Alcohol Soluble Extract Research Articles

Effects of cultivation environments on Dendrobium catenatum

The study was aimed to clarify the effect of three cultivation environments on the growth and metabolism of Dendrobium catenatum C13 group. There were three different cultivation conditions including rock epiphytic cultivation, pear epiphytic cultivation and pot cultivation. Morphological characteristics and agronomic characters of D. catenatum were observed and measured. Microstructure, contents of polysaccharide and alcohol-soluble extracts were measured by paraffin section method, phenol-sulfuric acid method and hot-dip method, respectively. The result showed that the cultivation environment significantly affected the growth of D. catenatum, the leaves of D. catenatum that cultivated on the rock and pear were sparse and small, the stems were short and purple and the root system was developed. Compare with potted cultivation, D. catenatum from rock epiphytic cultivation and pear epiphytic cultivation showed the following characteristics in the microstructure: the upper epidermis became thicker, the epidermal hair in the epidermis became denser, stomatal showed smaller and denser, the cell wall of exodermis, endoderm and medulla became thicker, the cell of velamen, exodermis, endoderm and medulla were smaller and arranged more closely, but the cultivation environment did not produce specific tissue structure, mainly changed in the structural parameters of size and quantity. The growth environments also influenced contents of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts. The dontents of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts in D. catenatum from rock epiphytic were the highest, reached 37.34% and 11.66%, the second was pear epiphytic, both higher than pot cultivation, alcohol-soluble extracts contents in D. catenatum from rock epiphytic are more complex, which shows that rock epiphytic is conducive to the accumulation of secondary metabolites in D. catenatum.

Botanical and Chemical Fingerprinting of Medicinal Roots of Justicia gendarussa Burm f.

Background:Justicia gendarussa Burm f. of family Acanthaceae is medicinally important herb used in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, asthma, hepatic injuries, pathogenic infection and also shows antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell lines.Materials and Methods:Pharmacognostical evaluation (macro-microscopy, physicochemical analysis and preliminary phytochemical analysis), high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting and chemical profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) of dried roots of J. gendarussa were done according to quality standard procedures.Results:Microscopic analysis revealed the compact arrangement of cells in cork region and thin-walled cortex beneath epidermis. Parenchymatous cells with xylem vessel were observed in the roots of J. gendarussa. Physicochemical studies revealed loss on drying (10.474%), total ash (2.990%), acid-insoluble ash (0.099%), water-soluble ash (1.528%), alcohol-soluble extractive value (0.564%) and water-soluble extractive value (4.11%) of the raw drug. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of J. gendarussa showed the presence of alkaloid, steroid, flavonoid, phenol, carbohydrate, saponin and quinone. Rf, color of the spots and densitometric scan were recorded by HPTLC fingerprinting using toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (5.0:4.0:1.0). On photodocumentation, six spots were visualized under 254 nm, nine spots under 360 nm and six spots at 620 nm. Identification of components in ethanolic extract of J. gendarussa was done by GC-MS. GC-MS results in the presence of oleic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid and estra-1, 3,5 (10)-trein-17-β-ol in ethanolic extract of J. gendarussa.Conclusion:These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug in dried form.SUMMARY Transverse section and powder of dried roots of Justicia gendarussa were examined microscopically. Microscopic observations showed the presence of well-developed cork and cortex. Presence of xylem vessels and parenchymatic rays were observed in transverse section. Parenchymatous cell and sclereids with vessel elements were found in powder microscopyPhysicochemical studies revealed loss on drying (10.474%), total ash (2.990%), acid-insoluble ash (0.099%), water-soluble ash (1.528%), alcohol-soluble extract (0.564%) and water-soluble extract (4.11%)Preliminary phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of J. gendarussa showed the presence of alkaloid, steroid, flavonoid, phenol, carbohydrate, saponin and quinoneHigh-performance thin layer chromatography fingerprinting showed different peaks at different wavelengthChemical profiling of medicinal roots of J. gendarussa by gas chromatography. mass spectrometry revealed the presence of oleic acid, 9,12.octadecadienoic acid, 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid and estra-1,3,5 (10)-trein-17-β-ol as bioactive compound. Abbreviations Used: TLC: Thin layer chromatography; HPTLC: High performance thin layer chromatography; GCMS: Gas chromatography-mass specrtometry; QSIMP: Quality standard of indian medicinal plant; LOD: Loss on drying; TA: Total ash; AIA: Acid insoluble ash; WSA: Water soluble ash; ASE: Alcohol soluble extractive; WSE: Water soluble extractive.

吉林省北缬草的化学成分研究

目的：本项研究主要是以吉林省北缬草为研究对象,收集北缬草样品，对其进行文献查考、生药学鉴定、化学成分含量测定与分析方面的研究。方法：采用2015版《中国药典》规定的方法进行浸出物测定和挥发油测定，采用薄层色谱法鉴别缬草中的橙皮苷及绿原酸成分。采用高效液相色谱法进行缬草中缬草素的含量测定。结果：描述了北缬草根及根茎的性状特征。水溶性浸出物含量为9.23%，醇溶性浸出物的含量为3.48%，挥发性醚浸出物含量为1.28%。通过薄层鉴别确定成分中含有橙皮苷和绿原酸。高效液相色谱法测得缬草素的含量为5.29 mg/g。结论：本实验进行的生药学鉴定，化学成分含量测定与分析方面的研究，可以为吉林省北缬草的药用价值利用提供理论指导，为深入研究开发该中药提供参考。 Objective: This study mainly regards north of valerian in Jilin province as the research object, collecting samples of the north valerian and researching by literature review, pharmacognosy, chemical composition analysis and determination. Methods: The determination of extractives and volatile oil refers to the method provided in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015, identifying the hesperidin and chlorogenic acid composition of valerian by TLC to determine the content of valerian pigment by HPLC. Results: It describes the characteristics of roots and rhizomes of north of valeriana. The content of water soluble extract was 9.23%, the content of alcohol soluble extract was 3.48%, the content of volatile ether extract was 1.28%. In this study, the determination of hesperidin and chlorogenic acid was through TLC. Valerian pigment measured by HPLC was 5.29 mg/g. Conclusion: The experiment of Pharmacognosy identification, research and analysis of the determination of chemical compositions, can be used to provide theoretical guidance for the medicinal value of north of valerian in Jilin province, to provide reference for further research and development of the Chinese traditional medicine.

Resource investigation of wild Codonopsis pilosula in Tanchang county of Gansu

Tanchang county is the distribution of wild medicinal plant resource-rich region, in order to ascertain Tanchang county Codonopsis pilosula wild resources and reserves of the status quo, according to the fourth national Chinese medicine resources survey technology solutions, using sets of plots and investigating combined route survey method, the county wild C. pilosula var. modesta and C. pilosula resources were investigated by a comprehensive survey designed to reveal the distribution of the county's wildlife resources and herbs C. pilosula reserves. The results showed that in Tanchang county seven ecological zones 53 plots, wild C. pilosula distributed in there were 6 ecological zones 11 plots, accounting for 85.71% of the survey area, wild C. pilosula var. modesta was found only in an ecoregions plots, overlapping with C. pilosula region, accounting for 14.29% of the survey area. C. pilosula herbs reserves were calculated as about 461.85 t, economic capacity of 254.02 t, annual amount of acceptance 25.40 t. C. pilosula var. modesta herbs reserves were calculated as 67.75 t, economic capacity of 36.16 t, acceptance annual amount 3.62 t. The total ash C. pilosula was 3.25%, alcohol-soluble extract was 63.86%, while the C. pilosula var. modesta total ash was 3.69%, alcohol-soluble extract was 68.32%. C. pilosula is suitable for broad range, but wild resource is scarce, C. pilosula var. modesta is suitable for relatively narrow scope, and wild resource is scarce, it is recommended to strengthen the protection of wild resources and the rational development and utilization.

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Screening of the Peels ofCitrus maxima

Citrus maxima (J. Burm.) Merr of Rutaceae is widely distributed and indigenous in Indian subcontinent. Citrus maxima is a perennial shrub commonly known as Papanus. The peel of the fruit has leathery endocarp, containing numerous oil glands. It is found to possess the anti bacterial, anti fungal, anti oxidant, Larvicidal, hepatoprotective, anti cancer, anti platelets, and anti diabetic activity. This study deals with the pharmacognostical and Phytochemical screening of the Citrus maxima peels. Macroscopic and microscopic photographs of transverse sections (T.S.) of Citrus maxima peel shown distinct presentation of volatile oil, calcium oxalate, parenchymatous cell, vascular bundle collenchymatous cell and stone cells. Standardization of the peels were done with the help of extractive values [Water soluble extractives (10.25% w/w), Alcohol soluble extractives (29.26% w/w)], total ash value (3.19% w/w), water soluble ash (0.66%w/w), acid insoluble ash value (0.83% w/w) and loss on drying (5.23% w/w), and Volatile oil content was found to be 6% V/W. Phytochemical analysis shown the presence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, steroids, gums and mucilage. The study also included fluorescence analyisis and no fluorescence were observed. This study brings about various pharmacognostical, phytochemical and physiochemical parameters for the identification and standardization of the plant material.

Swedana Samsakara of Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz) with Jala and Gomutra: A comparative Phyto-Pharmacognostical study

Samsakara (transformation) and Samyoga (combination) play major role in pharmaceutics. Samsakara is defined as Gunantaradhanam (transformation). Swedana is Agni Sannikarsha Samsakara. The changes in finished product because of Swedana Samsakara with two different media Jala and Gomutra can be perceived at pharmacognostical and phytochemical levels. Aims: To compare role of Swedana Samsakara with two different media Jala and Gomutra on basis of phyto-pharmacognostical, HPTLC and UV-VIS-NIR Reflectance (180-2500nm) study. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 3 samples were prepared viz. Haritaki Churna (Powder) (GH-1), Gomutra Swedita Haritaki(GH-3) and Jala Swedita Haritaki (GH-5), to compare role of Swedana Samsakara on basis of Pharmacognostical (powder microscopy), Pharmaceutical, HPTLC densitogram and UV-VIS-NIR reflectance (180-2500nm) study. Results: The samples prepared with different media showed difference in pharmacognostical, pharmaceutical, HPTLC and UV-VIS-NIR findings. Gomutra Swedita Haritaki(GH-3) had highest variation in all Phyto-Pharmacognostical, HPTLC and UV-VIS-NIR. Powder microscopy of GH-3 showed clumped epicarp cells, squashed mesocarp cells (not clear), parenchyma cells with brown content, cellular content was darker (brown) and crystalline material etc. Phytochemical parameters showed pH (7.0), loss on drying (9.303%w/w), ash value (15.84%w/w), water soluble extract (57.2%w/w), and alcohol soluble extract (43.5% w/w). HPTLC showed eight peaks at 256nm and 366nm. In UV-VIS-NIR, GH-3 has higher variation while other sample has higher leverage. GH-3 has apparent different profile from GH-1, GH-5. Conclusions: Swedana Samsakara effect was seen in both Jala and Gomutra but media (Samyoga) plays leading role to establish desired Gunas (qualities) and Karma (therapeutic action) in the final product.Â

Dendrobium officinale cliff epiphytic cultivation method

To solve the issues of costly planting of facility cultivation method and inferior efficacy than wild herbs of Dendrobium officinale, the cliff epiphytic cultivation method was studied. To research the growth, agronomic traits, yield, polysaccharide and alcohol-soluble extract contents were measured on the D. officinale from different water regulation and cliff slope gradients treatments. The results showed that D. officinale epiphytic at 85 degrees-90 degrees cliff and sprayed water 1-2 h x d(-1) at the growing season can get better growth and obtain high yield, and the morphology has no different from wild cliff D. officinale, even in the environments without shade. The contents of polysaccharide and alcohol-soluble extract are closely related to the physiological ages, but significantly higher than the facility cultivation. It is possible that environmental stresses benefit the accumulation of polysaccharides, alcohol-soluble extract and other efficient ingredients.

Study on accumulation of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts contents of Dendrobium officinale leaves

This paper revealed the accumulation regularity of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts contents of Dendrobium officinale leaves, which have provided basis for the development and utilization of the leaves. The polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts contents of three D. officinale strains leaves collected in different growing periods were determined by phenol-sulfric acid method and hot-dip method respectively. The results showed that the content of polysaccharides in leaves was 4.45% -12.17%, and was about a quarter in stems. The alcohol-soluble extracts content in leaves was 7.45% - 29.34%, and was 1.5 times that of stems. The quality variation of polysaccharides in leaves was closely related to the phenophase. The leaves with lower level of metabolism in three stages: winter, early germination stage and deciduous period, which led to lower content of polysaccharides. The leaves at the vigorous growth stage with higher content of polysaccharides. The alcohol-soluble extracts were closely associated to the formation and germination of buds. The content of alcohol-soluble extracts peaked before sprout, and promoted the growth of new shoots.

Allelopathic influence of apple trees leaves on entomopathogenic strains Bacillus thuringiensis

Article investigates the effect of water and alcohol soluble extracts – and volatile discharge of leaves of apple trees on entomopathogenic strains of spore bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) 0371, 0376, 0408, 787, which are promising to build on their basis preparation for biocontrol of harmful leaf-eating insects in apple orchard. For longer storage B. thuringiensis on the leaves of apple and accordingly to improve its protective effect against harmful insects we need to use entomopathogenic bacteria strain less sensitive to allelopathic influence of apple. Among the studiedones the strain of Bt 0408 meets this requirement best. During the research it showed the highest tolerance to discharge apple, even after prolonged contact with leaves most of its cells retained their viability and growth inhibition culture was minimal among the strains. According to following features the most sensitive strain to action selections are apple strain Bt 787. However, Bt strain 0371 resists the damaging effect of volatile secretions apple leaves longer than other strains, because it is largely manifested only after 10 days of their contact, and insect larvae may take longer contaminated pathogen leaves, increasing the effectiveness of biocontrol. It has been established that Bt strains 0371 and 0408 have the most tolerant allelopathic action on apple trees leaves and therefore have a longer and more numerous storage on the leaf surface after processing the garden.

Quality standard study on Entadae Semen

To establish the quality standard of Entadae Semen, and provide scientific basis for its quality control. TLC and HPLC were used for qualitative identification and quantitative analysis of phaseoloidin and entadamide A-O-β-D-glucopyranoside in Entadae Semen. The test of water content, ash and ethanol-soluble extractives of Entadae Semen was carried out according to the methods recorded in appendix of Chinese Pharmacopeia (2010 edition). The TLC was well separated with clear spots. The linear range of phaseoloidin was between 0.014 to 2.747 g x L(-1) (r = 0.999 6, n = 9) with an average recovery rate of 101.06% (RSD 0.90%, n = 6); the linear range of entadamide A-O-β-D-glucopyranoside was between 0.002 to 0.452 g x L(-1) (r = 0.999 7, n = 9) withan average recovery rate of 101.52% (RSD 1.09%, n = 6). The content of phaseoloidin in sample is between 5.12% to 9.24%, entadamide A-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is between 0.55% to 2.17%, alcohol-soluble extracts is between 30.9% to 45.2%, water is between 6.6% to 8.6%, and total ash is between 2.4% to 2.9%. The established standard is acceptable for quality control of Entadae Semen.

Physicochemical evaluation of male and female plants of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers)

Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.) is a dioecious creeper, commonly known as „Giloe‟, with significant medicinal importance in the traditional systems of medicine. The plant is dioecious, however, this factor is not given proper consideration while collecting the plant material for medicinal purposes. Minimal studies are available on male and female varieties of Guduchi and no published information on the comparative physicochemical study of these varieties is available so far. Considering this, the present study is planned to comparatively evaluate the physicochemical profiles of male and female varieties of Guduchi. Both male and female varieties were collected, authenticated and subjected to morphological/organoleptic screening, relevant physico-chemical parameters, qualitative testing for various functional groups, and quantitative estimation of total alkaloids, total starch and mucilage contents. The present study differentiated both male and female varieties in morphological and organoleptic characters. The values of water and alcohol soluble extractives was found relatively higher in male variety, while the total alkaloid, total starch and total mucilage contents were higher in female variety. All functional groups were found to be same in both varieties; however, more extensive works on quantification of chemical constituents and secondary metabolites are needed.

Experimental evaluation of antipyretic and analgesic activities of Amalakyadi Gana: An Ayurvedic formulation.

Introduction:In Ayurvedic classics, the symptom fever is considered as a separate disease called Jwara. Acharya Sushruta has mentioned Amalakyadi Gana for treatment of all types of Jwara, which contains four drugs namely Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.), Pippali (Piper longum L.), and Chitraka (Plumbago zeylenica L.).Aims:To evaluate the antipyretic and analgesic activity of Amalakyadi Gana in experimental animals.Materials and Methods:Decoction and alcohol soluble extract of Amalakyadi Gana were used in the present study. Antipyretic activity of dosage forms were carried out against yeast-induced pyrexia in Wistar albino rats. Analgesic activity was evaluated using radiant heat model and formalin induced paw licking in Wistar albino rats.Results:In yeast-induced pyrexia model, both dosage forms of test drug produced marked decrease in rectal temperature after 3 h, 6 h, and 9 h among which extract produced statistically significant decrease after 6 h compared to control group. In the tail flick method, both forms of test drug showed insignificant increase in tail flick response after 180 and 240 min compared to control group and in formalin induced paw liking model decoction form of test drug significantly increased the latency of onset of paw licking and decreased the paw licking in early phase while alcoholic extract produced insignificant effect compared to control group.Conclusion:Decoction and alcoholic extract of Amalakyadi Gana has moderate antipyretic activity in rats, which may be due to inhibition of the synthesis and/or release of local PGE2. Further, Amalakyadi Gana has mild analgesic effect through central and peripheral mechanism. The result of the present study provide further scope for development of new palatable dosage form and tested clinically for better efficacy.

Variation of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts content of Dendrobium officinale

To reveal the variation of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extract contents of Dendrobium officinale, the polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts contents of three D. officinale strains were determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method and hot-dip method, respectively. The results showed that the contents of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts and their total content were significantly different among D. officinale samples collected in different periods, and the variations were closely related to the phenology of D. officinale. Additionally, the quality variation of polysaccharides was closely related to the flowering of D. officinale, while the alcohol-soluble extracts was closely associated to the formation and germination of buds. According to the dynamic variation of these two compounds, it is more reasonable to harvest D. officinale at biennials pre-bloom than at specific harvesting month considering polysaccharides content. It is better to harvest before the germination of buds considering alcohol-soluble extracts. While with regards to both polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extract, it is better to harvest this plant at the period from the sprouting to pre-bloom next year.

Characterization of Farfarae Flos by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting and Chemometrics

Alcohol soluble extractive values play an important role in the quality evaluation of herbal drugs. Farfarae Flos were collected from four locations in this study, and their alcohol soluble extractives were compared systematically. The values were determined according to the procedures described in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and the chemical compositions of alcohol soluble extractives were compared by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) fingerprinting approach combined with the multivariate analysis. A principal component analysis biplot showed better discrimination and revealed the contribution of each variable to the clustering model. Material from Zhangjiakou contained higher concentrations of tussilagone and tussilagonone, while Qinxian samples contained more chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. This study demonstrates that the alcohol soluble extractives of Farfarae Flos may be used to trace its cultivation locations.

Optimum harvest study of Gentiana crassicaulis in Ludian

The paper is aimed to study the difference in yield and quality at different harvest time and determine the optimum harvest of planting Gentiana in Ludian traditional harvest period. The authors analyzed the variation in fresh weight, dry weight, dry discount rate, length, diameter, volume and the content of gentiopicroside, loganin acid, alcohol-soluble extract and total ash and made a comprehensive appraisal of yield, appearance quality and intrinsic quality by gray relational distance ideal Comprehensive Evaluation method. The results showed that there is a big difference in yield and quality both 2-year-old and 3-year-old Gentiana harvested in traditional harvest period and the comprehensive evaluation more better when harvested more later. It can be seen, Gentiana harvested the later had a better yield and quality in Ludian traditional harvest period. The harvest of Gentiana can be appropriate delayed depending on the particular circumstances of production.

Effects of endophytic fungi from Dendrobium officinale on host growth and components metabolism of tissue culture seedlings

The paper aims to study the effects of endophytic fungi from D. officinale cultivated on living trees on growth and components metabolism of tissue culture seedlings. Morphological characteristics and agronomic characters of tissue culture seedlings infected and uninfected by endophytic fungus were observed and measured. Polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts contents were determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method and hot-dipmethod, respectively. Monosacchride composition of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts components were analyzed by pre-column derivatives HPLC and HPLC method, respectively. It showed that effects of turning to purple of stem nodes could be changed by endophytic fungus. Besides, the endophytic fungus could affect the contents and constitutions of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts. The strains tested, expect DO34, could promote growth and polysaccharides content of tissue culture seedlings. The strains tested, expect DO12, could promote the accumulation of mannose. Furthermore, DO18, DO19 and DO120 could increase alcohol-soluble extracts. On the basis, four superior strains were selected for mechanism research between endophytic fungus and their hosts and microbiology engineering.

Effects of drying process of Yuanzhi (Radix Palygalae) on its bioactive ingredients

ObjectiveTo study the effects of the drying processing in terms operational parameters on the bioactive constituents of six Yuanzhi (Radix Palygalae) samples across China. MethodsSix Yuanzhi (Radix Palygalae) samples were investigated using thermogravimetry analysis. The heating courses were set in two ways: the temperature-programmed process from room temperature to 150°C, and the constant-temperature course at 50°C, 70°C and 90°C. ResultsThe peak temperature of six Yuanzhi (Radix Palygalae) samples ranged from 78°C to 88°C. The mass loss rate of Yuanzhi (Radix Palygalae) alcohol-soluble extract was significantly increased when heated at 90°C. Four types of bioactive ingredients were detected in volatile oils of Yuanzhi (Radix Palygalae) sample from Shanxi province by Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy results showed that the drying temperature exerted a great influence on types and amount of ingredients of Yuanzhi (Radix Palygalae). The kinetic study showed that the constant-temperature drying process of Yuanzhi Radix Palygalae) samples could be well described by the Page Model, especially for the drying process at 50°C, in which R2 and SD values were more than 0.98 and less than 0.04, respectively. The drying constant k of three Yuanzhi (Radix Palygalae) samples from Shanxi, Gansu and Shaanxi provinces in China was corresponding to the Arrhenius equation, and their activation energies were 28.07, 25.38 and 21.48 kJ/mol, respectively. ConclusionThe drying process of Yuanzhi (Radix Palygalae) was very important for bioactive ingredients improvement in Yuanzhi (Radix Palygalae). Temperature was a thermodynamic property significantly affecting the process.

A preliminary physicochemical evaluation of Darvyadi Yoni Varti: A compound Ayurvedic formulation.

Background:Darvyadi Yoni Varti is an Ayurvedic formulation indicated for the management of Garbhasaya Grivamukhagata Vrana (cervical erosion). Though a number of drugs are available in modern medicine, interest towards Ayurveda is gaining. Drugs with Vranasodhana, Ropana and Prasadana properties like Sphatika, Darvi, Haridra, and Lodhra are useful in this situation and are selected to prepare Yoni Varti.Aim:To standardize and evaluate preliminary pharmacognostical as well as physicochemical profiles of Darvyadi Yoni Varti.Materials and Methods:Raw material was analyzed in the Pharmacognostical Laboratory for genuinity before converting into Varti. Finished product was analyzed by following pharmacopoeial standards.Results:The pH value of Darvyadi Yoni Varti was 5.0, water soluble extract was 23.3%w/w, alcohol soluble extract was 8.7%w/w, ash value was 5.16%w/w, loss on drying was 71.73%w/w. High performance thin layer chromatography was carried out; in which maximum 10 spots at 254 nm and 3 spots at 366 nm were distinguished.Conclusion:Pharmacognostical study of raw drug revealed the quality and genuineness of all the constituents of Darvyadi Yoni Varti.

Pharmacognostical evaluation of Citrus jambhiri Lush. fruit.

Background:Citrus jambhiri Lush., commonly known as Jambīra Nimbū in Sanskrit is medium to large indigenous tree with spreading habit, less spiny than lemon and belonging to the family Rutaceae. In Ayurveda, it is used in many pharmaceutical procedures of purification (Śodhana), calcination (Māraṇa) etc., Though it is an important plant, till date, no pharmacognostical reports have been available on its fruit.Materials and Methods:Study of fruit and its powder, histochemical tests and preliminary physicochemical investigations were done.Results and Conclusion:Results showed prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, aerenchyma cells, oil globules, pitted vessels, scalariform vessels, juicy sac, etc., Preliminary physicochemical analysis revealed loss on drying (1.1%), ash value (1.4%), alcohol soluble extract (28.6%), and water soluble extract (53.3%). These observations can be of use in future studies.

Quantitive variation of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts in F1 generation of Dendrobium officinale

Using phenol-sulfuric acid method and hot-dip method of alcohol-soluble extracts, the contents of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts in 11 F1 generations of Dendrobium officinale were determined. The results showed that the polysaccharides contents in samples collected in May and February were 32.89%-43.07% and 25.77%-35.25%, respectively, while the extracts contents were 2.81%-4.85% and 7.90%-17.40%, respectively. They were significantly different among families. The content of polysaccharides in offspring could be significantly improved by hybridization between parents with low and high polysaccharides contents, and the hybrid vigor was obvious. Cross breeding was an effective way for breeding new varieties with higher polysaccharides contents. Harvest time would significantly affect the contents of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts. The contents of polysaccharides in families collected in May were higher than those of polysaccharides in families collected in February, but the extracts content had the opposite variation. The extents of quantitative variation of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts were different among families, and each family had its own rules. It would be significant in giving full play to their role as the excellent varieties and increasing effectiveness by studying on the quantitative accumulation regularity of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extracts in superior families (varieties) of D. officinale to determine the best harvesting time.