Alloxan Diabetic Rats Research Articles

Glycosyl flavonoid profile, in vivo antidiabetic and in vitro antioxidant properties of Linaria reflexa Desf.

Aerial parts of Linaria reflexa, used in North African folk medicine for treating certain skin diseases, were investigated by HPLC–DAD–ESI/MS technique able to identify the glycosyl flavonoids pectolinarin (1), isolinariin A (2), isolinariin B (3), linariin (4), isolinariin D (5) and isolinariin E (6) as the most abundant components in both hydroalcoholic (HAE) and ultrasound-assisted (UAE) extracts profiles. Metabolite 5, isolated and fully characterised by extensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, has been very recently reported from L. japonica together with the compound 6. Good antioxidant activities (DPPH radical scavenging, β-carotene bleaching and reducing power assays) were observed for the extracts. The remarkable antidiabetic activity displayed by UAE (300 mg/kg) has yielded the most marked decrease in blood glucose levels of the alloxan diabetic rats (−72.09%), greater than the effects by the drug glybenclamide (−63.29%). This study reports the first correlation of antidiabetic activity of Linaria sp. extracts with their chemical composition.

The Antidiabetic Activity of an Aqueous Root Extract of Annona stenophylla Engl. and Diels in Non-diabetic Control and Alloxan-induced Diabetic rats

The antidiabetic activity of an aqueous root extract of Annona stenophylla Engl. and Diels, (Annonaceae) (100 mg/kg b.wt) in non-diabetic control and alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Alloxan monohydrate, 120 mg/kg b.wt) was investigated after inducing hyperglycaemia (OGTT, glucose 3 g/kg b.wt) in fasted male Sprague dawley rats. The rats were randomised into groups (n=6) and underwent oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) as well as a 28 day subchronic repeated treatment with root plant extract (100 mg/kg b.wt), glibenclamide (2.5 mg/kg i.p) and insulin (200 μg/kg b.wt) subcutaneously. Blood glucose levels for OGTT were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 150 mins after treatments. Food consumption, body weight, blood glucose and serum insulin levels (ELISA) were then measured for 4 weeks. Annona stenophylla decreased the glucose levels of alloxan-diabetic, diabetic and non-diabetic control rats in the OGTT study. The aqueous root extract, glibenclamide and insulin were antihyperglycaemic in the long term study (4 weeks) and insulin levels were higher at the end compared to controls. A. stenophylla may have potential as an antidiabetic herb and the study supports its traditional use in the management of diabetes.

Ameliorative effects of Treculia Africana aqueous seed extract on hyperglycemia and testicular histopathological alterations in alloxan-diabetic rats

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Modulatory effects of curcumin, aqueous ginger extract , and their mixture on hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in alloxan diabetic rats.

Modulatory effects of curcumin, aqueous ginger extract , and their mixture on hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in alloxan diabetic rats.

Insulin and alpha amylase levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and the effect of Rothmannia hispida (K. Schum) Fagerl leaf extract

Objectives: Rothmannia hispida (R. hispida) is used in West African traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments such as fever, dysentery, skin infections, abdominal pain and diabetes mellitus. To elucidate the pharmacological basis of the antidiabetic efficacy of this plant drug, the effect of R. hispida on insulin and alpha amylase levels were examined in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Method: Diabetic rats were treated with leaf extract of R. hipida at dose levels of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg respectively. The concentration of insulin in serum samples was estimated using Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA) method using insulin kit (Syntron Bioresearch, USA), alpha amylase levels were estimated using routine biochemical procedures. Results: Treatment of alloxan diabetic rats with leaf extract of R. hipida significantly (p<0.001) reduced hyperglycaemia, significantly (p<0.001) attenuated alloxan-induced hypoinsulinaemia and significantly (p<0.01) increased alpha amylase levels compared with diabetic untreated rats. Conclusion: It is concluded that increased insulin secretion and/or increased alpha amylase synthesis sequel to enhanced liver glucose entry by Rothmannia hispida is proposed to be the mechanism by which this herbal plant exhibits its antidiabetic effect.

English

The antidiabetic properties of extracts of three Nigerian medicinal plants - Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae, formerly Labiatae), Phyllanthus niruri L. (Euphorbiaceae) and Viscum album L. (Viscaceae or Loranthaceae) parasitic on Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) on normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were studied. The extracts (258.3 g, 6.89% w/w of P. niruri, 189.17 g, 6.76% w/w of V. album and 131.50 g, 6.41% w/w of O. basilicum), obtained by 48 h cold maceration in methanol: methylene chloride (1:1), were evaluated for hypoglycemic and oral glucose tolerance effects in normoglycemic rats and antihyperglycemic effect in alloxan (100 mg/kg i.p) diabetic (blood glucose level ≥ 200 mg/dl) rats. The results showed that acute oral administration of the extracts to normoglycemic rats caused a mild to moderate non-dose-related reduction in blood glucose levels. The extracts significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed the acute postprandial rise in blood glucose to varying extents. Extract of O. basilicum lowered the elevated glucose level to 13.67% at 180 min while P. niruri and V. album reduced the glucose level to 16.87 and 17.33%, respectively. In alloxan diabetic rats, the extracts caused a significant (P < 0.05) non-dose-related reduction in blood glucose with 52.31 (O. basilicum), 44.29 (P. niruri) and 16.71% (V. album) maximum reduction at 6 h. Key words: Alloxan, diabetes mellitus, Nigerian medicinal plants.

Evaluation of hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of internal septum of walnut fruit in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Background: Todays, the popularity of herbal medicine is increasing worldwide. Due to importance the evaluation of medicinal herbs efficacy and safety, the present study was conducted to investigate the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of internal septum of walnut fruit (ISWF) ethanolic extract in diabetic rats.Materials and methods: Alloxan diabetic rats treated orally with ethanolic extract of ISWF (0-400mg/kg) for 28 days. To evaluate its anti-diabetic activity, the animals fasting blood glucose were determined on the first, 14th and 29th days. Moreover, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in diabetic rats at the last day of the study. After 24h of last administration, the blood samples were collected, and the Plasma lipids and liver enzymes levels were measured in fasting overnight rats.Results: The extract significantly decreased blood glucose (p&lt;0.001) on 14th and 29th days. In addition, OGTT revealed that the hypoglycemic effect of the extract appeared at 90 minutes. Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels significantly decreased in diabetic rats treated with the both doses (p&lt;0.05). Both doses of the extract were able to decrease triglyceride significantly (p&lt;0.05) in treated diabetic rats, while only the lower dose of the extract (200 mg/kg) attenuate the total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (p&lt;0.001).Conclusion: These finding support the notion that ISWF is able to reduce hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia risk in diabetic rats.Key words: Juglans regia, internal septum, walnut fruit, Antidiabetic, Lipid profile

EVALUATION OF HYPOGLYCEMIC AND HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECTS OF INTERNAL SEPTUM OF WALNUT FRUIT IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Background: Todays, the popularity of herbal medicine is increasing worldwide. Due to importance the evaluation of medicinal&#x0D; herbs efficacy and safety, the present study was conducted to investigate the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of internal&#x0D; septum of walnut fruit (ISWF) ethanolic extract in diabetic rats.&#x0D; Materials and methods: Alloxan diabetic rats treated orally with ethanolic extract of ISWF (0-400mg/kg) for 28 days. To evaluate&#x0D; its anti-diabetic activity, the animals fasting blood glucose were determined on the first, 14th and 29th days. Moreover, oral glucose&#x0D; tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in diabetic rats at the last day of the study. After 24h of last administration, the blood samples&#x0D; were collected, and the Plasma lipids and liver enzymes levels were measured in fasting overnight rats.&#x0D; Results: The extract significantly decreased blood glucose (p

Mallotus roxburghianus modulates antioxidant responses in pancreas of diabetic rats

Mallotus roxburghianus has long been used by Mizo tribal people for the treatment of diabetes. Scientific validation at known doses may provide information about its safety and efficacy. Methanolic leaf extract of M. roxburghianus (MRME 100 and 400mg/kg) was tested in comparison with normal and alloxan diabetic rats for 28 days p.o. in terms of body and pancreatic weight, blood glucose level, antioxidant enzymes, expression of visfatin and PCNA, histopathology and histomorphometric measurements of pancreas. The results were evaluated statistically using ANOVA, correlation and regression and Principal component analysis (PCO). MRME (100 and 400mg/kg) treatment significantly (p<0.0001) decreased the body weight, blood glucose level, improved the mass and size of pancreas, elevated the levels of antioxidant enzymes and up regulate the expression of visfatin and PCNA. PCO analysis was good to fitness and prediction distinguishes the therapeutic effects of M. roxburghianus from the alloxan induced diabetic rats. MRME has significant role in protecting animals from alloxan-induced diabetic oxidative stress in pancreas and exhibited promising antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant activities along with significant reversal of disturbed antioxidant status and lipid peroxidative damage. Pancreatic architecture and physiology under diabetic oxidative stress have been significantly modulated by MRME and validated as a drug candidate for antidiabetic treatment. M. roxburghianus treatment restores the antioxidant enzyme system and rejuvenates the islets mass in alloxanized rat by accelerating visfatin and PCNA expression in pancreatic tissue.

Effects of Diaceto-Dipropyl-Disulphide on Plasma Sialic Acid and Renal Tissue Thiol Levels in Alloxan Diabetic Rats.

Plasma sialic acid levels are elevated in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients with proteinuria. Renal damage is mainly caused by free radicals that are excessively generated in DM. Thiols play an important role in the cellular antioxidative defence mechanisms mainly through thiol-disulphide exchange reaction. Diallyl disulphide, a garlic oil principle component, is known for its anti-diabetic properties. Its structural analogue, Diaceto-Dipropyl Disulphide (DADPDS), is a less toxic and more palatable disulphide and possesses similar anti-diabetic actions. This study was undertaken to assess the usefulness of DADPDS in prevention of de-sialation of Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM) in alloxan diabetic rats and to assess effect of DADPDS on renal tissue thiol levels. Rats were divided into Normal, Diabetic and DADPDS treated diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection (IP) of alloxan. DADPDS was fed by gastric intubation. Plasma Sialic acid was determined by Ehrlich's method and renal tissue thiol levels by Nitroprusside reaction method. This study showed a significant decrease (p<0.001) in plasma sialic acid, plasma glucose and renal tissue TBARS levels along with significant increase (p<0.001) in renal tissue thiol levels in DADPDS treated alloxan diabetic rats when compared to diabetic control rats. Hence it may be concluded that DADPDS helps in preventing de-sialation of GBM in alloxan diabetic rats and improves renal tissue antioxidant defence mechanisms, may be through thiol-disulphide exchange reaction and thereby exhibits a possible clinical use in prevention of renal complications like diabetic nephropathy.

Effect of honey on the body weight of glibenclamide treated alloxan induced diabetic rats.

One of the classical features of diabetes mellitus is weight loss which when excessive may be embarrassing to patients. The rising prevalence of the disease in developing countries coupled with its high cost of management is of great concern. The study is aimed at determining the effect of honey on the body weight of of glibenclamide treated alloxan induced diabetic rats. A total of 20 male wistar rats weighing 200 - 250g were obtained and divided into four groups of 5 rats each. Diabetes was induced in the animals by intraperitoneally injecting 100mg/kg of 2% alloxan solution. Each animal was weighed before and after experiment and recorded accordingly. The animals were respectively administered the following; group 1 received distilled water as 5.0ml/kg/day, group 2 received 5.0ml/kg/day of 50% honey, group 3 received 5.0ml/kg/day of 50% honey together with 0.6mg/kg/day of glibenclamide, group 4 received glibenclamide alone (0.6mg/kg/day). The animals were treated for 4weeks. The present study showed that addition of honey to glibenclamide in the treatment of alloxan diabetic rats significantly reduced weight loss associated with glibenclamide treatment alone. This is due to possible honey.induced pancreatic beta cell regeneration.

Functional and biochemical characteristics of urinary bladder muscarinic receptors in long-term alloxan diabetic rats.

Objective To re-examine the function of the urinary bladder in vivo as well as to determine the functional and biochemical characteristics of bladder muscarinic receptors in long-term alloxan-induced diabetes rats.Methods Two-month-old male Wistar rats were injected with alloxan and the animals showing blood glucose levels >300mg/dL together with age-paired untreated animals were kept for 11 months. Body weight, bladder weight, blood glucose, and urinary volume over a period of 24 hours were determined in both groups of animals. A voiding cystometry in conscious control and diabetic rats was performed to determine maximal micturition pressure, micturition contraction interval and duration as well as voided and post-voiding residual volume. In addition, concentration-response curves for bethanechol in isolated bladder strips, as well as [3H]-N methyl-scopolamine binding site characteristics in bladder homogenates were determined.Results Mean bladder weight was 162.5±21.2mg versus 290±37.9mg in control and treated animals, respectively (p<0.05). Micturition contraction amplitude (34.6±4.7mmHg versus 49.6±2.5mmHg), duration (14.5±1.7 seconds versus 23.33±4.6 seconds) and interval (87.5±17.02 seconds versus 281.11±20.24 seconds) were significantly greater in alloxan diabetic rats. Voided urine volume per micturition contraction was also significantly higher in diabetic animals. However the post-voiding residual volume was not statistically different. Bethanechol potency (EC50 3µM versus 5µM) and maximal effect (31.2±5.9g/g versus 36.1±6.8g/g) in isolated bladder strips as well as number (169±4fmol/mg versus 176±3fmol/mg protein) and affinity (0.69±0.1nM versus 0.57±0.1nM) of bladder muscarinic receptors were also not statistically different.Conclusion Bladder function in vivo is altered in chronic alloxan-induced diabetes rats without changes in functional and biochemical characteristics of bladder muscarinic receptors.

Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of root extracts of Erythrina variegata in alloxan induced diabetic rats

The present study was carried out to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of alcohol and aqueous root extracts of Erythrina variegata Linn. in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced into albino Wistar rats by intraperitonial administration of alloxan. Blood samples were collected from overnight fasted normal and diabetic rats on 0th, 7th, 14th and 21st days of treatment. Hypoglycemic activity was evaluated by measuring serum glucose level and glycosylated haemoglobin level after dosing with aqueous and alcohol extracts. Hypolipidemic activity was evaluated by measuring various biochemical parameter like total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein and phospholipids. The results showed that the extracts 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg significantly (P<0.001, p<0.01) reduced fasting blood glucose of alloxan diabetic rats in a dose-related manner, when compared to control and standard (anti-diabetic agent, glibenclamide 500μg/kg). Both the extracts also have a significant recovery in the levels of parameters measured in lipid profile, when compared to control and standard group. The present investigation established pharmacological evidence to support the folklore claim that it is an hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic agent.

Роль функционального состояния митохондрий нейронов коры большого мозга в механизме ноотропного действия препаратов с нейропротекторными свойствами у крыс с аллоксановой гипергликемией

Исследования посвящены изучению влияния цитиколина, фенилпирацетама, пентоксифиллина и N-фенилацетил-L-пролилглицина на мнестические процессы и функциональное состояние митохондрий в неокортексе крыс c аллоксановой гипергликемией. Оценку влияния препаратов на мнестические процессы проводили с помощью условной реакции пассивного избегания в темно-светлой камере. Регистрировали латентный период и число животных с амнезией навыка на 6 и 20 сут введения препаратов. Функциональное состояние митохондрий оценивали по открытию митохондриальной поры и митохондриальному трансмембранному потенциалу (Ψ) на 20 сут. Установлено, что курсовое применение фенилпирацетама, цитиколина и, в меньшей степени, N-фенилацетил-L-пролилглицина, но не пентоксифиллина, улучшало процессы обучения и хранения условного навыка. При этом ноотропная активность изученных средств была сопоставима с их влиянием на функциональное состояние митохондрий нейронов неокортекса крыс с хронической гипергликемией. Степень митопротективной активности (предупреждение открывания митохондриальной циклоспорин-А-чувствительной поры и восстановление митохондриального трансмембранного потенциала) была наибольшей у цитиколина и фенилпирацетама, а наименьшей — у пентоксифиллина.

Musa sapientum with exercises attenuates hyperglycemia and pancreatic islet cells degeneration in alloxan-diabetic rats.

Aim:We tested the hypothesis that administrations of methanolic extracts of Musa sapientum sucker (MEMS) with exercises attenuated hyperglycemia in alloxan-diabetic rats.Materials and Methods:A total of 40 adult male rats were divided into equal eight groups. Normoglycemic Group A was Control. Alloxan (180 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to rats in Groups B - H to induce diabetes. Group B (diabetic control) received physiological saline. Groups C - H received MEMS (5 mg/kg), MEMS (10 mg/kg), Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), MEMS (5 mg/kg) + exercises, MEMS (10 mg/kg) + exercises and Exercises only, respectively. Changes in body weight, blood glucose levels (BGL) and pancreatic histology were evaluated during or at the end of experiment. Body weights and BGL of rats were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed using the statistical software program SPSS 15. Statistical comparisons were done using the Student’s t-test for unpaired samples. Differences between groups were determined as significant at P ≤ 0.05.Results:Significantly (P < 0.05) decreased bodyweight was observed in B and H compared to A and C - G. Treatment with MEMS significantly (P < 0.05) decreased elevated BGL in C and D. Hypoglycemic effect of MEMS appeared enhanced with exercises in F and G. Exercises regimen alone (H) resulted in percentage reduction in BGL lower than those of C - G. Histopathological examinations revealed normal pancreas (A), atrophied islet cells (B), hyperplasia with adequate population of islet cells (C - G), and reduced hyperplasia of islet cells (H).Conclusion:MEMS with exercises attenuated hyperglycemia in alloxan-diabetic rats.

A Possible Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Effect of Herbal Mixture Extraction in Diabetic Rats

Back ground: The use of medicinal plants for management of diabetes mellitus is an old practice which has become even more relevant in modern perspective. The present work was designed to evaluate the effect of a mixture of five medicinal plants which used in folk medicine in Egypt especially in Sinai as hypoglycemic agents on the adult male diabetic rats. These plants are Cleome droserifolia (Samwah), Ambrosia maritima (Damsissa),Artemisia judaica (Shih kharasani), Chiliadenus montanus or Jasonia Montana (Neheda) and Artemisia annua (Kaysom).Material and Methods: Thirty male albino rats were divided equally into three groups including control, diabetic and diabetic treated with a mixture of aqueous extract. A single dose of alloxan (120 mg/kg body weight) was used to induce diabetes in rats. Diabetic rats were given plant mixture extract orally twice daily for 30 days (28.5 mg/kg body weight (b. wt.) twice/day). Results: there was a marked decline (p<0.01) in levels of serum insulin, body weight (4.98 %), total proteins, albumin, globulin and high density lipoproteins (HDL) accompanied with marked elevation (p<0.01) in levels of fasting blood glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA_IR), aspartate aminotransferase(ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), urea, creatinine, uric acid, serum total lipids(TL), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides TG, low density lipoproteins (LDL), and very low density lipoproteins(VLDL),risk ratios of TC/HDL and LDL/HDL in diabetic rats as compared to the control rats. While administration of aqueous extract of plant mixture to alloxan diabetic rats significantly ameliorated the disturbed biochemical parameters. Conclusion: These results proved that this plant mixture extract has a significant hypoglycemic effect and ameliorating metabolic abnormalities induced by diabetes mellitus.

Effect of Aqueous Olive Leaves Extract on the Pancreatic Islets in Rats

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of the aqueous crude extract of Olea europaeaon serum glucose level and histopathological changes in islets of Langerhans in an induced-diabetic mellitus in rats. The hypoglycemic activity of Olive leaf extract was investigated in fasting health rats and alloxan–diabetic rats. Blood samples were collected from the tail of rats and serum glucose measured on the 1st, 15th, 30th days of the experiment. A significant reduction in blood glucose of diabetic animal’s (350.5±0.0348 e) mg/dl in case of administration of Olive leaves in comparison with diabetic control (373.4±0.0562 a) mg/dl. The present study clearly indicated a significant antidiabetic activity with the Olive leaves and supports the traditional usage for the control of diabetes (Nadar et al., 2003), Aqueous crude extract considered as hypoglycemic agent reduce oxidative stress, indirectly by lowering blood glucose and preventing hyperinsulinemia (Casalino et al., 2002). The study showed islets of Langerhans continuous infarctions and lymphocyte infiltration in alloxan–diabetic rats while the treatment group showed the islets irregularity in size, but they appeared normal with decreased granulation and some islets appeared very small, all of islets appeared normal as of the control animals.

&lt;i&gt;Zostera noltii&lt;/i&gt; extract lowers blood glucose and restores vascular function in diabetic rats

The antidiabetic effect of seagrass Zostera noltii extract was investigated through a crosstalk between its antioxidant and vasoprotective properties. The extract was orally administered to alloxan-diabetic rats (50, 150, 250 mg/kg body weight). Serum glucose was determined; liver and kidney functions, body weight, total leukocyte counts were measured; liver oxidative markers were assayed. Acetylcholine, phenylephrine and 5-HT responses were tested. eNOS levels and generation of ROS in aortic tissue were quantified. The extract of Z. noltii lowered blood glucose in all tested dose levels. Extract at a concentration of 50 mg/kg failed to preserve the levels of antioxidants and did not alter lipid peroxidation whereas higher doses improved liver oxidative status. Impaired acetylcholine relaxations, augmented phenylephrine and 5-HT contractions in alloxan-diabetic aortic rings were restored by Z. noltii treatment. This recovery was accompanied by increased eNOS synthesis and a reduction in ROS generation. The extract lowers blood glucose and prevents hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction in alloxan-diabetic rats.

Anti-Diabetic Effect of Olive Leaves Extract in Alloxan-Diabetic Rats

Diabetes is often accompanied by metabolic alterations , which contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in diabetic subjects .Olive leaves extract (OLE) are used in traditional medicine as hypoglycemic agent in many Arab countries. To examine the beneficial effect of OLE, it was administered in drinking water of alloxan induced diabetic rats at 3% and 6% concentrations.Blood glucose level decreased significantly (P<0.05) from 135.6±12.2 mg/dl in the control group to 48.3±2.73 and 64.8±14.62 mg/dl in 3% and 6% treated groups respectively .The concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, total proteins and albumin were improved by the administration of OLE.The activities of liver enzymes , Alanine aminotransaminase(ALT,), Aspartate aminotransaminase,AST) were elevated in diabetic rats, however , administration of OLE reduced the activities of these enzymes.The activity of AST was significantly reduced from 204.7±13.2 IU/L in the positive control to 109.3±11.0 and 130.2±16.0 IU/L in 3% and 6% OLE respectively and the activity of ALT was also reduced significantly from 48.0±9.2 IU/L in the positive control to 24.7±10.4 ,34.8±6.2 IU/L in 3% and 6% OLE respectively.In the brain,Cellular changes were noticed in untreated diabetic rats including generalized and localized edema in the white matter of the cerebrum and cerebellum. Diabetes induced neuronal degeneration; neuronal necrosis, neuronal chromatolysis and axonal demylenation. All these changes were improved by OLE administration.It can be concluded that OLE is having hypoglycemic effect, Neuroprotective activity and improves changes associated with diabetes probably due to the many potentially bioactive compounds it contain.

Renal injury induced in alloxan diabetic rats. Role of Mycophenolate Mofetil as therapeutic agent

BackgroundRenal injury may develop in uncontrolled chronic hyperglycemia due to increased oxidative stress and release of pro-inflammatory mediators, leading to diabetic complications. MethodsMycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressant drug, an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), relevant to inflammation processes. MMF effect was tested in alloxan-diabetic rats on selected parameters like oxidative stress, gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), in relation to microalbuminuria and renal function. ResultsWe found that the onset of microalbuminuria preceded the increase in serum glucose after alloxan treatment. Gene expression of TNF-α and TGF-β1 showed gradual increase after one and two weeks of alloxan administration as compared to the normal group. MMF administration decreased the gene expression of TNF-α and TGF-β1 in kidney tissues, serum glucose, fructosamine, urea, creatinine, C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde, urinary microalbumin and total protein. Histological examination of kidney tissues showed significant improvement in MMF treated rats as compared to diabetic control. ConclusionsMMF modulated renal injury of alloxan diabetic rats. Collective data may support its therapeutic effect but further clinical trials may be requested.