Alpha Factor Analysis Research Articles

Psychometric properties and reliability of the Brazilian version of Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccine (PACV-BR).

To evaluate the psychometric properties and reliability of the Brazilian version of the tool Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccine (PACV-BR). The sample included 110 parents of children up to two years old served by Family Health Basic Units. The tool's internal consistency and factor validity were respectively assessed by Cronbach's alpha and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The test-retest reliability was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The EFA results indicated a proper structural adequacy of the PACV-BR (15 items and two factors). The reliability generated Cronbach's alpha values between 0.715 and 0.854 for the items, of 0.918 for the tool as a whole, of 0.877 for factor 1 and of 0.825 for factor 2, in addition to an ICC of 0.984. The PACV-BR showed evidence of construct validity and reliability.

Assessment of the Factor Structure of Test Tokyo University Egogram (TEG 3) on Women and Men in Iran

Objective: Understanding personality characteristics can help us understand how individuals manifest their personality through their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Among numerous tools available to assess personality, one of them is the Egogram questionnaire. Accordingly, the purpose of this research was to standardize the Tokyo University Egogram questionnaire (TEG3). Methods and Materials: The present research was a descriptive correlation study with a standardization approach. The statistical population of the study included women and men aged 20 to 40 in Tehran in 2021. 2707 participants, including 1585 women and 1122 men, were selected through convenience sampling. The Egogram questionnaire was designed based on the transactional analysis theory, which included 5 factors: the criticizing parent, the supportive parent, the adult, the natural child, the adapted child, and the Q validity scale and L lie scale. Data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and SPSS.22 software. Findings: The results of the validity, internal consistency, and reliability of the tool using Cronbach's alpha, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Egogram questionnaire consists of 5 factors in the Iranian culture, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of all the factors is above 0.7. Also, the Pearson correlation coefficient showed an acceptable internal consistency within the questionnaire factors among women and men. Conclusion: This questionnaire can be used as a practical and new tool in the field of personality psychology and approaches such as schema therapy.

УКРАЇНОМОВНА АДАПТАЦІЯ ТА ПСИХОМЕТРИЧНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ОПИТУВАЛЬНИКА ЗМОВНИЦЬКОГО УМОНАСТРОЮ (CONSPIRACY MENTALITY QUESTIONNAIRE)

Conspiracy theories among the population of Ukraine are a significant problem, especially as we deal with the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the events related to Russian military aggression. The complex socio-political landscape in Ukraine, shaped by its historical context and recent geopolitical tensions, could potentially contribute to the spread of such conspiracy theories. Given the current situation, this aspect is extremely relevant. Objectives: The study aim was to assess the psychometric characteristics of the Conspiracy Mindset Questionnaire (CMQ) adapted in Ukraine. It is vital to adapt internationally recognized instruments to the local cultural and linguistic context to ensure accuracy and relevance in implementation of the corresponding assessments. Methods: The questionnaire was evaluated on a sample of 392 respondents. The used analysis methods included: internal consistency assessment using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, factor analysis, and correlation analysis. The selection of a diverse group of participants is crucial in such studies to ensure a broad representation of the population as a whole. Results: Cronbach's alpha was 0.87. This is considered a good indicator of reliability, indicating that the questionnaire consistently measures what it is intended to measure. There was high consistency across all scale items and a uniform distribution of responses. The one-factor model of the questionnaire is less acceptable for use, as its indicators do not meet the normative values. The complexity of conspiracy beliefs cannot be adequately represented by a one-factor model. In a two-factor model, all covariances between scale items are clear. In the two-factor model, TLI = 0.973, CFI = 0.989, RMSEA = 0.083. Conclusions: The Ukrainian version of the CMQ demonstrates acceptable psychometric characteristics. Given its reliability and cultural adaptation, researchers and professionals can use this instrument to gain a deeper understanding of the conspiracy mentality prevalent in Ukraine. It can be effectively used to determine the level of conspiratorial mindset of Ukrainians and Ukrainian-speaking respondents.

Staff Training and Agro-processing Industry in Nigeria. A study of some selected Agro-industries in Nigeria

Training and development is a continuous exercise which aim at developing competences and enhance the individual’s capacity to contribute optimally to the development of the organisation. The aim of this study is to examine training and development as a means of driving agro-industry capacity in Nigeria. A survey research design was adopted for the study. The study was carried out in three states in southwest Nigeria. Multi stage sampling techniques was adopted to select 150 respondents in five Agro-Based industries (i.e. salt processing industry, production of flour, Maida and semolina, fruits processing industries, milk processing industries and seed processing and preservation industries). The necessary data were gathered with the aid of questionnaire distributed to 150 respondents in selected industries. The psychometric property (reliability and validity) of the instrument of data collection (questionnaire) were tested using Cronbach alpha and component factor analysis respectively. The data were analysed by means of simple linear regression with the aid of SPSS. It was revealed from the result of the analysis that there exist a positive significant relationship between Agro-processing industry and Training and Development in Nigeria. Hence, the study recommends that massive awareness should be made by Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute in order to enhance agro industry capacity in Nigeria and the Training institute should run efficient and effective mandatory training programmes bi-annually.

Assessment of Food and Cooking Skills: Validation of a Portuguese Version of a Tool and Characterisation of Food and Cooking Skills in Young Adults

Introduction: Food and cooking skills (FCSks) are defined as a complex, interrelated, and person-centred set of skills, necessary to provide and prepare safe, nutritious, and culturally acceptable meals for all members of the household. Recent studies have associated higher FCSk with healthier eating habits and better health. This study aimed to validate a Portuguese version of a tool to assess and describe FCSk in young adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study used an online anonymous questionnaire that was disseminated to students from three Portuguese Higher Education Institutes. The questionnaire validation included Cronbach alpha and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The Mann-Whitney test was used for evaluating sample differences and Pearson correlation for association among variables. Results: Internal consistency reliability was 0.89 for cooking skills (CSks) and 0.87 for food skills (FSks). A moderate positive correlation was found between CSks and FSks confidence (r = 0.658, p < 0.01). CFA presented a good adjustment model for most of the fit indices, indicating the adequacy of the questionnaire. The CSks score was 74.1 ± 21.2 (moderate) and the food Skills was 94.2 ± 20.8 (high). Cook pulses, steaming food, and planning meals ahead scored the lowest value, while boiling or simmering food, chopping, peeling vegetables, and reading the best-before date scored the highest value. No difference was found among sex (p_CSk = 0.576; p_FSk = 0.158), age (p_CSk = 0.566; p_FSk = 0.130), body mass index classes (p_CSk = 0.903; p_FSk = 0.320), or course (p_CSk = 0.169; p_FSk = 0.126). The greatest interest in gastronomy and frequency of meal preparation is associated with higher FCSk (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This research validated a Portuguese version of a tool to assess FCSk among young adults. Internal consistency reliability was adequate. Confirmatory factor analysis returned good psychometric properties for the questionnaire. Authors identified lower FCSk competencies in cooking pulses and vegetables, which are healthy and sustainable foods. This may compromise the adoption of healthy eating behaviours, so promoting FCSk in young adults may pose a strategy for nutrition and public health in reducing diet-related diseases. This tool may be used to identify opportunities for intervention in public health nutrition.

Development and Validation of India-specific Hindi Version of Osteoporosis Knowledge Assessment Tool.

Patient education is one of the important components of reducing the morbidity of osteoporosis. The aim of this study is to validate the Hindi version of the Osteoporosis Knowledge Assessment Tool (OKAT-H) among a hospital-based sample in the age group of 18-44 years of age. The study was conducted in two phases - translation and adaption of the OKAT in Hindi followed by its validation. The translated tool was analyzed by Flesch reading ease, McNemar test, Cronbach alpha, difficulty index, discrimination index, and principal factor analysis. Two hundred and sixty women with a mean age of 28.3 ± 17.2 years were enrolled in the study. The mean score of the OKAT-H tool obtained in the study was 11.3 ± 2.1. A significant difference was noted in the scores based on educational qualification or with any family history of either osteoporosis or fracture (P < 0.05). The Flesch score for the OKAT-H tool was 86. Inter-item correlation for all the items ranged between 0.15 and 0.5. The Cronbach's alpha measured 0.892 suggesting high internal consistency. Items number 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, and 14 showed a significant difference on the McNemar test questioning its consistency on test-retest. A new shorter version of the tool may be developed since six items showed low consistency. The use of such an instrument in local language would help spread awareness about the disease as well as help the population in adopting osteoprotective strategies and also to seek help and advice regarding treatment.

THE MEDIATING ROLE OF INFORMATION LEAKAGE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUPPLY CHAIN INFORMATION INTEGRATION AND OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE

This existing study aimed at investigating indirect effects of leakage of information on supply chain and operational performance. Nature of this study is quantitative and nature of data was cross-sectional. Primary data was collected through questionnaire. Population of this study comprised of organizations’ directors, managers. Snow ball sampling technique was used to select sample. Total 250 questionnaires were distributed and total 152 questionnaires were received which were then used in the analysis of data inSPSS. The response rate was 60.8%. Cronbach alpha and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to test reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Mediation analysis was run in process file using resample rate of 5000 bootstrapping at 95% confidence interval. Cronbach alpha and factors loadings met the threshold. Information leakage mediated between supply chain and operational performance. It was also evident from the indirect effects that information leak could have worse effects on supply chain and operational performance. It is concluded that leak of information whether intentional or accidental both have effect on operational performance. It is therefore mandatory for professionals to take great care while dealing with supply chain partners so that it may not affect their performance. Managers have to raise awareness to secure the information confidential and to maintain secrecy. Doors for further research are open for professionals, scholars and academicians. They may add other variables in this model and extend the body of knowledge of supply chain, operational performance and leak of information.

LEADERS’ STYLE AND EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE: IS ORGANIZATIONAL CRONYISM A MISSING LINK?

Favoritism and nepotism has negative impact on productivity of employees. It creates cynical behavior among employees. In organizational context nepotism and favoritism is called organizational cronyism. The aim of the current study is to investigate the indirect and intervening effect of organizational cronyism on leaders’ style and employees’ performance. As this study is quantitative in nature therefore survey approach was used. Survey helps the researchers to collect the big amount of data in short time and cost effective way. Population of the study was all banking employees in D.I.Khan district of KP province Pakistan. In order to choose the sample size non-probability convenience sampling technique was used. Yamane formula was used to collect the sample size. Total 356 questionnaires were distributed among respondents and total 298 questionnaires were received. 12 questionnaires were not completely filled that’s why there were discarded and total 286 completed questionnaires were used in the analyses. Thus theresponse rate was 80.337%. SPSS was used to analyze the data. Reliability and validity was checked by Cronbach alpha and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Hypotheses were tested through correlation and hierarchical multiple regression. It was revealed by the findings that scales used in this study are found reliable and valid while organizational cronyism does not indirectly mediate transactional and laissez fair style but significantly play mediating role between transformational leadership style and employees’ performance.This Implies that organizational cronyism reduced productivity of employees if a transformational leader gives undue favor to their favorite employees. Organizational cronyism not only affects employees’ performance but overall organizational performance, effectiveness and efficiency is also compromised. Therefore leaders have to deal equally with all employees. Distribution of resources must be on merit and decision on any organizational matter especially performance appraisal must be free from any nepotism andfavoritism.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Chinese Version of Mild Cognitive Impairment Questionnaire among Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment.

There is a lack of instruments for measuring quality of life (QOL) in Chinese patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study aimed to translate the Mild Cognitive Questionnaire (MCQ) into the Chinese language and to evaluate the reliability and construct validity of the MCQ-Chinese among older adults with MCI. Linguistic translation and validation of the questionnaire were conducted according to the MCQ developer and Oxford University Innovation guidelines. After a pilot test, the final version of the MCQ-Chinese was applied to a convenience sample of older adults with MCI (n = 186). Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess the reliability and construct validity of the MCQ-Chinese. In addition, non-parametric analysis was used to assess convergent and discriminant validity. The total scale and all the factors had good internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha values ranging from 0.90 to 0.92. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated satisfactory goodness of fit for the 2-factor MCQ. The MCQ-Chinese had a good convergent validity, and the discriminant validity was confirmed with a significant difference in MCQ scores in different health conditions. MCQ-Chinese is a reliable tool for assessing QOL among Chinese older adults with MCI.

Measuring energy transition with adhoc statistical tools, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, Factor Analysis and SCBA method in the Greek Region EMTH

In this work we emphasize the description of the conditions for the application of weighting techniques of the research questionnaire through the Cronbach’s a reliability index but also the Exploratory and Confirmatory analysis of factors to check its structural validity after descriptive statistical analysis. So, this work aims to study the components and factors evolved in the process of energy transition in the region of EMTH, whose economy based on an energy wasteful production system to a sustainable green economy one, with almost zero CO2 emissions. We have used, firstly desk research about the global experience/best practices-bibliography side, and field research done by 128 questionnaires regarding the quantitative and qualitative aspects of transition. The data-components and factors influencing the energy transition-come from 128 interviewed opinion leaders who answered to 64 questions. Data have been used for descriptive/ inferential /statistics, Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient and Factor Analysis, giving a clear picture about the correlation among environmental, economy, social and managerial factors influencing the transition cost-effectiveness. Additionally, the Social Cost Benefit Analysis(SCBA) tool have been used to document, explore and determine well the compatibility between zero CO2 energy and economic development policies by optimizing the net benefits. The so far efficiency of Greek national and regional electric systems is moderate due to, lack of technological eco-innovations/patents, lack of operational economies of scale, in public and private sectors - small size of service and manufacturing organizations/companies.

Factors affecting engagement in real estate salespeople after the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in Ho Chi Minh city

This study aims to examine and measure the influence of working environment, income, leadership style, relationship with colleagues, and education and promotion opportunities on the employee engagement in the real estate business during the outbreak of the Covid-19. The research applied both qualitative and quantitative methods. A group of 385 employees working in real estate in Ho Chi Minh city was surveyed online to test the theoretical model. The collected data was analysed by Cronbach’s alpha and exploratory factor analysis, multiple regression analysis with the support of SPSS 20.0 software. Results showed that all mentioned factors have influenced employee engagement, in which salary, bonus and welfare are the most important factors.

Talent development as a source of sustainable competitive advantage for higher education institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic

Orientation: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had profound consequences on all sectors of the economy. This global pandemic threatens the sustainability of all sectors, including higher education.Research purpose: This study aimed to investigate talent development strategies that promote the sustainability of higher education institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic.Motivation for the study: Several higher education institutions are struggling to survive during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study is motivated by the need to promote the sustainability of South African higher education institutions through talent development.Research approach/design and method: A quantitative research approach was adopted to quantify the research phenomenon. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from 265 academics in three South African universities. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 27.0, was used to analyse the data. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and factor analysis were computed to determine the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Pearson’s correlations and regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between talent development strategies and sustainability.Main findings: The results showed that talent development strategies (training and development as well as career development) positively influenced the sustainability of South African universities during the COVID-19 pandemic.Practical/managerial implications: Universities can obtain sustainability through investment in their intellectual capital. This can be achieved through continuous training and development as well as career development.Contribution/value-addition: The study expands on limited empirical research on talent development and sustainable competitive advantage.

Developing and validating a comprehensive measure of coordination in patient aligned care teams

Background/ObjectiveDespite numerous extant measures assessing context-specific elements of care coordination, we are unaware of any comprehensive, team-based instrument that measures the requisite mechanisms and conditions required to coordinate successfully. In this study we develop and validate the psychometric properties of the Coordination Practices Survey, a context-agnostic measure of coordination for primary care teams.MethodsCoordination items were developed based on a systematic literature review; items from previously developed scales were adapted and new items were created as needed; all items were refined after subject matter expert review and feedback. We collected data from Primary Care teams drawn from 1200 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) medical centers and outpatient clinics nationwide. 1645 primary care team members from 512 patient aligned care teams in the Veterans Health Administration completed the survey from 2015 to 2016. Psychometric properties were assessed after data collection using Cronbach’s alpha, intraclass correlations and multilevel confirmatory factor analysis to assess the factor structure.ResultsOur findings confirmed the psychometric properties of two distinguishable subscales of coordination: (a) Accountability and (b) Common Understanding. The within- and between-team latent structure of each subscale exhibited adequate fit to the data, as well as appropriately high Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlations. There was insufficient variability in responses to the predictability subscale to properly assess its psychometric properties.ConclusionWith context-specific validation, our subscales of accountability and common understanding may be used to assess coordination processes in other contexts for both research and operational applications.

Further Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Current Experiences Scale and Model of Resiliency.

BackgroundStress-related disease is increasing, with high resilience proposed as protective. Whilst the Current Experiences Scale (CES) shows promise as a measure of resilience, its psychological correlates and relationship to psychological stress remain unclear.Objectives(1) Further explore the psychometric properties of the CES, (2) identify modifiable psychological factors associated with the CES and (3) test a previously published model for the influence of adaptive strategies and stress management factors on resiliency and stress.MethodsN = 455 individuals (mean age = 47.8, 65.1% female) completed measures of adaptive strategies: mindfulness (Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised), positive affect (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule) and gratitude (The Gratitude Questionnaire), stress management skills: coping (Measure of Current Status-A), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-8) and anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder Assessment) and outcomes: resilience (CES) and stress (Perceived Stress Scale). Cronbach’s alpha and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) examined the psychometric properties of the CES. Multivariable regression identified psychological variables associated with resilience. Structural equation modelling (SEM) tested the previously published model for resilience.ResultsThe CES and its subscales showed good internal consistency (ɑ = .75-.93). The 23-item CES produced excellent results for model fit (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = .07, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = .06, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = .99; Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = .99). Higher gratitude (P < .0001), mindfulness (P < .0001), positive affect (P < .0001) and coping (P < .0001) were associated with higher resilience. Depression (P = .23) and anxiety (P = .34) were not. A model of resilience which included gratitude, mindfulness, positive affect and coping as determinants of resilience and perceived stress performed well (RMSEA = .03, SRMR = .02, CFI = .99; TLI = .99).ConclusionsThe CES was validated in a large sample. The association of gratitude, mindfulness, positive affect and coping with resilience may guide practitioners seeking to design resilience-enhancing programs.

Cyberbullying of Vietnamese High Schoolers during Social Distancing due to COVID-19

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the problems encountered by Vietnamese schoolchildren during the period of strict restrictions in the form of social distancing to combat the 4th wave of COVID-19 in Vietnam. This is the first systematic study in Vietnam that uses reliable research tools to assess cyberbullying among adolescents during COVID-19 social distancing. Materials and Methods. The study draws on a survey of 787 (grades 6–12) Vietnamese teenagers randomly selected from provinces and cities in the north of Vietnam. An expert survey of students was conducted using the Google Form service. The reliability of the results of the study was verified using the alpha coefficient (ANOVA test) and factor analysis EFA. Results. The final statistical data obtained showed a significant influence of factors: gender, course of study (age), place of residence, purpose, time of use and type of social network on cyberbullying of Vietnamese teenagers and young men. The negative strategy of combating cyberbullying and the experience of cyberbullying (as a subject or victim), which are factors strongly influencing cyberbullying in Vietnamese adolescents and young men, has been identified. During social distancing, Vietnamese teenagers and young men developed a tendency to abuse social networks for entertainment and communication purposes. During social distancing, the manifestations of bullying through social networks in Vietnamese teenagers showed an increase at an alarming rate, focusing mainly on 2 groups of behavior, including “mental violence and invasion of privacy” and “online fraud and sexual harassment”. A closed causal cycle of cyberbullying has been identified, in which the mediating factor contributing to this cycle is the way a teenager reacts negatively to cyberbullying during social distancing due to COVID-19. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the study are an important basis for the creation of prevention and psychological intervention programs to help Vietnamese adolescents and young men during social distancing due to COVID-19 in order to prevent cyberbullying, contributing to mental health.

Validation of dimensions of the learning organization questionnaire (DLOQ) in a Vietnamese context

Purpose The main purpose of this study was to validate the Dimensions of Learning Organization Questionnaire (DLOQ) in a Vietnamese context. Using the DLOQ as a research tool, this study also investigated the impact of demographic features on participants’ perceptions of learning organizations (LOs). Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 748 valid responses to a version of the DLOQ translated into Vietnamese. Cronbach’s alpha and confirmatory factor analysis were used to test the reliable internal consistency and validity of the DLOQ in a Vietnamese context. Then, one-way ANOVA analyses and independent sample t-tests were used to assess the differences produced by the characteristics of respondents and their enterprises. Findings The results of this study show that three versions of the DLOQ are applicable to a Vietnamese context. The findings of this study also suggest that several demographic features produced significant differences in respondents’ perceptions of organizational learning. Research limitations/implications There are several limitations of this study. First, this study used self-reporting, and individual perspectives of questions can bring about perception bias. Also, the length of the original version of the DLOQ (i.e. 43 questions) might impact the results, because of participants’ lack of patience and focus. In addition, various levels of organizational learning may cause some confusion, leading to misinterpretation. Finally, the overrepresentation of large state-owned enterprises in the service industry in the sample may have caused bias when interpreting the results. Future research should be conducted to further validate and extend the findings of this study for small- and medium-sized enterprises, which account for 98% of businesses in Vietnam. It is strongly suggested that scholars use the validated Vietnamese DLOQ to measure the impacts of learning culture on learning-related results in Vietnam, such as individual/team/organizational performance, staff satisfaction and so on. Finally, future research should consider making appropriate study designs to collect and analyze data from various resources and not be limited to self-reported questionnaires. This would minimize common method bias. Practical implications Application of the DLOQ provides valuable insights and understanding for use in designing and evaluating efforts to learn at all levels in Vietnamese enterprises. Social implications Regarding designing, adjusting and implementing strategies to boost the learning capacity of an organization, the findings of this study also imply that business leaders and practitioners in Vietnamese enterprises can build strategies for enhancing LO culture without biases stemming from gender or management level. However, education level and work experience should be considered critical features that could impact the effectiveness of such strategies. Also, understanding and applying the DLOQ when building LOs will promote Vietnamese businesses’ competitiveness and international integration. Originality/value Using statistical results, this study confirmed that a rigorously translated Vietnamese version of the DLOQ produced reliable measurement scores with a construct validity sufficient to measure LOs in a Vietnamese context.

Entrepreneurial fear of failure and the attitude-intention-behavior gap in entrepreneurship: A moderated mediation model

Although studies have suggested strong correlations between attitude, intention and actual behaviour across various domains, the study on entrepreneurial attitude–intention–behaviour links has received scant attention. Moreover, recent studies have claimed that investigating the negative moderation effects of entrepreneurial fear of failure on the entrepreneurial process can help explain why many prospective entrepreneurs do not translate the start-up attitude and initial intention into actual entrepreneurial action. In this study, a moderated mediation model, using the data from 611 master's degree students in Vietnam, has been developed to bridge the attitude–intention–behaviour gap in entrepreneurship and examine the moderation effect of entrepreneurial fear of failure on the entrepreneurial process. Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis were approached to examine the consistent reliability and validity of constructs, and then hierarchical regression and PROCESS macro approach were used to estimate the direct, moderated and mediated coefficient paths. The findings reveal that start-up intentions act as a partial mediator in the entrepreneurial attitude–action link, while the effect of start-up intentions on entrepreneurial actions becomes weaker when entrepreneurial fear of failure is high. Moreover, the indirect effect of entrepreneurial attitude on actual behaviour through start-up intention is negatively moderated by entrepreneurial fear of failure. Our findings significantly contribute to extant understandings and create a paradigm for further studies in the entrepreneurship literature.

Investigating the Role of Physical and Digital Environment on Creating Active School with Respect to the Mediating Role of Social Environment

Reform Document of Education (FRDE), creating active schools by relying on environmental potentialities is the goal with utmost significance; therefore, the present study aimed to explore the role that physical and digital environments play in achieving this objective. To this end, a descriptive-correlational design was utilized to probe the perception of teachers and physical education experts (n=302) sampled from a population including 892 personnel of the Education Department of Guilan. Data were obtained using a 5-point Likert scale, and 30 experts judged the face and content validity. The reliability and construct validity of the scale was checked and confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha (α=.87) and exploratory-confirmatory factor analysis. Using SPSS 22 and PLS3 for data analysis, researchers found that physical, social, and digital factors effectively created an active school environment .31, .23, and .29 percent of the variances. Moreover, Social context as the mediating variable was correlated with physical and digital environment .30 and .34, respectively. Relying on the findings of this research trend, policymakers and managers can enrich the physical and digital environments of the schools and move towards accomplishing principle 6.6 of FRDE, which highlights the role of the social environment in an effective educational system.

Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Diabetes Strengths and Resilience Measure for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

Objective:Resilience in diabetes refers to the capacity overcome diabetes-related challenges to achieve favorable psychosocial and health outcomes. Despite the known benefits of resilience in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), there tends to be more emphasis on risk factors in research and practice. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Diabetes Strengths and Resilience Measure for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes (DSTAR-Teen) in Turkey.Methods:This descriptive, methodological study was conducted between October 2020 and May 2021. The Turkish DSTAR-Teen was administered to 120 adolescents with T1DM, and the data were evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, factor analyses, test-retest correlation, and item-total score correlations.Results:The Turkish DSTAR-Teen has 12 items in two factors that explained 50.64% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed goodness-of-fit and comparative fit indices of 0.92 and 0.95, respectively. The total Cronbach’s alpha value of the scale was 0.85. Item-total score correlations ranged from 0.49 to 0.74 (p<0.001).Conclusion:Our analyses showed that the Turkish DSTAR-Teen is a valid and reliable instrument in Turkish adolescents with T1DM. The Turkish DSTAR-Teen can be used to evaluate strengths and resilience associated with diabetes management in adolescents with T1DM in Turkey.

Validation of the Malay Version of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale in Malaysia

Background: Malaysians are disillusioned with the increased number of COVID-19 infection cases and the prolonged lockdown period. As a result of COVID-19 mitigation measurements, Malaysians are experiencing emotional and psychological consequences such as anxiety. Thus, there is an urgent need to have an instrument that could serve as a tool to assess the psychological impact of COVID-19 among Malaysians rapidly. Methods: This study aimed to adapt and validate the Malay version of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale (M-CAS) among Malaysian adults. The back-to-back translation was done to produce a M-CAS. Following face validation, M-CAS was self-administered to 225 participants from Malaysia via an online survey. The participants also completed the Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale (GAD-7), World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale, Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-BREF) and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Data analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Analysis of a Moment Structures. The psychometric properties of the M-CAS were examined via Cronbach alpha and confirmatory factor analysis. M-CAS scores were compared with the other tools to provide external validity. Results: The statistical analysis revealed that the M-CAS demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.890) and presented with a unidimensional factor structure. M-CAS scores were strongly correlated with GAD-7 (r = 0.511, P &lt; 0.001) and FCV-19S (r = 0.652, P &lt; 0.001). Lack of correlation between M-CAS and WHOQOL-BREF showed that M-CAS scores did not reflect perceived quality of life. Conclusion: The M-CAS is a valid and reliable tool in the Malay language that can be self- administered among Malaysians to assess anxiety levels induced by COVID-19. The M-CAS has only 7 items and utilised little time in real-life clinical practice.