Alternative Fuels Research Articles

EVALUATING PERFORMANCE, COMBUSTION, AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE PLASTIC OIL BLENDS IN CRDI DIESEL ENGINES USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS

As fossil fuels run out quickly, researchers studying engines are increasingly interested in alternative fuels. This paper covers the use of plastic paralysis oil as biodiesel in diesel engines. This was done using a four-stroke, multi-cylinder CRDI diesel engine running between 2000 and 2500 rpm. From zero loads to fifty percent load, the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics were computed for a variety of load scenarios. The analysis revealed that the blend D80WPO20 at 2000 rpm reduced hydrocarbon emissions from 0.059 g/kW to 0.045 g/kW, which is lower than that of 25% diesel at 26 kW. At high speed, the blend D80WPO20 at 2000 rpm gave the maximum BTE of 34.53%. The nitric oxide (NOx) emissions from D50WPO50 and diesel at a 26 kW load are 6.48 g/kWh and 5.37 g/kWh, respectively, according to reports. Data envelopment analysis, a multi-response linear programming optimization tool, was used to evaluate the output and emissions of DI diesel engines using waste plastic oil mixtures.

The Impact of Alternative Fuels on the Performance and Emissions of Petrol Engines: A Review

The Impact of Alternative Fuels on the Performance and Emissions of Petrol Engines: A Review

Alternative Fuel Mixture Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) and Corn Oil: Transforming Hazard into Renewable Energy

Alternative Fuel Mixture Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) and Corn Oil: Transforming Hazard into Renewable Energy

The Toxic Effects of Petroleum Diesel, Biodiesel, and Renewable Diesel Exhaust Particles on Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells.

The use of alternative diesel fuels has increased due to the demand for renewable energy sources. There is limited knowledge regarding the potential health effects caused by exhaust emissions from biodiesel- and renewable diesel-fueled engines. This study investigates the toxic effects of particulate matter (PM) emissions from a diesel engine powered by conventional petroleum diesel fuel (SD10) and two biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels in vitro. The fuels used were rapeseed methyl ester (RME), soy methyl ester (SME), and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO), either pure or as 50% blends with SD10. Additionally, a 5% RME blend was also used. The highest concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions and elemental carbon (EC) was found in conventional diesel and the 5% RME blend. HVO PM samples also exhibited a high amount of EC. A dose-dependent genotoxic response was detected with PM from SD10, pure SME, and RME as well as their blends. Reactive oxygen species levels were several times higher in cells exposed to PM from SD10, pure HVO, and especially the 5% RME blend. Apoptotic cell death was observed in cells exposed to PM from SD10, 5% RME blend, the 50% SME blend, and HVO samples. In conclusion, all diesel PM samples, including biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels, exhibited toxicity.

Correction: El Hafdaoui et al. Energy and Environmental National Assessment of Alternative Fuel Buses in Morocco. World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14, 105

In the original publication [...]

Thermal (TG/DTA) and mass (GC-HRMS) analysis of waste transformer oil and its blends

ABSTRACT This study investigates the potential use of waste transformer oil (WTO) and its blends as alternative fuels for CI engines. Thermal (TG/DTA) and mass (GC-HRMS) analyses were performed on neat samples of diesel, biodiesel, WTO, and four sets of samples with different volumetric ratios of WTO, diesel, and biodiesel. TG/DTA analysis showed that the blended samples WTO20BD10D70 and WTO30D70 had a lower range of rapid disintegration temperatures (150°C), while WTO30BD20D50 exhibited the lowest temperature range for enthalpy change. The weight loss and enthalpy change of WTO and its blends were similar to those of standard diesel fuel. GC-HRMS analysis revealed that the compounds present in WTO and its blends were n-alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, esters, and cyclic compounds, similar to those found in diesel fuel. Sample WTO20BD10D70 showed a narrow range of compounds (C8 to C27) and a similar composition of hydrocarbons to that of neat diesel, indicating its potential as an alternative fuel. Blended samples with higher carbon numbers may be harder to ignite but more stable for long-term storage, and their composition is similar to diesel fuel, suggesting their potential as eco-friendly diesel alternatives.

Optimization of the full-load combustion schemes of n-butanol/biodiesel reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) toward high-efficiency and low-emission engines

Biodiesel and n-butanol, as popular alternative fuels, can be used in advanced reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engines for efficient and clean combustion. However, the complex interactions between n-butanol and biodiesel, as well as the best combustion schemes at different loads, remain poorly understood. Given this, the objective of this paper is to identify optimal fuel organizations for n-butanol/biodiesel RCCI engines across different load scenarios by combining engine simulation with a global optimization algorithm, explore the potential synergies of control parameters, and analyze microscopic dual-fuel interactions based on the integrated average reaction path analysis. Results show that the optimal scheme at low load employs almost homogeneous fuel-air mixtures at elevated temperature atmosphere above 390 K, with n-butanol energy share exceeding 96% and optimal biodiesel injection timing between −70 and −50 °CA. Higher n-butanol ratio coupled with increased intake temperature improves engine performance. For mid load, biodiesel injection timing is retarded to −55 to −30 °CA, and biodiesel proportion is increased to introduce reactivity stratification, while maintaining its energy share below 20% to mitigate NOx emissions. Notably, biodiesel density is identified as the primary physical property influencing NOx formation. At high load, a split combustion scheme involving premixing and subsequent diffusion combustion is optimal. The physical effects of n-butanol addition minimally impact the low-temperature ignition of biodiesel, while its chemical effects significantly defer the low-temperature reactivity. The reaction path analysis reveals that n-butanol competes with biodiesel for OH radical consumption, with a large proportion of OH and HO2 consumed in the cyclic reactions of nC4H9OH and nC4H8OH. Adjusting the reactivity stratification affects the reaction state of n-butanol entrained by the biodiesel jets. Higher reactivity gradient intensifies biodiesel reactions to induce the pyrolysis of the involved n-butanol through nC4H8OH => 2C2H4 + OH, therefore resulting in more staged heat release.

Space–Time Analysis of Refueling Patterns of Alternative Fuel Vehicles Using GPS Trajectory Data and Machine Learning

ABSTRACTThe urgency to combat climate change has led countries worldwide to embrace clean energy solutions across various sectors, including transportation, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This shift is evident in the growing popularity and adoption of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), such as natural gas vehicles and electric vehicles. AFVs have significantly lower carbon footprints compared to conventional petrol‐powered vehicles with internal combustion engines. Consequently, there arises a need to gain a deeper understanding of AFV refueling demand to optimize the distribution of refueling stations. To address this, our research proposes an innovative space–time method that integrates GPS trajectory data with the support vector machine technique to accurately identify and analyze patterns in AFV refueling behavior. The results highlight distinct space–time patterns, notably the clustering of refueling activities in areas like Shuiguohu, Shouyilu, Houhu, Hanshuiqiao, Zhoutou, and Yongfeng around noon, influenced by taxi drivers' breaks. This underscores the importance of increasing staff levels at refueling stations in these areas during peak refueling periods, forming alliances with local eateries, and coordinating taxi shift hours to evenly distribute refueling demand throughout the day, ultimately reducing congestion during peak refueling periods in these areas. The proposed method by this research is applicable to urban contexts worldwide and equips policymakers and planners with a powerful tool for effective planning of future AFV refueling stations.

OPTIMIZING THE ROLE OF KPM STUDENTS IN DEVELOPING CIAWIGAJAH VILLAGE THROUGH DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION WITH WEB PLATFORM

Two critical innovations that support environmental sustainability and community empowerment are waste processing into alternative fuels and village digitalization through the Internet. Both innovations offer solutions to the problem of waste accumulation while reducing our dependence on fossil fuels. This technology converts organic and inorganic waste into usable energy, such as biogas or RDF. This method can produce cleaner energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. On the contrary, village digitization through web platforms is a strategic step in increasing access to information, services, and economic opportunities for rural communities. By using this platform, villages can develop local potential, improve the efficiency of public services, and encourage broader digital inclusion. This platform can meet many needs, including village administration management, promotion of local products, and further training and education. The combination of these two innovations demonstrates collaborative efforts to realize sustainable development that combines environmentally friendly technology solutions and digital community empowerment. The results are hoped to improve the quality of life, reduce unpleasant environmental effects, and accelerate economic transformation in rural areas

Experimental Studies on Utilization of Biogas with Biodiesel/Diesel Blends in a CI Engine

The present study covers the utilization of a gaseous alternative fuel, raw biogas, in a diesel engine. Biogas alone cannot run a diesel engine, because gaseous fuel cannot burn by compression. It can be supplied to the CI engines in dual fuel mode by using an air-biogas mixer device. In this work, it is aimed to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of a biogas-biodiesel/diesel dual fuel mode diesel engine by employing a venturi gas mixer device for providing a homogeneous mixture. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine operated by dual-fuel mode were experimentally investigated, and compared to diesel. The results indicated that biogas inducted at a flow rate of 1L/min was found to have better performance and lower emission, than that of the other flow rates. On the other hand, dual-fuel mode with a biogas flow rate of BD10 BG@1L/min showed an average reduction in BTE of 9.94% and an average increment of 8.82% in BSFC as compared to diesel. Whereas an increment in CO and HC by 5.18% and 3.01% respectively and an average reduction in NOx emissions by 14.91% as compared to diesel. Keywords: Alternative Fuel, Biogas, Biodiesel, Diesel Engine, Dual-fuel, Venturi Gas Mixer

Thermal and emission analysis of waste plastic and microalgae biodiesel as a potential power source for diesel engines: A sustainable approach.

The future of diesel engines is greatly influenced by ongoing research on alternative fuels. Renewable fuels have been researched and adopted by several nations to encourage the production and use of biodiesel. This study examines the energy conversion of waste plastic biodiesel and Spirulina microalgae biodiesel at a 20% blending ratio to analyze the behavior of a one-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine running at 1500rpm with a compression ratio of 17.5. The authors evaluated, analyzed, and compared the engine's combustion, performance, and emission at an incremental engine load of 25% from 25 to 100%. The findings demonstrated that the biodiesel fuel samples generated somewhat poorer efficiency but reduced emissions from the engine. At 100% load, the percentage differences between the diesel and blended fuel samplesranged from 2.4 to 7.3% for BTE, 2.9 to 16.5% for BSFC, and 1.0 to 4.62% for BSEC; however, the PM, SO2, and CO2 emissions were reduced by 1.6-28.8% except for NOx emissions, which are increased by up to 9.4%. Pure diesel exhibits the best performance characteristics; however, pure biodiesel exhibits the best emission characteristics. The 20% blended fuels showed promising results, as they exhibited comparable or slightly improved BTE values compared to their respective pure biodiesel fuels. The findings indicate that Spirulina microalgae biodiesel and waste plastic biodiesel have the potential to be utilized as substitute fuels for diesel engines; however, for the greatest performance and lowest emissions, their blending ratios and engine operating conditions must be optimized.

Numerical Investigations on Reducing Unburned Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide Emissions in Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Using Partial Reactivity Stratification with Alternative Fuels and Additive

<div>A numerical investigation has been performed in the current work on reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI), a low-temperature combustion (LTC) strategy that is beneficial for achieving lower oxides of nitrogen (NO<sub>x</sub>) and soot emission. A light-duty diesel engine was modified to run in RCCI mode. Experimental data were acquired using diesel as HRF (high-reactivity fuel) and gasoline as LRF (low reactivity fuel) to check the accuracy and fidelity of predicted results. Blends of ethanol and gasoline with DTBP (di-tert-butyl peroxide) addition in a small fraction on an energy basis were used in numerical simulations to promote ignitability and reactivity enhancement of PFI charge. Achieving stable, smooth, and gradual combustion in RCCI is challenging at low loads, especially in light-duty engines, due to misfiring and poor combustion stability. DTBP is known for enhancing cetane number and accelerating combustion, and it is mixed in a PFI blend to avoid combustion deterioration. The factors governing reactivity stratification to achieve optimal combustion phasing were investigated in the present study. DTBP decomposition and its low-temperature oxidation chemistry were found to be responsible for affecting combustion phasing, heat release patterns, and emission trends. DTBP additive and different in-cylinder strategies were applied and studied to reduce unburned emissions. Adopting a multiple injection approach utilizing dual-pulse assisted in reducing HC and CO levels. It enhances combustion quality by providing adequate control over combustion phasing. Altering operating parameters like intake temperatures reduced HC, CO, and soot emissions by 97.6%, 57.6%, and 52.8%, respectively, compared to baseline gasoline/diesel RCCI data. Optimizing the injection timings of the first and second pulse helps achieve optimal combustion phasing and a 72.95% reduction in NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. The higher injection pressure of DI helped lower the CO and soot emissions by 53.33% and 51.84%, respectively.</div>

Application of acetylene in multi-cylinder low heat rejection diesel engine fueled with ternary blend

The depletion of fossil fuels and environmental degradation have driven researchers worldwide to seek suitable alternative fuels for diesel engines. Internal combustion engines typically emit carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke, contributing to environmental pollution. To address this issue, petroleum fuels can be substituted with alternative options like acetylene gas, hydrogen, CNG, or LPG. One effective strategy is to incorporate renewable fuels into diesel engines by partially or fully replacing diesel in a dual fuel mode (DFM). This research focuses on alternative renewable fuels for diesel engines like biodiesel and alcohol and its blends. The current research investigates the engine characteristics of diesel engines fueled with ternary blend (TB) fuel and different flow rates of acetylene in DFM. TB fuel was prepared using 70 % diesel, 20 % waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB), and 10 % methanol by volume. The induction of acetylene at different flow rates, such as 2, 4, and 6 lpm. Waste cooking oil is used to prepare biodiesel by transesterification. Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) is used to coat the cylinder head, piston crown, inlet, and exhaust valves with a thickness of 0.5 mm. The HC, CO, and smoke emissions are decreased by about 35.7 %, 29.8 %, and 21.6 %, respectively, for TB fuel with acetylene at 6 lpm at full load condition. The high calorific value of acetylene gas raised the in-cylinder temperature, significantly accelerating the combustion process. The heat release rate (HRR) and cylinder pressure are increased by 9.8 % and 6.8 %, respectively, at TB fuel with 6 lpm of acetylene induction. Acetylene induces rapid fuel combustion, resulting in increased energy transfer. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is improved by about 10.3 % for TB fuel with acetylene at 6 lpm and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) increased to 461oC at full load condition.

Effects of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Additives Fuel Blends on Diesel Engine’s Performance and Emissions and NOx Prediction using Boosted Tree Model

The rising demand for eco-friendly and sustainable fuel options has prompted the investigation of alternative energy sources. This study explores the use of blends of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), and 7% biodiesel (B7) with additives as a substitute for diesel fuel. The research involves comparing three different mix ratios of HDPE and additives with a conventional B7 blend: a control of 100% B7, a mix of 90% B7 with 10% HDPE, and a blend of 85% B7 with 10% HDPE and 5% additives. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to identify the fuels' functional groups. The study also measured key performance metrics, including brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake power (BP), and exhaust emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon dioxide (CO2). A Boosted Tree Model was used to establish a prediction and analysis of NOx emissions. The findings indicate that incorporating additives into the HDPE blend positively influences both engine performance and emissions. The combination of HDPE and additives with B7 resulted in reduced emissions across various engine loads and speeds, decreasing hydrocarbon and carbon-containing emissions. The Boosted Tree Model, with a configuration of 4 leaf nodes, demonstrated strong predictive accuracy, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.86 and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.38 for the training dataset, and R2 of 0.97 with RMSE of 0.16 for the validation dataset. The study underscores the benefits of integrating HDPE and additives into diesel blends, highlighting their potential to lower emissions and supporting the search for viable alternative fuels.

Sustainable Energy Application of Pyrolytic Oils from Plastic Waste in Gas Turbine Engines: Performance, Environmental, and Economic Analysis

The rapid accumulation of polymer waste presents a significant environmental challenge, necessitating innovative waste management and resource recovery strategies. This study investigates the potential of chemical recycling via pyrolysis of plastic waste, specifically polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP), to produce high-quality pyrolytic oils (WPPOs) for use as alternative fuels. The physicochemical properties of these oils were analyzed, and their performance in a gas turbine engine was evaluated. The results show that WPPOs increase NOx emissions by 61% for PSO and 26% for PPO, while CO emissions rise by 25% for PSO. Exhaust gas temperatures increase by 12.2% for PSO and 8.7% for PPO. Thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC) decreases by 13.8% for PPO, with negligible changes for PSO. The environmental-economic analysis indicates that using WPPO results in a 68.2% increase in environmental impact for PS100 and 64% for PP100, with energy emission indexes rising by 101% for PS100 and 57.8% for PP100, compared to JET A. Although WPPO reduces fuel costs by 15%, it significantly elevates emissions of CO2, CO, and NOx. This research advances the understanding of integrating waste plastic pyrolysis into energy systems, promoting a circular economy while balancing environmental challenges.

Envisioning a decision support system for the planning of alternative fuel bunkering operations in Singapore

Abstract In the coming decades, the global maritime industry will face a most formidable technological and societal challenge set by climate change – achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2050. To meet this target, ships are shifting towards the use of low-carbon alternative fuels such as ammonia and methanol. While this paradigm shift to the bunkering of greener fuels is encouraging, it also introduces a new and unique type of environmental risk in the unfortunate scenario of a spill. In the past decades numerous environmental studies have been conducted and mitigation techniques for petroleum oil spills have been developed. However, ammonia and methanol spills are comparatively less understood globally and in the region. There is a significant knowledge gap regarding how the complex atmosphere, hydrodynamic and environmental conditions of the Singapore Straits may influence the dispersion and assimilation of hypothetical ammonia or methanol plumes. Together with other emerging alternative fuels such as electricity and hydrogen, ammonia and methanol have different physical and chemical properties in ambient water compared to conventional LNG or petroleum oil which makes modelling the risk they pose to the environment more challenging. In view of these challenges, the key objective of our research is to develop an operationally running decision support system (DSS) that combines physics-based atmospheric and coastal hydrodynamic models that can forecast the marine and atmospheric plume dispersion of alternative fuels. This forecasting capability will be supplemented with data-driven and rule-based optimisation algorithms that can be used to determine the optimal mitigation scenarios which minimises the potential environmental impacts. Overall, the DSS will integrate observation data, models, mitigation scenarios, and decision-making tools pertaining to efficient and safe bunkering operations within Singapore’s ports. This is essential as the use of alternative fuels in maritime industry becomes more common in Singapore and around the world. Such a system will aid relevant authorities to better calculate risk and plan mitigation measures at designated bunkering locations and periods having optimal atmospheric, hydraulics, and environmental conditions. In this paper, we describe the potential consequences of alternative fuel spills, mitigation measures and a plan for assessing their environmental impact within the context of Singapore. We will review the limited current efforts to model ammonia spills in the literature and propose for a more integrated modelling approach through the DSS.

Risk assessment of gas plume dispersion in bunkering of alternative fuel through validated computational fluid dynamics approach

Abstract Maritime decarbonization is crucial in fighting climate change. Adopting low-carbon alternative fuels could help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 50% by 2050 compared to 2008. While liquified natural gas (LNG) has gained a strong foothold in the maritime sector over the past decades, the trend is shifting toward adopting lower and zero-carbon hydrogen and its carriers, such as methanol and ammonia, as alternative fuels. Quantifying risks from accidental leakages during storage and transfer of these alternative fuels using numerical models is required and commonly adopted in industries. The process leverages multiple models and tools for risk assessments with different accuracy levels and costs ranging from integral models to Lagrangian techniques and Eulerian approaches such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Increasingly, CFD approaches are employed for near-field dispersion analysis to assess the risk of accidental leakages. Despite their high computational cost, CFD models offer better accuracy than integral and Lagrangian models. In this work, we developed a CFD-based framework as a quantitative tool for risk assessment purposes. Our framework aims to (1) offer finer gas dispersion resolution with a detailed representation of surrounding structures and geometries, (2) minimize reliance on assumptions and empirical models to capture flow dynamics and gas dispersions accurately, and (3) mitigate conservative estimates and over-design of safety measures. The framework was validated using experimental data from various field tests, including a recent one involving releasing cryogenic liquids into the atmosphere. After successfully validating and comparing with experiments and other available tools, the proposed framework investigated gas plume dispersion from accidental leakages during fuel bunkering operations in ship-to-ship and shore-to-ship scenarios. The data obtained from CFD simulations was subsequently utilized to construct a surrogate model for fast prediction of gas plume behavior under varying environmental conditions. This facilitated the development of an effective emergency response plan.

Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and cost of energy transport from Saudi Arabia with conventional fuels and liquified natural gas

The International Maritime Organization has recently developed several regulations to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To meet these targets, ship builders and operators must either replace or upgrade the existing fleet with new decarbonized vessel technologies and/or switch to alternative fuels. The latter has been of interest, especially using liquified natural gas (LNG), among other alternative fuels, which can have lower emissions than conventional fuels. In Saudi Arabia in 2023, LNG was priced about 10 times lower than in Europe. In this study, Well-to-Wake life cycle GHG emissions and cost are calculated for a SUEZMAX tanker operating with three fuel options: high sulfur fuel oil, very low sulfur fuel oil and LNG. This is done for two different trips, for Saudi Arabia to Japan and Saudi Arabia to the Netherlands. Results show 11% and 12% life cycle GHG emissions reduction with LNG for trips to the Netherlands and Japan, respectively. From a sensitivity analysis of methane slip, LNG cost and anchoring time, the cost of GHG abatement for the LNG vessel varied from 171 United States dollars (USD) to –255 USD, and from 206 USD to –191 USD per ton of GHG, for the trip to the Netherlands and Japan, respectively.

Experimental study of combustion characteristics fuelled with biodiesel/diesel blends in high-pressure common rail electronically controlled diesel engines

Abstract Under the pressure of petroleum shortage and more stringent vehicle emission regulations at present, finding green and renewable alternative fuels has become an important research direction for the internal combustion engine. Due to the increment in oil imports, it is urgent to find a clean alternative fuel that will meet the diesel power and economic performance requirements. Biodiesel, with its renewable characteristics and wide resources, was considered, applied, and promoted extensively. The biodiesel studied in this paper is acidified oil biodiesel. The composition and ratio of acidified oil biodiesel were detected. The physicochemical indexes of acidified oil biodiesel/diesel fuel blends were measured and compared. In the electronically controlled high-pressure common rail diesel engine on different blending ratios of biodiesel/diesel fuel blends for a bench test, we analyze the combustion and characteristics. The results indicate that with the increasing biodiesel proportion, the peak of the premixed combustion and diffusion combustion in the cylinder increase, the combustion start point advances, the combustion duration shortens, and the maximum combustion temperature rises.

An Immersive VR Training Scenario for Safe Methanol Bunkering in the Maritime Industry

Abstract The maritime industry, pivotal in global commerce, faces critical challenges in mitigating environmental impacts, especially greenhouse gas emissions. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) targets a substantial reduction in emissions by 2050, necessitating innovative approaches to fuel usage. Methanol, recognized for its lower carbon intensity, emerges as a viable alternative fuel. However, its flammability and toxicity introduce complex safety and operational demands. To address these challenges, we have developed a state-of-the-art Virtual Reality (VR) training program specifically for methanol bunkering operations. This training, utilizing Unity 3D and Meta Quest 2, offers a highly interactive and realistic experience. Trainees engage in a comprehensive simulation that covers the entire bunkering process, including safety checks, equipment handling, and emergency response protocols. The VR environment allows for dynamic adjustments by trainers, enhancing the realism and educational value of the scenario. Our program also includes an assessment component that evaluates the trainee’s performance across various metrics such as safety protocol adherence, decision-making, and situational awareness. The anticipated outcome of this VR training initiative is to significantly improve the preparedness of maritime personnel in handling alternative fuels, thereby supporting the industry’s transition towards sustainable practices and contributing to broader environmental protection goals.