Alternative Energy Development Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY MARKET: CASE OF CENTRAL EUROPE

The paper presents an analysis of the development of the alternative energy market between 2010 and 2022 in seven Central European countries, namely Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Lithuania, Hungary, and Bulgaria. Analyzing changes in electricity generation from hydro, solar, wind and bioresources makes it possible to comprehensively assess trends in the development of alternative energy. The countries of Central and Eastern Europe are economically and climatically similar to Ukraine, so studying the development of their renewable energy is of scientific value for the drafting of both Ukrainian and European energy strategies in the context of the transforming global energy system. Additionally, the article discusses the impact of renewable energy development on the labor market, outlining potential challenges and threats to regional labor markets. Research conclusions confirm the practical development and effective implementation of RES in the European energy system, even in countries that do not take the lead in generating energy from renewable sources, i.e., in Central Europe.

Defect engineered efficient catalytic transfer hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol in ethanol by Co-doped LaMnO3

As energy and CO2 concerns have become important aspects of scientific research, researchers are focusing on the development of alternative and green energies. Biomass is a significant energy source due to its cyclic utilization process and ability to renew CO2. The catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of sugar-derived furfural (FF) into furfuryl alcohol (FA) has attracted increasing attention; however, designing and synthesizing efficient nonnoble catalysts remains challenging. In this work, an oxygen defect-abundant LaMnO3 perovskite (R-LM4C-3h) was synthesized by combining the advantages of both Co heteroatom doping and H2 reduction. Raman, O2 temperature programmed desorption (O2-TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) characterizations revealed that R-LM4C-3h exhibited abundant oxygen defects that improved its electronic properties. As a result, adsorption ability for FF was enhanced, the reaction energy barrier was decreased, and CTH catalytic activity was promoted. A 93.6 mol% FA yield with 100 % FF conversion was achieved using ethanol as the hydrogen source. The oxygen defect-mediated catalyst also exhibited excellent stability with almost no activity reduction after 5 cycles. This surface reconstruction strategy for obtaining perovskites by fabricating abundant oxygen defects provides a superior opportunity to better explore the structure–function relationship of catalysts and develop efficient nonnoble metal-based catalysts.

Upaya Masyarakat dalam Penanggulangan Polusi Udara Akibat Asap Pabrik Geo Dipa Dieng Banjarnegara

Air pollution caused by factory smoke is a serious environmental issue in many regions. Dieng, Banjarnegara, is one of the areas affected by air pollution from Geo Dipa factory smoke. Air pollution can have negative impacts on human health and the surrounding environment. Therefore, efforts to mitigate air pollution are crucial. This abstract discusses the community efforts in combating air pollution from Geo Dipa factory smoke in Dieng, Banjarnegara. The research method used is a descriptive approach by collecting data through a literature review and interviews with local communities. The research findings indicate that the Dieng community in Banjarnegara has made several efforts in tackling air pollution from Geo Dipa factory smoke. Firstly, they have formed community groups that care about the environment and actively monitor the factory's activities and air quality around the facility. These groups also hold regular meetings to discuss air pollution mitigation strategies. Additionally, the community conducts environmental awareness campaigns to the surrounding community to reduce air pollution in their environment. They educate the public about the importance of maintaining environmental cleanliness and reducing the use of hazardous substances that can contribute to air pollution. Moreover, the community advocates to the local government for stricter monitoring of Geo Dipa factory activities. They submit petitions and participate in public meetings to fight for their rights to clean air and a healthy environment. In their efforts to combat air pollution, the community also supports the development of environmentally friendly alternative energy sources. They promote the use of renewable energy, such as solar and wind energy, as cleaner and more sustainable alternatives. Overall, the Dieng community in Banjarnegara has shown a strong commitment to addressing air pollution caused by Geo Dipa factory smoke. Through community environmental groups, awareness campaigns, government advocacy, and support for alternative energy development, they strive to create a cleaner and healthier environment for the common good. These efforts are crucial as an initial step in improving air quality in Dieng, Banjarnegara, and can serve as an example for other regions facing similar issues.

International experience in the use of alternative energy sources (within the European Union)

The relevance of the chosen subject is due to the problem of the lack of conventional energy resources in the global and Ukrainian energy sectors. This problem is caused by a combination of external factors (outdated technologies, lack of oil, coal, and gas reserves) and internal factors, such as Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, and its manipulative policy towards other countries, which encourages the European community to look for other options to ensure energy security. This gave a new urgency to the issue of activating the development of alternative energy. The purpose of the study is to analyse international experience in the use of alternative (renewable) energy and formulate conceptual methods and approaches to solving global energy problems. A combination of general scientific methods was used, primarily dialectical, analytical, concrete-sociological, and from special legal methods – comparative legal. The results obtained indicate that the use of alternative energy sources in the European Union countries will continue to develop in the future. Based on data from Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy, it is confirmed that Denmark, Germany, and the Republic of Poland are currently the leaders in the use of renewable energy sources in the EU countries. The study analyses the successful experience of these countries in the use of renewable energy sources. It is concluded that there is a dynamic in the development of alternative energy sources in European countries, but in order for alternative energy sources to fully compete with conventional energy sources, it is necessary to maintain and regulate incentives for increasing the use of renewable energy sources at the national level. The practical value of the study lies in the fact that its results can serve as recommendations for increasing the share of alternative energy sources in Ukraine

Study of Factors Influencing Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) in China

Sustainability in the transportation and supply chain industry has been a concern for decades. Conversations have been ongoing about how to reduce the carbon footprint, incorporate electric vehicles into fleets, and adopt alternative fuels. Now, however, we’re at a crossroad. The global climate crisis has reached a tipping point, highlighting transportation’s contribution to the problem in the boardrooms of most corporations. And for good reason. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, transportation is responsible for nearly a third (29%) of all greenhouse gas emissions. While passenger vehicles make up a significant portion of that number, ships, trains, planes and freight trucks are also in the mix.The purpose of this research is to study factors influencing Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) in China. These factors include seven first-order variables: independent variables: Carbon Footprint (CF), Organizational Practices (OP), Transportation Model (TM), Environmentally Responsible Packages (EP), Alternative Energy (AE), Partnership Initiative (PI), and Technology Development (TD); two second-order variables: Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) and Operating Model (OPER) and one dependent variable: Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM). 400 sample were collected using electronic questionnaire through social media. We used Structural Equation Models (SEM) for data analysis. The result shows that since the RMSEA, which is an absolute fit index that assesses how far our hypothesized model is from a perfect model, for this model is .039 (<.05) which strongly indicates a “close fit” and the Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) value is .903 (>.90), the model seems to fit well according to the descriptive measures of fit. Moreover, CFI, which is incremental fit indices that compare the fit of our hypothesized model with that of a baseline model (i.e., a model with the worst fit), its value equals .956 indicating an acceptable fit.

Alternative Energy and CO2 Emission in China: Evidence from Bounds Testing and Vector Error Correction Model Approach

This empirical study investigates the dynamic interconnection between fossil fuel consumption, alternative energy consumption, economic growth and carbon emissions in China over the 1981 to 2020 time period within a multivariate framework. The long-term relationships between the sequences are determined through the application of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test and augmented by the Johansen maximum likelihood procedure. The causal relationships between the variables are tested with the Granger causality technique based on the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Empirical results reveal the existence of a statistically significant negative relationship between alternative energy consumption and carbon emissions in the long-term equilibrium. Furthermore, the VECM results demonstrate that both carbon emissions and fossil fuel consumption have unidirectional effects on economic growth. Additionally, the study highlights a short-term unidirectional causal relationship from economic growth to alternative energy consumption. These findings suggest that a reduction in fossil fuel consumption in the short run may indirectly impede the development of alternative energy. The study proposes that China should expedite the development of alternative energy and control the expansion of fossil fuel consumption to attain its carbon reduction target without hindering economic growth.

Fouling of Polyalkylmethylsiloxane Composite Membranes during Pervaporation Separation of ABE-Fermentation Mixtures

Production of bio-alcohols is one of the approaches used in the development of alternative energy. Pervaporation is a promising option for the separation of bio-alcohols from the fermentation mixture. A serious problem in the process of continuous extraction of biobutanol from the fermentation broth is the contamination of the membrane, which leads to a decrease in its permeability over time. In this work, the transport properties of composite membranes based on polyheptylmethylsiloxane (PHeptMS), polydecylmethylsiloxane (PDecMS), and a commercial membrane MDK-3 were studied during separation of a real ABE-fermentation broth in vacuum pervaporation mode. The study was performed before and after continuous contact of the membranes with the fermentation broth for one month. Visually and by scanning electron spectroscopy, the presence of membrane surface residue and its effect on the wettability of the membrane selective layer by the components of the ABE broth were determined. The sediment composition was evaluated by energy dispersive analysis and infrared spectroscopy. According to the pervaporation separation of the ABE-broth using PHeptMS, PDecMS, and MDK-3 membranes, the butanol flux was 0.029, 0.012, and 0.054 kg/(m2·h), respectively. The butanol-water partition factor was 41, 22, and 13 for PHeptMS, PDecMS, and MDK-3, respectively. After one month of incubation of the membranes in ABE-fermentation broth during the separation of the model mixture, a decrease of 10 and 5% in permeate flux and separation factor, respectively, was observed for all membranes. Temperature dependences (30–60 °C) of permeate flux, permeability, and selectivity were obtained for the membranes after clogging. The most promising in terms of minimal negative changes as a result of fouling was demonstrated by the PHeptMS membrane. For it, the clogging dynamics during separation of the real fermentation broth for 216 h were investigated. Two characteristic steps of decrease in transport and separation properties were observed, after 28 and 150 h of the experiment. After 216 h of experiment, a 1.28-fold decrease in total flux through the membrane, a 9% decrease in butanol permeability, and a 10% decrease in n-butanol selectivity were found for PHeptMS.

ON THE ISSUE OF BELARUS' FULL MEMBERSHIP IN THE SCO: WHAT WILL CHANGE IN THE FIELD OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY?

Aim. To study the prospects for the development of alternative and low-carbon energy in the Republic of Belarus in the context of joining the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a full member.Methodology. The key research methods were historical and logical analysis, comparative and typological analysis. The focus is on the study of international treaties and agreements essence, various normative legal acts, resolutions, strategies and plans for the development of cooperation, as well as statements and speeches of officials. The work also applied the scenario forecasting method to identify the promising areas for the development of “green” energy in Belarus.Results. It is stated that with the accession of the Republic of Belarus to the SCO as a full member, a potential opportunity appeares for increasing foreign investment in projects for the development of alternative and low-carbon energy; it is expected to strengthen the energy dialogue with Russia, including the field of “green” energy; the strengthening of the position of the Republic of Belarus on the world stage is stated in connection with joining a large organization and the creation of economic and logistics joint projects.Research implications. The study results can be relevant for studying the transformation of the energy markets of the SCO member states in the context of the global energy transition.

СТАН ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ВИРОБНИЦТВА ТА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ СОНЯЧНОЇ ЕНЕРГІЇ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the modern post-war state of legal regulation of the production and sale of solar energy in Ukraine, namely the public-law aspects of the relevant sphere of legislation. The national legislation on solar energy was evaluated and it was found that since the introduction of martial law at the state level, a number of important actions have been taken in the direction of reforming and developing the legislative framework in the field of production and sale of solar energy. The problems of public and legal support for the development of solar energy are traced. The system of legal protection of solar energy requires changes in the part of tax and customs legislation regarding the legislative stimulation of the development of solar energy. The need to develop a national strategy for the development of alternative energy, in particular solar energy, as a tool for replacing and modernizing the outdated Soviet energy infrastructure, which suffered as a result of the aggression of the Russian Federation, is proven. The "green" tariff needs revision, which is due to pre-war legislative changes in terms of reducing the size of the "green" tariff. Attention is focused specifically on the public legal mechanisms of legal regulation of relations in the field of production and sale of solar energy. The modern post-war state of legal relations in the relevant field is highlighted, and problems in the functioning mechanism of the relevant market are identified. Proposals have been put forward regarding the unification of state and legal influence on the field of solar energy production and its implementation. Taking into account the previous experience of the operation of the solar energy market, it is proposed to form state principles of stimulating support for the implementation of technologies for saving generated energy using energy storages. The studied international legal obligations confirm the need for a state role in the field of fulfilling the accepted international obligations in the field of energy and the vector of potential accession to the European Union, the development of a legislative and regulatory framework that does not aim to reduce the dependence of the national economy on energy produced from fossil fuels resources.

Review of the Effects of Fossil Fuels and the Need for a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Policy in Malaysia

The world has relied on fossil fuel energy for a long time, producing many adverse effects. Long-term fossil fuel dependency has increased carbon emissions and accelerated climate change. In addition, fossil fuels are also depleting and will soon be very costly. Moreover, the expensive national electricity grid has yet to reach rural areas and will be cut off in inundation areas. As such, alternative and carbon-free hydrogen fuel cell energy is highly recommended as it solves these problems. The reviews find that (i) compared to renewable energy such as solar, biomass, and hydropower, a fuel cell does not require expensive transmission through an energy grid and is carbon-free, and hence, it is a faster agent to decelerate climate change; (ii) fuel cell technologies have reached an optimum level due to the high-efficiency production of energy, and they are environmentally friendly; (iii) the absence of a policy on hydrogen fuel cells will hinder investment from private companies as they are not adequately regulated. It is thus recommended that countries embarking on hydrogen fuel cell development have a specific policy in place to allow the government to fund and regulate hydrogen fuel cells in the energy generation mix. This is essential as it provides the basis for alternative energy governance, development, and management of a country.

The Barriers Analysis for Waste-to-Energy Project Development in Thailand: Using an Interpretive Structural Modeling Approach

Waste-to-energy (WtE) is national policy. From this view, WtE technology has been promoted. Many WtE projects in Thailand were unsuccessful due to several problems. This research aimed to analyze the key barriers impacting the WtE project development in Thailand. The Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) and Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) analysis tool have been used to evaluate the barriers that significantly in the development of WtE projects. In this study, WtE projects focused on electricity power generation in order to correspond to the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) target and power purchase agreement constrain of the government. The barriers were obtained from six sections consisting of social issues, environment, national policy, technology, economy, and project management. From six sections, there are 20 barriers that were identified. The ISM and MICMAC analysis showed that the key barriers impacting the WtE projects development were insufficient amount of waste and poor waste management planning. These two barriers correspond with many studies in Thailand and other countries. The project developers or investors must take these two barriers and other barriers with less impact mentioned in this study into account before developing the WtE projects in Thailand.

Comparative Analysis of Strategies for Innovative Development of the Fuel and Energy Complex: The Experience of the EU Countries

Most European countries do not have large reserves of natural resources and depend on imported energy resources. In this regard, the government of the European Union has approved a new energy policy aimed at developing a “green” economy and combating dependence on non-renewable resources. Currently, the European Union is a leader in the development of renewable energy sources. Many states have achieved success in this industry, their experience can be used in other countries where alternative energy is not so widespread. This study analyzes and compares existing strategies for the innovative development of the fuel and energy complex of EU member states. The process of formation of the EU energy policy and its distinctive features were studied. The example of Italy, Germany, Poland, Spain, and Finland was used to study in detail the impact of the new energy policy approved by the EU government. The prospects for the introduction of alternative energy sources in the geographical and climatic conditions of Kazakhstan have been assessed. Synthesizing the information obtained, a list of tips for the successful development of alternative energy in the Republic of Kazakhstan was proposed.

Effect of Butanol-Gasoline Blend Toward Performance Matic-Transmission Applied in Single Cylinder Capacity Engine

The availability of fuel oil is decreasing while the level of consumption is increasing. This encourages the need for the development of alternative energy to minimize the crisis. This study investigates the characteristics of fuel and automatic transmission combustion engines. The fuel used is butanol variations B7, B12 and B18 (7%, 12%, and 18%) and pertalite (RON-90). The gasoline engine used has a capacity of 110 cc with a compression ratio of 9.5:1, an automatic transmission system, and air conditioning. The performance test equipment used is the Dynotest-chassis type 50L-BRT. Fuel variations are applied to an engine performance test by using engine speeds of 3000-9000 rpm. The results showed that the use of 18% butanol increased the output power and thermal efficiency by 8.3 kW and 923.95 kPa at 8000 rpm. torque and MEP (average effective pressure) increased by 8 N.m and 923.95 kPa at 5000 rpm. Meanwhile, SFC (specific fuel consumption) decreased by 0.35 kg/kWh at 8000 rpm.

Energy industry development: key trends and the core determinants

Energy underpins the development and enables investment, innovation, and new industries that drive jobs, inclusive growth, and the shared prosperity of entire economies. The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have led to a sharp rise in energy prices, increasing concerns about energy shortages and energy security, and slowing progress toward universal access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy by 2030. The purpose of the article is to study key trends and trends in the development of the global energy sector. Ex-post-economic analysis was used during the retrospective analysis. The conducted analysis made it possible to single out three main trends in the development of the global energy sector: decarbonization, digitalization, and decentralization. The results of the evaluation of statistical information on the development of alternative energy allowed us to draw the following conclusions. The global weighted average current cost of electricity for solar photovoltaic and onshore wind decreased by 77% and 35%, respectively, between 2010 and 2018. Global electricity production from renewable energy sources also increased by 7% in 2018. led by China, which accounted for nearly 37% of offshore wind growth and 44% of solar PV growth. However, significant progress in the use of renewable energy sources is still concentrated in the power industry. The share of renewable energy sources in the transport and heating sectors is still limited, although showing moderate growth. The study of forecast indicators confirmed the steady trend of growth in the demand for renewable energy. Between 2018 and 2030, global demand for renewable energy is projected to grow by 64%. The results of the provided research can be used further in the study of the development of various sectors of the energy industry, in particular, alternative electricity, wind energy, etc.

ЗОВНІШНІ ШОКИ ТА ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКІ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНІ ЦІНИ

The article characterizes shocks and energy crises in the modern global economy. International markets have periodical changes of supply and demand conditions, supply chains disruptions which causing prices volatility. Global shocks during the COVID-19 pandemic led to a slowdown in the economies, disruptions in global supply chains and a drop in demand and prices for raw materials and energy resources. Russia's war in Ukraine became a global shock and provoked consequent social, migration, economic, financial, logistical shocks. Such shocks as a result of russian military aggression in Ukraine caused global crises – energy, food and financial. International supply and demand shocks affected the nature and outcomes of the European energy crisis. During pandemic since 2020 the energy consumption contracted therefore the demand shock has raised and affected energy prices decrease. Russian aggression in Ukraine in 2023 caused global market uncertainty. supply shocks and prices increase. Especially there was a sharp increase of prices on the energy markets of Europe, which caused significant economic consequences for business and households. Increase in energy prices and market volatility affected inflation, business and population in Europe. The consumer prices inflation in the Eurozone mostly grown since mid-2022 in time of the high energy prices. From the beginning of 2023 the inflation in Europe is gradually reducing following the contraction of energy prices, but forecasted to remain on the relatively high level. At the same time, global factors make it possible to diversify energy sources and overcome the crisis. The energy prices analysis have theoretical and practical significance for the stability of the economy. The principles of solidarity are implemented in the energy sector, in particular in the development of the European Energy Community, to which Ukraine has also joined. The European energy crisis led to improve the efficiency of energy utilization, supply regulation, energy saving, technological progress and the development of alternative energy. The balanced short-term and medium-term measures should be implemented to support energy prices stability.

Alternative energy development in the republic of Uzbekistan

The purpose of this article is to study the conditions and actions for the use of alternative energy, mainly solar, in Uzbekistan, to find opportunities to accelerate this process. Therefore, the authors gave a description of the directions and prospects for the implementation of projects for the use of predominantly solar energy in Uzbekistan, studied the directions and prospects for its use, and provided criteria for the introduction of solar and wind energy. The authors noted that ensuring the development of alternative energy is carry out by ensuring the transformation of existing energy systems, taking into account new innovative technologies for generating electricity from renewable sources, as well as conducting new research to improve the efficiency of existing installations. Conclusions are formulated on expanding the use of solar and wind energy in Uzbekistan, which, according to the authors, will help in increasing the country's energy capacity.

Prospects for the application of marine energy under competition with other types of unconventional sources

The global energy crisis is due to the lack of traditional energy sources, which leads to an increase in their cost and limited availability in the required quantity for the full and efficient functioning of energy systems. Therefore, it is quite logical to search for new scientific and technical solutions for the development of alternative energy with renewable energy sources, which are environmentally “clean” and their use does not lead to a violation of the natural climate balance. Modern alternative energy is mainly based on the conversion of solar and wind energy, and the technologies for their construction provide for ground location, which leads to the occupation of vast areas for power plants. Along with this, such power plants have a number of climatic, seasonal and daily restrictions on the power of electricity production, which leads to fluctuations in the energy balance of the system with an increase in their number. To eliminate dips and bursts of energy in the energy system when using renewable sources, it is necessary to introduce energy storage devices, which in turn at this stage of their development are non-environmental chemical batteries, which also require large areas and certain technical conditions for correct operation. Thus, the development of marine energy can in the future become a solution to a number of issues to eliminate the destabilization of the global energy system and provide complete energy independence from traditional energy sources. The oceans have unlimited reserves of renewable energy and their rational extraction and use is the key to the growth of electricity production in the face of increased consumption, which will lead to a general reduction in the crisis in the energy industry in many countries. The issue of developing marine energy as a separate type as part of alternative renewable energy is a priority and, accordingly, the development of technological solutions for the creation of offshore power plants with fundamentally different methods of generating electricity requires huge economic investments in research on their implementation. In the future, marine energy can be one of the main sources of renewable environmentally friendly electricity.

Development of green energy as a path to energy independence of the national economy

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that at the current stage of human development, the world community has become aware of the problem of limited natural resources and the need to preserve them for future generations. The search for alternative ways of conducting economic activity, which have a higher level of efficiency with insignificant material and production costs, as well as with minimal impact on the environment, are relevant. The latest achievements in meteorology, aerodynamics, electric power, heat power, generator and turbo-building, microelectronics, power electronics, and nanotechnology are implemented in innovative technologies of renewable energy. The purpose of the study is to study the implementation of innovative technologies in the field of energy, as a key factor in the formation of security elements of the national economies of the world. In accordance with the set goal, the task of the research was the analysis of the available theoretical developments of scientists, current legal acts in the field of introduction of innovative technologies in the economy, and protection of the natural environment. When conducting the research, general and special methods of scientific knowledge were used. The result of the study was substantiation of the proposition that for the future it is necessary to attract investments in alternative energy, which will be supported by most countries of the world in connection with the need to ensure their own energy and environmental security. The conclusion of the study was the substantiation of the position that in the developed countries of the world, the implementation of alternative energy development programs is considered as a powerful stimulus for the development of new scientific directions, applied technologies, and innovative methods of conducting an economic activity that increase the competitiveness of the economy, which is an effective model for introduction into the economy countries of the post-Soviet space.

The Keys to Clean Energy Technology: Impact of Environmental Taxes on Biofuel Production and Consumption

The growing level of modern environmental problems and the need to ensure energy security creates new challenges for the development of the energy sector. Nowadays, countries must balance their international competitiveness and progress in achievement the Sustainable Development Goals. This provides a necessity for the development of alternative energy technologies. Modern trends in the development of alternative energy indicate a gradual increase in the relevance of biofuel production. At the same time, the development of clean energy technologies needs significant investments, and their commercial implementation is a long process. Moreover, energy industry transformations require significant changes in the functioning of complementary spheres. That makes necessary the use of additional incentives for the development of the bioenergy sector. Thus, an assessment of the impact of environmental taxes on biofuel production and consumption becomes crucial. This research is aimed at the identification of contextual and causal relationships between environmental taxation (transport and energy taxes) and biofuel production and consumption. Contextual links were identified by the methods of bibliometric analysis (VOSviewer and Google Books Ngram Viewer results), while causal links were determined by the methods of panel regression modeling (panel-corrected standard errors model) with a time lag from 0 to 4 years. A sample of nine European countries (Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Spain, U.K.) was formed for the assessment. The research period includes 2010–2020. The conducted bibliometric analysis proved the presence of a wide range of relationships between environmental taxation and the development of the bioenergy industry. Panel regression modeling proved the existence of a significant impact of environmental taxation on the volumes of biofuel production and consumption. The increase in revenues from transport and energy taxes determines the growth in indicators of biofuel production and consumption. Such effects are medium term for transport taxes and short term for energy taxes. These results made a huge contribution in the development of the system of state regulation methods of alternative energy stimulation and energy production and consumption transformations.

Energy Applications in Green Building to Fulfil the Goals of Sustainable Development: The Case of Jordan

The aim of this study is to explore measures and options for utilizing the most abundant energy source in Jordan, which is solar energy. The study looks into the actions that Jordan can adopt that will give the stakeholders a higher return on investment. It emphasizes the importance of using such facilities in the applications of green building, which is growing in the country. The methodology is descriptive and analytical, using official data to support these options, such as the price of labor, land, oil, as well as equipment that is used in the building of energy infrastructure. The importance of the options stems from the fact that they minimize the energy gaps to form a thorough policy for any organization or ministry in the government. The study showed that the payback period for the installation of both solar water collectors and solar cell panels is approximately 2 and 2.5 years, respectively. This study has also arrived at several actions and recommendations to shrink the energy gap. The disparity between subsidies for low-energy users and high-energy users has slowed the development of alternative energies. Other kinds of renewable energy, such as hydroelectric and wind power, are underutilized in Jordan, although they can be utilized to reduce the volatility of oil and gas prices.