objective, it is seen as a reference for economic organisation towards a development model different to the current model based on neoliberal capitalism.

Addressing the challenge of photovoltaic growth: Integrating multiple objectives towards sustainable green energy development

Photovoltaic production is growing globally thanks to climate change mitigation efforts. However, this growth is seldom planned which can lead to conflicts with other land uses, mostly agriculture and biodiversity conservation. There is, therefore, urgent need for adequate planning to minimise potential conflicts. We demonstrate how to identify priority areas for photovoltaic development to meet projected targets for 2050, as well as critical areas for the maintenance of different types of agriculture and biodiversity conservation, using Catalonia (NE Spain) as a case study. We tested three planning scenarios simulating alternative photovoltaic development models: setting targets at the whole regional scale or splitting those targets across counties distributing them equitably by county energy demand or area available for photovoltaic development. Photovoltaic targets could only be achieved when setting targets at the whole of Catalonia scale, although leading to heterogeneous distribution of development efforts and associated impacts on agriculture and biodiversity across counties. Setting targets for each county based on energy demand was far from achieving the regional photovoltaic development target, driven by the limited land available in some highly urbanised counties, where energy demand concentrates. On the other hand, setting targets based on area available within each led to the most equitable distribution of potential impacts of photovoltaic development, while also approaching the regional photovoltaic development target. Adequate planning of photovoltaic development will be key to ensure that photovoltaic development does not flourish at the expenses of other land uses, like maintenance of agricultural production or biodiversity.

What does it mean for urban life to see livestock grazing in post-industrial American cities?

Until the nineteenth century, American urban dwellers cohabited with livestock and cities formed ecologically diverse spaces. In the late nineteenth century, a series of urban livestock policies coupled with industrial agricultural transformations displaced livestock to urban fringes and rural areas. These developments radically altered human–animal relationships in the urban context, limited economic opportunity and over time have shaped contemporary issues of food access and food justice within cities. Post-industrial cities in the United States, such as Detroit, are characterised by patterns of urban shrinkage and high levels of vacancy. Within this context, urban farming has emerged as a framework and movement to stabilise communities, address local food access and leverage vacancy towards new models of occupation. In 2013, the City of Detroit Urban Agricultural Ordinance was passed to formalise decades of community-driven urban agricultural practices. The ordinance provides guidelines for urban farms and gardens and for managing allied resources. Deliberation on urban agriculture and livestock ordinances continues today. While existing policies provide a framework for food-based development of neighbourhoods, they remain focused on the incremental scale of existing single-family housing and adjacent vacant plots versus larger assemblages that may participate in the production of new urban collectives and assemblages. Detroit’s current context presents opportunities to scale operations via new urban design typologies and socially integrated models that leverage vacancy to construct alternate, collective models of urban life. A speculative urban design proposition for Riverbend Farming Cooperative is presented and proposes a courtyard-based cooperative farming development incorporating permaculture and animal husbandry within a formerly residential superblock as an alternative model of urban development. Through this design speculation, the article reflects upon the social, economic and ecological potentials for cohabiting with livestock and illustrates opportunities and challenges for new models of community development balancing social, environmental and economic interests through new models of agri-urbanism.

Audre Lorde’s Zami: A New Spelling of My Name as a Feminist Bildungsroman

In accordance with the increasing confirmation within feminist literary and cultural studies on women’s literature and the rumination of its social function to provide a sympathetic as well as a critical analysis of contemporary feminist fiction, this paper explores the attempt of women writers to reconfigure and reformulate established fictional genres to create more responsive genres that better represent the heterogeneity of women’s experiences. Focusing on the way Audre Lorde incorporates individual and collective memories as well as erotic and traumatic memories in her literary works, I use the literary category of feminist Bildungsroman to examine her biomythography, Zami: A New Spelling of My Name in which she presents an alternative model of female development. The paper traces the strenuous personal development and transformation of Audre as a black woman endeavouring to challenge marginalization and resist the various forms and layers of abuse and subjugation practiced against her in a racist and sexist society. Taking into consideration that the political implications of women’s writing can only be theorized when it is related to the cultural and ideological processes that shape it, I employ Rita Felski’s analysis of women’s modern writing as a area where female political identities and collective consciousness are treated and depicted.
 In accordance with the increasing confirmation within feminist literary and cultural studies on women’s literature and the rumination of its social function to provide a sympathetic as well as a critical analysis of contemporary feminist fiction, this paper explores the attempt of women writers to reconfigure and reformulate established fictional genres to create more responsive genres that better represent the heterogeneity of women’s experiences. Focusing on the way Audre Lorde incorporates individual and collective memories as well as erotic and traumatic memories in her literary works, I use the literary category of feminist Bildungsroman to examine her biomythography, Zami: A New Spelling of My Name in which she presents an alternative model of female development. The paper traces the strenuous personal development and transformation of Audre as a black woman endeavouring to challenge marginalization and resist the various forms and layers of abuse and subjugation practiced against her in a racist and sexist society. Taking into consideration that the political implications of women’s writing can only be theorized when it is related to the cultural and ideological processes that shape it, I employ Rita Felski’s analysis of women’s modern writing as a area where female political identities and collective consciousness are treated and depicted.

OP08 Early Access To New Direct-Acting Antiviral: A Journey On Introduction Of Ravidasvir For Hepatitis C Treatment In Malaysia

IntroductionAccess to affordable direct-acting antiviral (DAA) remains limited in developing countries, often due to high treatment cost. This study aimed to elaborate the initiatives taken by the Ministry of Health Malaysia (MoHM) to provide early access to ravidasvir, a new DAA for hepatitis C treatment, in Malaysia.MethodsMoHM collaborated with Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) to develop ravidasvir, a new chemical entity of oral non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor. MoHM co-sponsored and participated the DNDi-led Phase II/III study (STORM-C-1 trial) to assess the efficacy and safety of ravidasvir-sofosbuvir combination therapy. Agreement was signed between Pharmaniaga, Pharco Pharmaceuticals and DNDi to register and supply affordable hepatitis C treatment in Malaysia and South-East Asia. MoHM and Pharmaniaga mutually worked on the registration of ravidasvir in Malaysia. Series of pre-submission meetings took place, rolling submission was allowed and conditional registration pathway was used. As a separate initiative, MoHM partnered with the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) to implement decentralization and test-and-treat strategies for screening of hepatitis C virus (HCV).ResultsFirst stage of the STORM-C-1 trial reported that the combination of ravidasvir-sofosbuvir was highly effective across all genotypes and safe. The Drug Control Authority (DCA) Malaysia has granted a conditional registration for ravidasvir hydrochloride 200mg tablet (Ravida®) in June 2021, making Malaysia as the first country in the world to approve ravidasvir. Registration process expedited and took place within 15 months. The supply of Ravida® in Malaysia is expected in near future. Meanwhile, MoHM also implemented nationwide HCV screening using rapid diagnostic test kit in private hospitals, community clinics, prisons and rehabilitation centers which previously was done only in hospitals for outreach to the targeted group.ConclusionsRavidasvir-sofosbuvir has potential as a tool to eliminate hepatitis C in Malaysia by 2030, the WHO’s global elimination targets. This alternative new drug development model was successful due to strong leadership, public-private partnership and collaborative strategies. This could also be exercised in other disease area.

Viability of community participation in coastal conservation: A critical analysis

Coastal regions have served as sites of social and economic development for many nations, especially the Third World. This cultural interface has been employed by the less developed states to attract commercial tourism, spiritual recreation, and large-scale fishing in the region. The dire social, economic, and political conditions triumphed over worrying environmental consequences. The Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda are born against the backdrop of this despicable overexploitation. Sustainable Goal 14 envisions sustainably managing and conserving marine and coastal ecosystems against detrimental impacts of pollution. This endeavour is to be pursued in the consistency of national and international law based on the best available scientific information. The overzealous emphasis on scientific edification systemically devalues local knowledge and participation in the conservation drives.The prospect of the restoration of coastal regions sans community representation is at best futile and unimaginable. The paper attempts to explore an alliance of these international sustainable goals with the developmental objectives of the local communities dependent on these regions. The fruitfulness of this coalition can be advocated through the examples of Bangladesh and Indonesia, which are both costal dominated economies. The adoption of community-oriented development in these regions has to be adjudged in relation to the environmental assessments of coastal areas, the political will of the governments on these issues, and institutional capacities to resolve the environmental concerns. A critical evaluation of the consequential effect of these themes would facilitate arriving at an equitable proposition. The solution would encompass the spirit of emancipation and bestow the agency on people to be responsible for these regions. In the end, the recommendations put forth in the paper can be endorsed as a paradigm for other sovereign states (emphasis added on less developed states) for conservation of ecological zones, along with alternative livelihood models of sustainable development.

Technology-Supported Active Learning in a Flexible Teaching Space

Active learning is increasingly of interest within Higher Education. The use of technology provides, in theory, the opportunity for more effective active learning, but in practice the majority of learning technology usage is still for “traditional” approaches. Conventional staff training is failing to address this. The authors’ university has provided an experimental technology-rich teaching space (the Teaching Grid) for supporting teachers as they experiment with the delivery of innovative, technology-based teaching. This study investigates teachers’ experiences of trialling active learning approaches within the Teaching Grid using four case studies. The results suggest that the Teaching Grid can be effectively used to support teacher professional development, and the experience of using the facility encourages teachers to integrate technology into their future teaching plans. Five factors are identified which contribute to the promotion of active learning. Teachers’ perceptions of their experience indicate not only the intention to use technology more but also an increased awareness of its potential and openness to adopt more active, student-focused approaches. The broader significance of this work is to identify an alternative model for teacher development which, in contrast to most current approaches, has a demonstrable positive impact on fostering innovative, technology-based pedagogy.

Entrepreneurship Education for Gross National Happiness in Bhutan

The Buddhist Kingdom of Bhutan enjoys global fame for its pursuit of GNH (Gross National Happiness) as an alternative model of development. An increase in youth unemployment has made it look at entrepreneurship as a possible solution. What would entrepreneurship education look like in a context where policies and culture promote simple living and contentment, are cautious with regard to cultural change, and seek to constrain wealth accumulation of private sector entrepreneurs? This essay offers a number of suggestions for entrepreneurship education guided by GNH principles in the service of “Gross National Happiness entrepreneurship”. The essay concludes by discussing what Western cultures can learn from GNH infused entrepreneurship education.