Allometric Method Research Articles

A new perspective on the static metabolic allometry of carabid beetles.

The conventional allometric method entails fitting a straight line to logarithmic transformations of the original bivariate data and then back-transforming the resulting equation (at least implicitly) to form a two-parameter power function, Y = a × Xb , on the arithmetic scale. Although the protocol is widely used in contemporary research, it commonly performs poorly and thereby leads investigators to form inaccurate impressions of the dominant pattern in their data. Here I re-examine the metabolic allometry for six species of carabid beetle to illustrate the problem that arises when pattern in the original data can be described by two (or more) statistically equivalent equations with different functional form. Whereas conventional analyses of data for the beetles yielded only a single descriptive model for each dataset (i.e., the two-parameter power equation), the more versatile protocol used here fitted two to four statistically equivalent equations (including the two-parameter power function) to the same sets of observations. Conclusions based on just the power equation estimated by conventional allometry would be misleading because the equation does not afford a unique description for pattern in the data.

Carbon stock trends of baldcypress knees along climate gradients of the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley using allometric methods

Carbon stock trends of the knees of Taxodium distichum likely vary across climate gradients of the southeastern United States and contribute an unknown quantity of “teal” carbon to inland freshwater wetlands. Knee metrics (e.g., density, height, biomass) were measured in mixed T. distichum swamps across the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (MRAV) from Illinois to Louisiana. Based on their geometric similarity to a cone, the biomasses of field knees were estimated by relating the volume of their measured field dimensions to lab-measured water displacement volume and biomass via volume/mass regressions (biomass (g) = 7.2230149 + 0.292902 × volume). Knees had greater height in flooded conditions (maximum height = 163 cm; Goose Lake, Arkansas), and also in climate normal environments of mid-range precipitation and temperature (p < 0.0001). Overall, knee biomass ha−1 was 7.5 times greater in flooded vs. not flooded conditions (34.6 ± 7.3 vs. 4.6 ± 1.0 Mg ha−1, respectively). The overall mean of knee carbon biomass stock was substantial (flooded vs. not flooded conditions: 18.1 ± 3.7 Mg C ha−1 to 2.9 ± 0.7 Mg C ha−1, respectively; knee/tree live standing biomass: 17.9–5.2%, respectively). Clearly, T. distichum knees should not be ignored in blue (teal) carbon discussions of wetlands. Because knees respond to climate normal conditions, hotter/drier environments in the MRAV could lead to a decline in the contribution of knee carbon stock in the southeastern United States.

VALUASI EKONOMI JASA LINGKUNGAN EKOSISTEM HUTAN TAMAN EDEN 100, DESA LUMBAN JULU, PARAPAT, SUMATERA UTARA

Eden 100 Forest Park is an ecotourism area that has the potential of natural resources that can be used as tourist attractions. Forest Park Eden 100 also provides environmental services such as hydrological forest services, forest services as carbon sinks, and forest services in producing timber and non-timber goods. This study aims to find out what environmental services are provided by the Eden 100 forest and to analyze the economic value of environmental services and the obstacles and challenges faced by managers in efforts to preserve forest ecosystems.&#x0D; The results showed that the Eden 100 Forest Park provides environmental services in the form of direct use environmental services, namely wood production with economic value of the economic value of wood production of Rp 7,822,633,800 and non-wood (fruits) of Rp 25,500,000, non-use value directly in the form of natural landscapes (ecotourism) whose value is calculated using the travel cost method (TCM) and a yield of Rp 1,164,181,800 is obtained, non-use value in the form of existence services whose economic value is calculated using the contingent valuation method (CVM) of Rp.60,158,120 , as a carbon sink value which is calculated using the allometric method, and a yield of Rp. 18,161,220,000 is obtained. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the total economic value of the Eden 100 Forest is Rp. 27,233,693,720. This proves that the existence of the Eden 100 forest is a very big economic benefit if its sustainability is maintained because it can absorb carbon which gives a great economic value. Efforts to manage and preserve Eden Forest Park 100 as a tourist attraction have been carried out in an integrated manner with the government, private sector and local communities, but need to be increased so that forests can provide environmental services in a sustainable manner.

Predicting human pharmacokinetics from preclinical data: volume of distribution.

This tutorial introduces background and methods to predict the human volume of distribution (Vd) of drugs using in vitro and animal pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. The physiologically based PK (PBPK) method is based on the familiar equation: Vd = Vp + ∑T(VT × ktp). In this equation, Vp (plasma volume) and VT (tissue volume) are known physiological values, and ktp (tissue plasma partition coefficient) is experimentally measured. Here, the ktp may be predicted by PBPK models because it is known to be correlated with the physicochemical property of drugs and tissue composition (fraction of lipid and water). Thus, PBPK models' evolution to predict human Vd has been the efforts to find a better function giving a more accurate ktp. When animal PK parameters estimated using i.v. PK data in ≥ 3 species are available, allometric methods can also be used to predict human Vd. Unlike the PBPK method, many different models may be compared to find the best-fitting one in the allometry, a kind of empirical approach. Also, compartmental Vd parameters (e.g., Vc, Vp, and Q) can be predicted in the allometry. Although PBPK and allometric methods have long been used to predict Vd, there is no consensus on method choice. When the discrepancy between PBPK-predicted Vd and allometry-predicted Vd is huge, physiological plausibility of all input and output data (e.g., r2-value of the allometric curve) may be reviewed for careful decision making.

Relationship analysis of vegetation structural properties and the aboveground carbon stock of mangrove forest

Mangrove forests have important ecological functions as a controller of environmental quality in coastal areas and absorber of atmospheric carbon. The mangrove ecosystem has a unique vegetation structure which form vegetation zonation that consists of different forest stands characteristics and tree species. This study aims to analyze the relationship between vegetation structural properties and the estimated aboveground carbon (AGC) stock of mangrove forest in Bedul mangrove, Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia. The study was conducted by field observation at some purposively selected sample locations. Field measurement was aimed to collect data about mangrove tree diameter at breast height (DBH), species, tree height, and fractional canopy cover. Mangrove biomass was indirectly calculated by allometric method based on mangrove species to estimate AGC in mangrove stands. The highest total AGC found in this study was 114.09 tons/ha at Rhizophora mucronata dominated forest, while the lowest total AGC was 12.86 tons/ha with Ceriops tagal as the dominant species. The AGC estimation in mangrove stands correlated positively with DBH and tree height. However, the biomass content and AGC are affected by the number of mangrove stands. The difference in the number of stands affect the amount of carbon content at each sample point.

Left ventricular mass normalization for body size in children based on an allometrically adjusted ratio is as accurate as normalization based on the centile curves method.

Normalization for body size is required for reliable left ventricular mass (LVM) evaluation, especially in children due to the large variability of body size. In clinical practice, the allometrically adjusted ratio of LVM to height raised to the power of 2.7 is often used. However, studies presenting normative LVM data for children recommend centile curves as optimal for the development of normative data. This study aimed to assess whether the allometrically adjusted LVM-to-height ratio can reliably reproduce the results of LVM normalization for height based on the centile curves method. Left ventricular mass was computed for 464 boys and 327 girls, 5-18 years old, based on echocardiographic examination. Normalized data representing LVM for height were developed using the centile curves construction method and two variants of the allometrically adjusted ratio method: one variant with the allometric exponents specific to the study groups, and one variant with the universal exponent of 2.7. The agreement between the allometric methods and the centile curves method was analyzed using the concordance correlation coefficient, sensitivity, and specificity. For both the specific allometric variant and the universal variant, the analysis of concordance has indicated high reproducibility compared to the centile curves method. The respective coefficient values were 0.9917 and 0.9916 for girls, and 0.9886 and 0.9869 for boys. The sensitivity and specificity test has also shown high agreement. However, for girls, the sensitivity was higher for the specific variant (100% vs. 90.9%). The results of the study show that allometric scaling of LVM for height can very reliably reproduce the results of LVM normalization for height based on the centile curves method. However, the analysis of sensitivity and specificity indicates greater agreement for the allometric normalization with the group-specific allometric exponents.

Julian Huxley and the quantification of relative growth

In 1932, Julian Huxley introduced biologists around the world to a simple method for fitting two-parameter power equations, $$ Y\, = \,b \times \, X^{k} $$, to bivariate observations that follow a curvilinear path on the arithmetic (= linear) scale. The method entails fitting a straight line to logarithmic transformations of the data and then (at least implicitly) back-transforming the resulting equation to the arithmetic domain. This general approach continues to be in wide use by students of biological allometry despite its several limitations and shortcomings. For example, Huxley’s allometric method requires that the bivariate data of interest follow the path of a straight line in log domain (i.e., that the data be loglinear). However, many datasets that are otherwise suitable for allometric analysis do not meet the requirement for loglinearity and consequently are beyond the scope of Huxley’s method. Such data can usually be examined in the untransformed state by nonlinear regression, and the regression approach enables investigators to fit models with different functional form and random error. Moreover, by combining nonlinear regression with a categorical variable, investigators can compare sets of observations that follow curvilinear paths on the arithmetic scale. The regression protocol is illustrated by re-examining data for relative growth by the internal hinge ligament in a bivalve mollusk and by the elongated snout in garfish (Actinopterygii). The methodology promoted by Huxley has played a major role in development of the field of biological allometry, but the procedure has been superseded by nonlinear regression.

Potential of mangrove stands carbon deposits in the north part Pannikang islands, Barru Regency, South Sulawesi province

Global warming is one of the world’s issues today. Global warming is a result of the greenhouse effect because it absorbs infrared light reflected by the earth from the sun. CO2 gas contributes the most to the greenhouse effect. The solution to the problem of global warming is the presence of forests. One type of forest ecosystem is the mangrove forest ecosystem. This study aims to determine the carbon storage of mangrove stands found on Pannikiang Island in the northern part of Barru Regency, South Sulawesi Province. Biomass measurement uses the allometric method performed on mangrove stems by measuring stem diameter in a circle-shaped sample plot of 12.62 m. The results showed that there were ten species found in the study locations: Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera sexangula, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stilosa, Scyphiphora hydrophyllaceae, and Soneratia alba. The total value of the total stem carbon deposits in the mangrove stands on Pannikiang Island in the northern part of Barru Regency reached a total carbon stem portion of 640,512 tons with a maximum range of 859,174 tons and a minimum of 421,871 tons.

Allometric Growth of the Freshwater CrabPotamon algeriense(Bott, 1967) (Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamidae) in Oued Zegzel, a Mountain Stream, in the Northeast of Morocco

A morphometric study has been carried out for the first time on the population of the freshwater crabPotamon algerienseinhabiting Oued Zegzel, a tributary of the Lower Moulouya River, in the northeast of Morocco. Crabs were collected monthly over one year (October 2017 to September 2018) by excavating burrows and searching under blocks. A total of 669 crabs were obtained, 291 females and 378 males. Regression analysis was performed among carapace width (CW), as the reference dimension, and wet weight (WW), carapace length (CL), length and width of abdomen (AL and AW), and length and width of the cheliped (ChL and ChW) were chosen as dependent variables, using the allometric method. Based on Somerton’s technique, the onset of sexual maturity was estimated to occur at around 27mm CW for males and 32mm CW for females. The growth patterns recorded forP. algerienseare associated with the species reproductive strategy, i.e., preparation of body parts involved in female acquisition and egg incubation, like the male cheliped and the female abdomen, respectively. Among the 291 females sampled, 10.20% were left-handed and 89.80% were right-handed, while among the 378 males examined, 10.32% were left-handed and 89.68% were right-handed. It was concluded that the cheliped width and the abdominal width ofP. algerienseare the morphometric variables most appropriate to estimate the size at the beginning of the sexual maturity for males and females of this species, respectively.

Initiation of Pediatric Clinical Trials for Coagulation Factors: Application of Pharmacokinetics and Allometry to First-in-Pediatric Dose Selection.

Allometric scaling is a method that can be used for the extrapolation of pharmacokinetic parameters from adults to children. Subsequently, these allometrically predicted PK parameters can be used to project a suitable dose to initiate a pediatric clinical trial. The objective of this study was to predict clearance and in vivo recovery of coagulation factors VIII and IX allometrically in children from 1 year of age to adolescents and then project the first-in-children dose. The values for observed clearance, in vivo recovery, and dose for pediatric as well as adult subjects for 7 factor VIII and 3 factor IX products were obtained from the US Food and Drug Administration package insert and the allometrically predicted clearance, in vivo recovery, and dose were compared with the observed values. The clearance of factors VIII and IX were predicted with reasonable accuracy. Of 27 predicted clearance values, all 27 (100%) were predicted with ≤30% prediction error (range, 5%-28%). Of 27 predicted in vivo recovery values, 26 (96%) were predicted with ≤30% prediction error (range, 0%-45%). The projected doses of factor VIII or IX, either by clearance or in vivo recovery, were generally within the recommended dose range indicating an accurate prediction of pediatric dose for both factors. The proposed allometric methods can be used to select first-in-children dose in pediatric clinical trials.

Ecosystem Carbon Stock of Mangroves at the Batticaloa Lagoon, Sri Lanka

Mangroves play an important role in sequestering organic carbon in tropical and subtropical coastal areas, accounting up to 15% of the total carbon deposited in coastal sediments. Sequestered organic carbon occurs both in standing plant biomass, as well as in the below ground root biomass and mangrove soils. Unavailability of quantitative data on carbon retention capacity of Sri Lankan mangrove ecosystems compelled the authors to carry out the present study with the objective of estimating the total ecosystem carbon content in mangrove eco systems in the Batticaloa lagoon, Sri Lanka. This is the largest lagoon situated on the east coast and the third largest brackish water system in the country. Data on vegetation structure were gathered according to the standard procedures and biomass of mangrove trees was determined by the Allometric method. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in three depths, (0-15 cm, 16-30 cm and 31-45 cm) of mangrove soils was determined by dichromate-oxidation method followed by colorimetry. Total mangrove plant biomass was found to be 298 Mg ha-1, of which 246 Mg ha-1 was in the above ground components of the plants while 52 Mg ha-1 was in the below ground components. TOC embedded in biomass was calculated to be 158 Mg C ha-1out of which 131 Mg C ha-1was found to occur in above ground and 27 Mg C ha-1in below ground components. TOC in mangrove soils (up to 45 cm depth) was revealed to be 348 Mg C ha-1. The total TOC of mangrove ecosystems in the Batticaloa lagoon was calculated to be 506 Mg C ha-1. Mangrove soils that sequester 68% of the organic carbon forms the largest fraction of the mangrove carbon sink. Below ground components account for only 5% of the total pool while the above ground biomass retains five times more (26%) carbon than the root biomass. These results assist pragmatic evaluation of ecological value of mangroves and justify their conservation and management.

Above-Ground Biomass and Carbon Stocks in Sigogor Mountain Nature Reserve, Ponorogo, East Java, Indonesia

Forests have ecological functions that play a role in absorbing carbon dioxide. This study aims to predict the above-ground biomass and carbon stocks. This research has been carried out in February - March 2016 at Sigogor Mountain Nature Reserve, Ponorogo, East Java, Indonesia (07°48’-07°50’ SL dan 111°36’-111°38’ EL) with an area of 190.5 ha. Tree biomass calculation analysis was done at Soil Laboratory of University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Biomass calculation used is allometric method. The results showed that total biomass stocks at tree level > 30 cm diameter was 0.21 ton / ha and tree level of 5 - 30 cm diameter was 0.02 ton/ha, while the biomass of lower plant was 5.88 ton / ha and for total litter yield of 8.47 ton/ha. Total biomass stocks on above-ground of the Sigogor Mountain Nature Reserve with an area of 190.5 ha is 1,438.78 tons. Trees of > 30 cm in diameter with the most biomass are found in Kemadu (Laportea sinuata Bl.), Dali (Radermachera gigantea), Marasawa (Engelhardis spicata), Pasang (Quercus sondaica) and Wesen (Dodoneca viscusa). The prediction of carbon stock in Sigogor Mountain Nature Reserve area is 426.05 tons and able to absorb carbon dioxide 1,601.93 tons.

Interannual variability of leaf area index of an evergreen conifer stand was affected by carry-over effects from recent climate conditions

Despite the relevance of leaf area index (LAI) to forest productivity, few studies have focused on the interannual variability of LAI of an evergreen stand and its relationship with stand growth and meteorological factors. We estimated the change in LAI of an evergreen conifer (Chamaecyparis obtusa) stand over 19 years from a dataset using allometric methods. The LAI varied between 7.1 and 8.8 m2 m−2, with a 95% confidence interval of <1.1 m2 m−2 over the 19 years. This LAI range was maintained such that the gradual increase in leaf area (LA) of the largest trees counterbalanced the gradual loss in LA of the smallest trees. Meanwhile, more trees showed a temporary decrease in LA in years with low summer precipitation. The LAI and current-year mean temperature for July and August (TJA) were weakly correlated, whereas the correlation coefficient increased (r = 0.93) when LAI was correlated with the moving average TJA over the previous 6 years, which agreed with the estimated turnover time of canopy foliage. The annual stem biomass growth rate was significantly positively correlated with summer precipitation, but not with LAI. These results will be useful for refining models in studies on forest growth and global climate change.

Two-dimensional, long-axis echocardiographic ratios for assessment of left atrial and ventricular size in dogs

IntroductionLeft ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) enlargement affect management and outcome of dogs with cardiac disease. Short-axis, two-dimensional echocardiographic (2DE) images, indexed to the aorta (Ao), are frequently used to identify cardiomegaly. Long-axis images offer complementary views of the left heart. AnimalsEighty healthy dogs and 25 dogs with MMVD. MethodsHealthy dogs were prospectively recruited to determine reference intervals (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute methodology) for long-axis ratios. Measurement variability and repeatability were quantified by intraclass correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation. Mean long-axis ratios from dogs with MMVD were compared with healthy dogs (unpaired t-test). In addition, the proportion of MMVD dogs exceeding the 97.5 percentile by LV/Ao and a conventional, allometric method were compared (McNemar’s test). ResultsTwo-dimensional echocardiographic long-axis reference intervals were as follows: left ventricular to aortic dimension (LV/Ao) 1.8–2.5; left atrial to aortic dimension (LA/Ao) 1.8–2.4, and left atrial to left ventricular dimension (LA/LV) 0.9–1.1. Intraobserver and interobserver measurement agreement was good-to-excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients ≥0.84), and day-to-day variability was low (coefficient of variations <4%). Left ventricular to aortic dimension, LA/Ao, and LA/LV were significantly greater in canine MMVD compared with healthy dogs (p<0.001). The percentages of MMVD dogs demonstrating LV dilatation by LV/Ao and conventional method were 68% and 36%, respectively (p=0.043, 95% confidence interval for difference 7.9%, 56.1%). ConclusionsSimple 2DE long-axis ratios of LV/Ao, LA/Ao, and LA/LV are repeatable and demonstrate clinical utility for identifying LV and LA enlargement in dogs with MMVD.

NERACA KARBON, EMISI DAN SERAPAN HISTORIS CO2 KARENA PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI KABUPATEN BANYUASIN, SUMATERA SELATAN

Land use change is the cause of carbon loss from land. The loss of this carbon becomes a source of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the atmosphere that can cause global warming. Intensive land use and land cover occurred in Kabupaten Banyuasin from 2004-2014. The purpose of this study. to create carbon balance, emissions and sequestration of CO 2 during the period of 2004 - 2014 in Banyuasin Regency caused by land use change and land cover change. The method used to create carbon balance using land use change matrix, carbon calculation of each carbon pool by allometric method, destructive sample and organic C by Walkley and Black method. Stock diference method for analysis of changes in carbon storage, CO 2 emissions and CO 2 sequestration. The results of this study indicate that the 2004-2014 carbon balance in Banyuasin Regency is negative, with a carbon loss of 22,033,277 tons with an average annual carbon loss of 2,203,327 tons. CO 2 sequestration of 29,298,966 tons and CO 2 emissions 118,044,141 tons, while net emissions 88,745,175 tons. Average net CO 2 emissions from above ground carbon pools, carbon necromassa pools, litter carbon pools and underground carbon pools are 7 tonnes ha -1 year -1 , whereas CO 2 emissions from organic soil C 0.61 tonnes ha - 1 year -1 . The largest contributor of CO 2 emissions in Banyuasin Regency are sequentially caused by changes in peat swamp forests, secondary mangrove forests, primary mangrove forests and secondary swamp forests. While the source of sequestration is the change of monoculture rubber peat, oil palm, rubber monoculture and shrubs.

A functional method for generating individualized spine models from motion-capture data.

A representative model is necessary for the analysis of spine kinematics and dynamics during motion. Existing models, based on stationary imaging or cadaveric data, may not be accurate through the full range of spinal motion or for clinical populations. In this paper, we propose a functional method for estimating subject-specific spinal joint centers, generating a one-joint or two-joint kinematic model of the spine. These models are driven by the motion of the thorax and pelvis as observed by eight surface landmarks. We apply this method to experimental data from ten subjects performing flexion/extension and sit-to-stand motions. The recovered functional models are assessed against an allometric model though the analysis of marker residuals. We found that the functional models provide lower residuals than the allometric methods. Between the functional models, the two-joint model provided lower residuals with less sensitivity to the training action, while the one-joint model should be trained on the motion of interest.

Prediction of tissue concentrations of monoclonal antibodies in mice from plasma concentrations

The objectives of this study were to develop and evaluate allometric methods for predicting tissue-to-plasma partition coefficients (Kp) in mice from experimentally determined in-vivo volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The Vss was allometrically predicted (using a fixed exponent 1.0 or 0.9) in a given tissue of the mice. The Kp was predicted using Vss and tissue specific physiological parameters. In total, Kp values were predicted for 20 mAbs, 121 tissues, and 665 tissue concentrations. The predicted Kp values and tissue concentrations were compared with the experimental results as well as an empirically predicted antibody biodistribution coefficient (ABC). Comparison of the predicted Kp values by the two proposed methods with experimentally determined Kp values indicated that 64–75% of the predicted Kp values were within two-fold prediction error. For 665 tissue concentrations, 63%, 74%, and 48% tissue concentration ratio were within 0.5–2 fold prediction error by exponent 1.0, exponent 0.9, and ABC, respectively. The proposed allometric methods are better than ABC method for the prediction of tissue Kp values and tissue concentrations. The proposed methods can reasonably predict tissue concentrations of mAbs using plasma concentration gathered at early stage of biologics development.

Prediction of Tissue to Plasma Concentration Ratios of Drugs in the Rat from Experimentally Estimated Volume of Distribution: Application of Allometry.

In Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, the most important input parameter is tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp). Over the years, several empirical methods have been developed to predict Kp in animals. The objective of this study was to propose two allometric methods to predict Kp from experimentally determined in vivo volume of distribution at steady state (Vss). In one method, Vss was allometrically predicted (using a fixed exponent 1.0 or 0.8) in a given tissue of the rat and then Kp was predicted for that tissue. In another method, an allometric plot (Kp versus Vss) was developed to predict Kp in a tissue of the rat. In total, Kp values were predicted for 46 drugs and 338 tissues. The predicted Kp values by the proposed two methods were compared with the experimentally determined Kp values as well as empirically predicted Kp values by other investigators. Comparison of the predicted Kp values by the two proposed methods with experimentally determined Kp values indicated that 67-72% of the predicted Kp values were within two-fold prediction error. The predictive power or accuracy of method 1 (when taken all tissues and all classes of drugs into account) was 19%, 35%, 14%, 35%, 14%, and 13% better than the methods proposed by Arundel, Berezhkovskiy, Jansson et al., Poulin et al., Poulin- Theil, and Rodgers et al. respectively. The proposed two allometric methods are slightly more accurate than other empirical methods in their predictive performance for the prediction of tissue Kp values for acidic, weak bases and neutral drugs.

On the suitability of an allometric proxy for nondestructive estimation of average leaf dry weight in eelgrass shoots I: sensitivity analysis and examination of the influences of data quality, analysis method, and sample size on precision

BackgroundThe effects of current anthropogenic influences on eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows are noticeable. Eelgrass ecological services grant important benefits for mankind. Preservation of eelgrass meadows include several transplantation methods. Evaluation of establishing success relies on the estimation of standing stock and productivity. Average leaf biomass in shoots is a fundamental component of standing stock. Existing methods of leaf biomass measurement are destructive and time consuming. These assessments could alter shoot density in developing transplants. Allometric methods offer convenient indirect assessments of individual leaf biomass. Aggregation of single leaf projections produce surrogates for average leaf biomass in shoots. Involved parameters are time invariant, then derived proxies yield simplified nondestructive approximations. On spite of time invariance local factors induce relative variability of parameter estimates. This influences accuracy of surrogates. And factors like analysis method, sample size and data quality also impact precision. Besides, scaling projections are sensitive to parameter fluctuation. Thus the suitability of the addressed allometric approximations requires clarification.ResultsThe considered proxies produced accurate indirect assessments of observed values. Only parameter estimates fitted from raw data using nonlinear regression, produced robust approximations. Data quality influenced sensitivity and sample size for an optimal precision.ConclusionsAllometric surrogates of average leaf biomass in eelgrass shoots offer convenient nondestructive assessments. But analysis method and sample size can influence accuracy in a direct manner. Standardized routines for data quality are crucial on granting cost-effectiveness of the method.

Total Economic Value of Applied Used Green Line Street Model For Tamarindus Indica in Rembang District

One of the green line street functions is to providing land of carbon sink crops. Javanese tamarind (Tamarindus indica) is a type of productive crop that has a carbon absorbent function. The type of Javanese tamarind crops production is wood products and tamarind fruit harvest products. The purpose of this study to determine the total economic value (NET) a calculation of the model of the applied use of green line street for Javanese tamarind plants .The economic value that can be calculated from the modeling are Direct Value and Indirect Value. Direct benefit value consist of value of wood and value of crop. While indirect benefits value consist of value of carbon stock and biodiversity value. This research was conducted in May 2017 in Rembang District, Rembang Regency, Central Java. The methods used are allometric modeling method and economic valuation method. Allometric modeling method is used to determine the potential of carbon and wood reserves along the green line street. While the economic valuation method is used to calculate total economic value of the application of this modeling result. Applying of this model has result in total economic value Rp 1,942,788,721 per year. It can be concluded that the green liner street has great potential utilization and should be optimally utilized.