Consumption Of Alcoholic Beverages Research Articles

Interrelationships between Habitual Beverage Consumption, Plasma Biomarkers and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results From a Prospective Case-Control Study

ObjectivesTo elucidate potential pathways of dietary risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) by defining a model that describes how identified patterns of habitual beverage consumption associate with identified networks of circulating cardiometabolic plasma biomarkers. MethodsThis study included 1,231 cases and 1,560 controls from a nested case-control study of T2D within the Nurses’ Health Study I. Participants completed validated food frequency questionnaires assessing their habitual beverage intake and provided plasma samples to assess 27 different plasma biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk. Common exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to identify common factors that separately described beverage consumption patterns and biomarker networks. False discovery rate corrected multivariable-adjusted regression elucidated the relationships between beverage and biomarker factors, and their associations with T2D risk. ResultsEFA revealed five factors describing beverage consumption patterns and seven factors explaining underlying biomarker networks. Preferential consumption of alcoholic beverages was associated with reduced risk of T2D (P < 0.0001) and lower concentrations of detrimental biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction (P = 0.014). Also, a preferential consumption of low-calorie sweetened beverages (LCSBs) was associated with increased risk of T2D (P < 0.0001), and lower concentrations of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 and 2, and soluble leptin receptor (P = 0.010). ConclusionsThese analyses provide new mechanistic insight into how different patterns of beverage consumption may relate to T2D risk, and indicate that preferential consumption of LCSB may exert diabetogenic effects through mechanisms involving the disruption of insulin-like growth factor and leptin signalling. Funding SourcesNational Institutes of Health.

Customer Loyalty Through Retailer Brand Equity: Perspectives from Male Alcoholic Beverage Consumers

The service business has risen to prominence in recent years as the primary driver of economic growth. As such competing organizations have consistently supplied higher service quality and a positive brand image to gain consumer pleasure and loyalty in the current competitive environment. The primary purpose of this study is to explore the motivational factors that enrich customer loyalty through retailer brand equity. The qualitative research method was used in the collection of data. Ten male consumers of alcoholic beverages were interviewed to solicit answers about their experiences with retail outlets during their purchases. In-depth, open-ended questions were asked during data collection. The findings reveal themes such as customer experience, brand trust, and customer satisfaction as customer motivations that enhance repurchase behaviours at the selected retail outlets. In addition, these motivational factors also show that retailer brand equity promotes customer satisfaction, which leads to customer loyalty.

Has the COVID-19 pandemic changed substance use patterns, drug market and drug response in Poland?

The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of COVID-19 on the prevalence of substance use. Moreover, the analysis will focus on the impact of the pandemic on the drug market and drug-related crime in Poland. The tested hypothesis assumes that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the prevalence of substance use and the related problems, and that the availability of drugs decreased. The data presented and processed for the purposes of this publication come from the monitoring of drugs and drug addiction and from different studies from 2020 to 2022. The analyses presented in the article do not show an increase in the use of psychoactive substances during the pandemic; furthermore, it is possible to indicate a decrease in the consumption of alcoholic beverages in 2020. It seems that the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a large impact on the availability and use of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The analysis of the drug market during the pandemic COVID-19 did not show a fall in the availability of drugs at the national level.

Sponsorship by food and beverage companies in soccer: an analysis of the 2019 Copa América.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To identify the sponsorship by food and beverage companies of the teams participating in the 2019 Copa América Soccer Cup and associate this sponsorship with characteristics of the teams and their respective countries.METHODS The sponsors of the 10 teams participating in the 46th edition of the Copa América were identified. These entities were classified into (i) food companies, (ii) alcoholic beverage companies, and (iii) other segments. The food companies were classified according to their products, according to the NOVA classification. In addition, data on the number of titles previously won by the teams in the Copa America and the World Cup were obtained, as well as data on the countries’ Human Development Index, annual per capita sales of ultra-processed foods, and annual per capita consumption of alcoholic beverages.RESULTS A total of 89 sponsorships were identified for the 10 teams studied, some of these supporting two or more teams. Eighteen percent of the sponsors were food companies, with 12.4% being ultra-processed foods. The alcoholic beverage category represented 7.9% of the sponsors. Ultra-processed beverage and alcoholic beverage companies sponsored seven of the 10 teams studied. We noted higher participation of ultra-processed foods company sponsors in teams from countries with higher Human Development Index, sales of ultra-processed foods, and number of Copa América and World Cup titles. The sponsorship by alcoholic beverage companies was higher for teams from countries with lower Human Development Index, alcohol consumption, and number of Copa América and World Cup titles.CONCLUSION A significant presence of ultra-processed food and alcoholic beverage companies as sponsors of South American soccer teams was noted, along with the fact that sport performance characteristics of the teams and socioeconomic and market issues of the countries are associated with the occurrence of sponsorship.

Phyllanthus amarus Aqueous Extract as Antidote to Alcoholic Liver Injury

Objective: In most human communities, the consumption of alcoholic beverages is unregulated with negative impact on health. The liver is one of the major organs that bear the brunt of regular and or heavy consumption of alcohol. This study set out to elucidate the modulation of alcohol induced liver injury in wistar rat by aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus plant.&#x0D; Methodology: Five groups of six animals each were used for the study. Group CN was the control. The alcohol only group (ALC) had 1ml / 100g body weight (b.w) of 43% ethanol. The Extract only group (EXT) had 200mg/ Kg b.w of P.amarus aqueous extract. The Low Extract plus Alcohol group (LEA) had concomitant administration of 1ml/100g b. w of 43% ethanol with 200 mg/ Kg of the extract. The High Extract plus Alcohol group (HEA) had concomitant administration of 1ml/100g b. w of 43% ethanol and the extract at 400 mg/ Kg. The alcohol and extract were administered once daily for fourteen days. Thereafter, blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses, the animals sacrificed and livers harvested for histopathological analyses.&#x0D; Results: Group HEA had the highest mean body weight. The mean liver weight of group EXT was significantly higher than those of other groups. Both the total protein and its globulin fraction of the ALC group were significantly lower than those of others. The liver enzymes (Alanine and Aspartate transaminases) levels were significantly low in the ALC group. However, those of the LEA and HEA groups were comparable with the EXT group. The glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities of the LEA and HEA groups were significantly higher than that of ALC. Lipid peroxidation was most severe in the ALC group as evidenced by the significantly high malondialdehyde level. Histopathological sections of the liver revealed preserved hepatic architecture with pronounced steatosis in the ALC group.&#x0D; Conclusion: Aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus considerably reduced the severity of alcohol induced liver injury.

Dietary Factors and Incidence of Hydatidiform Mole: An Ecological Study

The current ecological study aims to explore the association between dietary factors and hydatidiform mole (HM) incidence in Japan and China. HM incidence in Japan gradually declined from 1970s to 1990s, while the dietary structure also changed during the same period, mainly characterized by a decrease in the consumption of cereals and an increase in the consumption of meat, eggs, and dairy products. In China, HM incidence varied by regions, and it positively correlated with the per capita intake of rice, fish and shrimp, and animal fat, as well as the proportion of GDP of primary industry; and negatively correlated with the per capita intake of wheat flour, starch and sugar, protein, and iron, and the proportion of protein in the caloric nutrients and the proportion of nonagricultural population. In partial analysis, the correlations of HM incidence with rice, fish and shrimp, iron, and the proportion of protein in caloric nutrients remained significant. Meanwhile, alcoholic beverage consumption and the proportion of empty calories in caloric food were also found to be positively correlated with HM incidence, while phosphorus consumption was negatively correlated. Our results suggested that HM incidence could be influenced by dietary factors.

Alcohol and Nicotine Use among Adolescents: An Observational Study in a Sicilian Cohort of High School Students.

In recent years, the mode of alcoholic intake known as binge drinking (BD) has become a common practice, especially among adolescents who, due to socio-environmental motives, tend to reach a rapid state of drunkenness. This drunkeness leads to alterations in brain areas responsible for executive functions and cognitive processes, as well as to the genesis of factors that predispose to lasting addiction. Likewise, nicotine leads to a comparable degree of addiction. On this basis, the aim of this research was to evaluate, on a cohort of 349 high school students (15–17 years old) in the province of Palermo, the following: (I) the drinking model of alcoholic beverages; (II) the use of nicotine and the degree of dependence; (III) the correlation between the consumption of alcoholic beverages and the use of nicotine. We employed the AUDIT-C test and the Fagerström test, two valid and standard instruments, in order to assess alcohol and nicotine use, respectively. Statistical analysis of the data showed that male and female students consumed alcohol prominently in a BD mode (77.2%, audit score (AS) 3.497, confidence interval (CI) 3.206–3.788; 69.6%, AS 2.793, CI 2.412–3.274) and nicotine (41.5%, Fagerström score (FS) 3.882, CI 3.519–4.245; 28%, FS 3.286, CI 2.547–4.024). Furthermore, a positive correlation between alcohol consumption and nicotine use was found for male (r = 0.6798, p < 0.0001) and female (r = 0.6572, p < 0.0001) students. This study provided further insights into the use of legal substances of abuse in adolescents, evidencing the obvious need for the promotion of specific school educational programs aimed at the wellbeing of youth populations.

Methanol Toxicity Outbreaks in the Americas: Strengthening National Prevention and Response Measures.

Unintentional poisonings remain a substantial global health challenge, resulting in an estimated 106,683 deaths and 6.3 million disability-adjusted life years in 2016.[1] Of these poisonings, methanol toxicity results from the metabolic breakdown of ingested methanol found in cleaning products, antifreeze, paints, and harmful and potentially lethal acidic compounds, among others. Consumption of tainted alcoholic beverages […]

Comparison of the risk of cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and diabetes among the selected group of football referees and the group of general population men from Northern Poland - a pilot study.

We aimed at comparing the total body fat and visceral adipose tissue content in football referees and in the control group of general population men. An assessment of compliance with health promoting behavior in both groups was carried out. This study, conducted in Northern Poland, involved 112 men. The study group comprised 56 men, football referees. The control group consisted of randomly chosen general population men, not engaged in any sport activities. Assessment of compliance with health promoting behavior among football referees and general population men was based on ultrasound imaging using the BodyMetrix System device (IntelaMetrix, Poland). The study employed a survey questionnaire comprised of the original section and two standardized questionnaires: the Health Behavior Inventory (HBI) and the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI): the Health Behavior Inventory (HBI) and the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). The visceral adipose tissue content in the study group (football referees) was found to be low, and the excess of body fat was 0-0.25 kg. In the control group, the trunk fat volume was found to be higher by more than 8% as compared with the study group. Also, the level of visceral adipose tissue was high, and the excess of body fat was 0-4 kg. Thanks to properly planned and systematically continued physical activity, despite non-compliance with certain pro-health principles (increased sweet supply and consumption of alcoholic beverages), football referees are characterized by the correct body fat volume and low level of visceral adipose tissue. The parameters were found to be markedly higher in the control group of randomly selected men from the general population. The risk of diabetes, stroke, and cardiovascular diseases among football referees was found to be very low.

Alcoholic Consumption of Young Italians During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.

The international health emergency caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which, at the end of 2019, hit the world, forced the governments of all countries to adopt stringent restrictive measures to contain the spread of the virus. Several studies have revealed worsening levels of anxiety, depression and perceived stress related to these restrictions and the resulting lifestyle changes. Some studies have also confirmed the presence of a relationship between SARS-CoV-2-related emotional distress and drinking behavior. Indeed, is a wellknown fact that alcohol consumption is one of the behavioral strategies used to reduce negative emotional states. However, it was documented that young people developed different responses to alcohol use during the pandemic than adults. The aim of this work was to investigate the consumption habits of young Italians and how the consumption and purchase of alcoholic beverages have changed following the pandemic. New ways of drinking alcohol were also interesting to observe, such as online. Young people between 18 and 35 years old were subjected to an anonymous questionnaire of 22 questions on the adoption of forms of behavior at risk through alcohol consumption, the quantity and occasions of preferential consumption, and on the methods and quantities of alcoholic beverage purchase, before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The subjects who declared themselves "non-drinkers" were not included in the statistical survey. About 33% of the enrolled "drinkers" (268/823), adopted risky forms of alcoholic behavior. Males reported a higher average habit of drinking wine or alcohol (M = 1.9953 ± 1.39743, F = 1.7373 ± 1.36688, p <0.005); an increased frequency of drinking (M = 2.3025 ± 0.80610 F = 2.0494 ± 0.75043 p <0.001); a higher average number of drinks consumed (M = 1.5182 ± 0.85646, F = 1.2618 ± 0.53292, p <0.001) and binge drinking to the greatest extent (M = 1.1933 ± 0.96522 F = 0.8176 ± 0.85446 p <0.001). Education and employment were significantly correlated with the frequency of alcohol consumption (r = 0.107 p <0.005 and r = 0.120 p = 0.001 respectively). Subjects reported buying alcoholic beverages during the pandemic with a frequency of "less than once a month" (N = 291, 35.36%) and mainly in shops (N = 556, 67.56%), while before the pandemic they mainly bought alcohol once a week (N = 431, 52.37%) and predominantly in bars / clubs (N = 619, 75.21%). New ways of drinking alcohol such as online drinking, have not been significantly identified. A change in alcohol consumed and alcohol purchased before and during the SARSCoV- 2 pandemic was revealed.

The Relationship between Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Meta-Analysis

Background: Alcoholic drink is a type of drink that contains ingredients similar to alcohol, usually ethyl alcohol or ethanol. Cardiovascular disease or also known as heart disease, generally refers to conditions that involve narrowing or blocking of blood vessels. The cardiovascular effects of alcohol consumption seen in observational studies continue to be hotly debated in the thematic literature and popular media. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease in adultsSubjects and Method: This is a meta-analysis study using PRISMA flowchart guidelines and the articles were published in English from 2013 to 2022. The article search was conducted using the PICO model, Population: Adults, Intervention: Alcohol consumption. Comparison: No Consumption of alcoholic beverages. Articles obtained from the PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect databases. Based on the database, there were 9 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The analysis was carried out using Revman 5.3. software.Results: There were 9 articles from Asia, North America, and Europe, 2 articles from South Korea, 2 articles from China, 1 article from Japan, 1 article from the United States (USA), 1 article from England, 1 article from Spain and 1 article from Eastern Europe. Based on the results of the forest plot using a cohort study, it showed that someone who consumes alcohol has a high risk of cardiovascular disease by 2.83 times compared to someone who does not consume alcohol which is associated with cardiovascular disease (aHR = 2.83; CI 95% = 2.67 to 3.00; p &lt;0.001).Conclusion: Adults who consume alcohol are at risk for cardiovascular disease. Keywords: cardiovascular, alcoholic drink, heart disease Correspondence:Moh Maulana. Medical Record Study Program, Jember Polytechnic. Jl. Mastrip, East Krajan, Sumbersari 68121, East Java. Email: maulana.rosy21@gmail.com. Mobile: +62 851-5667-1759.

Cadmium exposure in population: alcoholic beverage consumption and health risk assessment.

Cadmium exposure in population: alcoholic beverage consumption and health risk assessment.

Change in Trend of Women Patronizing Bar/Pub in Mumbai

Abstract: This research paper reviews the acceptance of Women visiting Pubs and is based on a dramatic change in women consuming alcohol socially as a whole. The aim of this study is to find out what factors affect the women regarding their changed attitude towards consuming alcohol socially from the 80's to the present, i.e. in the 3rd decade of new millennia and to understand the possible reasons behind it. This paper also attempts to understand in stages how people in the society have changed their views on women consuming alcohol socially. From the questionnaire and subsequent interviews it was found that there is an increased acceptance amongst middle &amp; upper classes in Mumbai with regards to women visiting the Pubs/Bar. Few responses also hint that the Alcoholic Beverage consumption amongst women was always a part of social life but in the closed doors during family get-togethers and even the heterosocial man of today has accepted and is fine with his spouse or adult daughter consuming alcohol within limit. Keywords: Girls’ Night Out, Alcohol, Women, Socially, Drinking, Consumption, Beverage, Men, Society, Pubs and Bar, Mumbai.

Physical education teachers of the basic public education of Minas Gerais in the pandemic of Covid-19: working conditions, health and lifestyle

This study aimed to describe the working and health conditions of physical education teachers in public basic education in the state of Minas Gerais – Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cross-sectional study, carried out from August to September 2020, via digital form and had the support of the Minas Gerais State Department of Education. The instrument presented variables related to the sociodemographic profile, work and health conditions during the pandemic. The prevalences of the variables were presented. 1,016 physical education teachers participated in the study. Of these, 61.4% were female, 65.8% aged 21 to 40 years and 15.3% worked in the countryside. In relation to working conditions during the pandemic, 99% performed remote activities, 35.7% were dissatisfied with their work, 37% worked much more than they used to and 81.2% presented the interest of students/parents in classes as a difficulty. As for health conditions during the pandemic, 10.3% increased their consumption of alcoholic beverages, 26.1% did not practice physical exercise, 56.5% had increased body weight and 37.8% reported a lot of fear of COVID-19. Physical education teachers of basic education in the state of Minas Gerais were significantly affected by the pandemic, so it is important to implement support strategies.

SURVEY OF SOME TOXIC VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS IN POPULAR ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES IN BENIN CITY MARKETS, NIGERIA

This study was carried out to screen for some toxic volatile contaminants in popular alcoholic beverage brands that enjoy huge patronage in Benin City, Nigeria. Two (2) bottles sampled from each of five (5) genuine and five (5) counterfeited brands of popular alcoholic beverages (three brandies and two wines) sold in well-patronized retail shops in Benin City, Nigeria were analysed for some toxic volatile components using gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Toluene was absent in all genuine brands, but values of 387 – 2309 mg/L were obtained in the fake brands (brandy and wine). Methanol concentration was low in genuine wines (9 – 24 mg/L). The genuine brandies had higher levels of methanol (36 - 49 mg/L) while toxic levels (287 – 1754 mg/L) were detected in all fake brandies. Benzene was either undetected or very low in all genuine brands. Urethane was much lower in fake brands (0 – 130 mg/L) than in the genuine ones (0 – 1434 mg/L). Ethyl acetate ranged from 0 – 371 mg/L (genuine) and from 0 – 563 mg/L (fake). For the fake brands, the levels of methanol, toluene and benzene were much higher than NAFDAC recommended limits. These results imply a potential health risk in consumption of adulterated alcoholic beverages

Healthcare financing to achieve 78 years of life expectancy in Russia by 2030

The article analyzes the dynamics of life expectancy (LE) in the Russian Federation over the past 40 years (from 1980 to 2020), the actual and projected Government spending on health care (2012-2024), identifies the conditions under which it is possible to achieve the national goal set in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 21, 2020 No. 474, to increase the life expectancy from 71.5 years in 2020 to 78 years by 2030. It is shown that in the Russian Federation from 1980 to 2019 life expectancy increased by only 5.6 years, and in 2019 it was 4.6 years lower than in the "new-8" EU countries, which are close to our country in terms of economic development, and 8.7 years lower than in the "old" EU countries. Government spending on health increased by only 33% in constant prices from 2012 to 2020, while it decreased by 4% from 2012 to 2018. The increase was provided in 2019 and 2020 due to the funds allocated additionally for the renewal of health infrastructure and fighting the pandemic. In the "new-8" EU countries, government spending on health care was 1.5 times higher, and in the "old" EU countries — 2.3 times more than in the Russian Federation. It has been established that in the Russian Federation, in order to achieve life expectancy of 78 years by 2030, it is necessary that the government spending on health care should grow by 8% annually at constant prices. These calculations are valid only if the following basic conditions are met: GDP per capita growth by 3.5-3.8% in the period 2021-2030, as well as decrease by 2030 in the consumption of strong alcoholic beverages by 45% per capita (without additional funds for fighting pandemic). This level of funding corresponds to 6.5 trillion rubles or 4.3% of GDP by2024. According to the projected public health expenditure for 2022-2024, these funds are not included in the budget. Thus, it will be impossible to solve the most acute problems of the health care system of the Russian Federation: to increase wages and eliminate the shortage of medical personnel, create a system of universal drug provision on an outpatient basis, increase the volume of free medical care, and, as a result, achieve the National Ggoal of increasing life expectancy.

The impact of values of men and women on their life expectancy

The female advantage in life expectancy (LE) is found throughout the world, despite differences in living conditions. However, this advantage has diminished in recent years in countries with low mortality rates. In Russia, according to data for 2020, the difference in life expectancy at birth between women and men is 10 years (according to Rosstat) and is one of the highest in the world. The aim of our study is to find out what contribution to the gender gap in life expectancy can be made by the difference between men and women in terms of the value of health and the practice of self-caring behavior. To do this, we used data from the Sample Survey of Behavioral Factors Affecting the Health of the Population conducted by Rosstat in 2013, namely, the respondents' answers to a number of questions related to self-caring and health-preserving behavior. Using these questions, the level of the gap in the value of their own health and health-preserving behavior between Russian men and women is quantified according to the microdata of the survey using OLS regression and ordinal logit regression, where the respondent's answer to the question is used as a dependent variable, and the main independent variable is the gender of the respondent. The results showed that value attitudes to healthy lifestyle significantly affect health-preserving behavior. Correlations between the value of health and various aspects of health-preserving behavior turned out to be in the predicted direction. At the same time, at the level of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the analysis showed a high statistical significance of the following predictors of the gender gap in life expectancy: high levels of consumption of strong alcoholic beverages and tobacco smoking. The increase in the value of health among Russian men is here only of very limited importance for reducing the gender gap in life expectancy.

Significance of the activity of liver arginase and Kupffer cells in the detoxification processes and the thyroid status formation in rats under alcoholic intoxication of different severity

Modern medicine faces the problem of a steady growth of alcoholic pathology. As you know, morbidity and mortality with a regular consumption of alcoholic beverages is associated with the toxic effects of ethanol on the most important human organs and, first of all, on the liver. To date, a sufficient number of facts are accumulated, indicating the importance of liver arginase and Kupffer cells in vital processes in health and disease. The aim of the study was to elucidate the significance of the activity of liver arginase and Kupffer cells in the detoxification processes and the thyroid status formation in rats with chronic ethanol intoxication of different severity. In rat experiments using modern physiological, biochemical research methods and a pharmacological approach, it was found that liver arginase and Kupffer cells participate in changes in the liver detoxification function and the thyroid status formation induced by chronic ethanol intoxication. The activity of liver arginase and Kupffer cells determines the severity of detoxification processes and the thyroid status formation in chronic alcohol intoxication. The direction and severity of changes in the arginase activity and the liver detoxification function during chronic alcoholism depends on the severity of chronic alcohol intoxication. Under the influence of daily intragastric administration for 60 days, a 30 % aqueous solution of ethanol (3.5 g 92 % ethanol per kg of body weight) in animals inhibited the activity of liver arginase and the detoxification function, but the introduction of a 10 % aqueous solution of ethanol (1.0 g 92 % ethanol per kg of body weight) within 2 months leads to an increase in the activity of liver arginase and detoxification processes. Kupffer cells depression by GdCl3 as the action in the body of the NO-synthase inhibitor methyl ester NG-nitro-L-arginine weakens and the arginase inhibitor Nω-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine contributes to the development of characteristic changes in the processes of detoxification and triiodothyronine level in plasma during chronic alcohol intoxication caused by intragastric introduction of ethanol at a dose of 3.5 g/kg for 60 days.

Mapping Respiratory Disease Mortality in Turkey by Using Bayesian Conditional Autoregressive Model

Spatial analysis plays a prominent role in revealing and characterizing the spatial patterns over a geographical region by considering both the attributes of objects in a data set and their locations. The response variable can display spatial autocorrelation. The objects close together tend to produce more similar observations than objects further apart. Despite covariates in the model, we cannot capture spatial autocorrelation explicitly. It remains in the model residuals. Then, the independence assumption is violated by the residuals. We apply conditional autoregressive (CAR) model to prevent the residual spatial autocorrelation. In this study, we consider the problem of identifying the provinces at high risk to respiratory diseases mortality in Turkey. The number of deaths from respiratory diseases in 81 provinces of Turkey are modelled by using Leroux Model. We assume that the observed number of deaths have a Poisson distribution. Disease mapping is performed over calculated risk values. The results show that an increase in the household consumption of alcoholic beverages, cigarettes and tobacco and, also in the rate of people aged over 65 years in a province trigger a significant increase in respiratory disease mortality. Furthermore, Kastamonu has the highest mortality risk from respiratory diseases.

Aging Challenges. Perceived Age – a New Predictor of Longevity?

The ageing process is accompanied by the manifestation of many characteristics, so-called biomarkers, which can be quantified and used to assess a patient's health status. One of these signs is the progressive decline of a human's facial look, which is described by the concept of 'perceived age'. Facial aging is the most important parameter of perceived age. However, over the years, researchers have identified risk factors that affect the facial skin, including smoking, systematic consumption of alcoholic beverages, overweight or underweight, environmental conditions, and psychosocial determinants. The influence of psychological state on the appearance and life prognosis is shown. The authors presented data from the international literature on the study of perceived age. The frontiers of using perceived age as a biomarker of aging were Danish scientists who developed the main methodological approaches to determine this indicator. One such methodology used in population studies has been the clinical technique of assessing perceived age through photography. The review presents this methodology in detail, with its advantages and modifications. The authors conclude that the measurement of an individual's perceived age can serve not only as a prognostic indicator, but also over time can become a useful marker of the effectiveness of various treatments. Until now perceived age has hardly been studied in population studies, the authors presented data from the works of V.A. Labunskaya, G.V. Serikov, T.A. Shkurko who develop the direction related to psychology of perceived age and in their studies use social-psychological approaches of appearance assessment.