Alarm Value Research Articles

The Mobile Insulin Titration Intervention (MITI) for Insulin Glargine Titration in an Urban, Low-Income Population: Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol.

BackgroundPatients on insulin glargine typically visit a clinician to obtain advice on how to adjust their insulin dose. These multiple clinic visits can be costly and time-consuming, particularly for low-income patients. It may be feasible to achieve insulin titration through text messages and phone calls with patients instead of face-to-face clinic visits.ObjectiveThe objectives of this study are to (1) evaluate if the Mobile Insulin Titration Intervention (MITI) is clinically effective by helping patients reach their optimal dose of insulin glargine, (2) determine if the intervention is feasible within the setting and population, (3) assess patient satisfaction with the intervention, and (4) measure the costs associated with this intervention.MethodsThis is a pilot study evaluating an approach to insulin titration using text messages and phone calls among patients with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes in the outpatient medical clinic of Bellevue Hospital Center, a safety-net hospital in New York City. Patients will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either the MITI arm (texting/phone call intervention) or the usual-care arm (in-person clinic visits). Using a Web-based platform, weekday text messages will be sent to patients in the MITI arm, asking them to text back their fasting blood glucose values. In addition to daily reviews for alarm values, a clinician will rereview the texted values weekly, consult our physician-approved titration algorithm, and call the patients with advice on how to adjust their insulin dose. The primary outcome will be whether or not a patient reaches his/her optimal dose of insulin glargine within 12 weeks.ResultsRecruitment for this study occurred between June 2013 and December 2014. We are continuing to collect intervention and follow-up data from our patients who are currently enrolled. The results of our data analysis are expected to be available in 2015.ConclusionsThis study explores the use of widely-available text messaging and voice technologies for insulin titration. We aim to show that remote insulin titration is clinically effective, feasible, satisfactory, and cost saving for low-income patients in a busy, urban clinic.Trial RegistrationTrial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01879579; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01879579 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6WUEgjZUO).

Design and Realization of a New Kind of Temperature Monitoring System

By using the single-chip microcomputer AT89C52 and the DS18B20 temperature sensor, this paper designed and realized an oil pump temperature monitoring system based on Internet of things. By installing the DS18b20 sensors in front of and behind the oil pump motor bearings; this monitoring system can collect the real-time temperature data of the oil pump bearing. The changed temperature data can be uploaded to the computer or the hand-held terminals by the transmission module when the temperature of the pump bearing changes. Especially, when the temperature is more than the alarm value preset by the system, the system can automatically send alarm signal, such as ring tones and screen flashing, and start the alarm module to warn the staffs to do the relevant work timely.

Whole-Condition Dynamic Alarm Research of Hydropower Unit Operating Parameters

Set the alarm value in the condition monitoring system of hydropower unit to monitor unit state parameters, if the difference between the two values exceeds the safety threshold, the alarm works, it is an effective method. Now the state parameters alarm values are set up mainly for the stable operation area in the unit condition monitoring system, which were not suit for low load conditions and in the process of load. To realize the full condition dynamic alarm of hydroelectric generating units, they are two ways: (1), build unit state parameter prediction model, compared predict values with the measured values. (2), set the alarm line, when the measured value exceeds the alarm line, the alarm works,. These two methods are considered the working condition head and output .This paper introduces several different alarm line settings, such as line alarm, partition line alarm, dynamic alarm curve and dynamic alarm surface.

Spectrum Sensing using Energy Detection Technique for Cognitive Radio Networks using PCA Technique

With the growth of subscribers in wireless and data communication there is a scarcity of additional bandwidth to meet the demand. For the efficient usage of the spectrum bandwidth we go for a technology which is Cognitive Radio technique. The spectrum holes in the unutilized spectrum are to be used efficiently for the communication for the secondary user. The Cognitive Radio uses spectrum sensing techniques for determining the spectrum holes in the network. In order to improve the efficiency of the energy detection technique it is combined and used with the statistical Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique. In conventional PCA technique the signal space power to the noise space power does not match with the actual SNR so a PCA correction technique is followed. The correction factor is applied to the noise space power and signal space power to equate it to the actual SNR. The threshold energy required is determined from the modified energy detection technique and the probability of false alarm value. The proposed method is the combination of PCA and energy detection spectrum sensing. The correction factor is applied to the PCA and it clearly defines the process for threshold Energy computation.

Análise da Estrutura Termodinâmica Associada ao Desenvolvimento de Tempestade Ocorrida entre 17 e 18 de Março de 2013 no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

This paper presents an analysis of the thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere with the processes related to a thunderstorm occurred on 17 and 18 March 2013 in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The coupling of a stationary cold front in the Atlantic Ocean with a moisture channel over western central Brazil, resulted in elevated precipitation in the northern part of the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro (MARJ) and of the surroundings areas (northward highlands). Among the consequences caused by this event are: landslides and urban floods, 34 deaths and material damage. The result was obtained from analysis of radiosonde data, which indicated strong conditional instability, presence of strong advection hot air and wet associate with wind shear in the surface boundary layer, as registered in the International Airport Tom Jobim in late afternoon of March, 17th 2013. The thermodynamic conditions was plenty favorable to the organization and maintenance of deep forced convection, which provided alarming values of precipitation.

Research on Wireless Sensor Network Node for Tower Crane Safety Monitoring System

Based on the status of tower crane safety monitoring for construction project, the Internet of things technology is applied for tower crane safety monitoring and early warning system, the WSN nodes are designed for displacement, stress and distance monitoring function. Through the wireless transceiver module CC2530, field monitoring data are uploaded timely and accurately to the monitoring center PC, for real-time display and processing. If the monitoring data exceeds the alarm value, the alarm signal will be sent out immediately, to prevent tower crane accidents effectively, and ensure the safe of crane operation. By the network debugging, WSN node performance is reliable, and the measuring data is accurate. It has high performance to price ratio and application value.

Statistical approaches for analyzing customer complaint data to assess aesthetic episodes in drinking water

Customer complaints and concerns about their drinking water quality provide valuable information for assessing potential risks when utilities routinely analyze these data. This research presents strategies to evaluate complaint patterns for diversity and frequency of descriptors and to apply exceedance frequencies to evaluate when the complaints were indicative of a water quality problem. Mean complaint frequency ranged between 0.2 and 2.6 complaints per 1,000 customers per year for different utilities. The most common temporal pattern was a shift to lower complaint frequencies on weekends. Weekday and seasonal patterns were slight and varied by utility. Autocorrelation analysis indicated little predictive ability in the number of complaints from one day to the next. Exceedance probabilities, however, could be used to set alarm values indicating atypical complaint frequencies. A combination of high frequency of complaints together with consistency of descriptors, that is, low diversity, was indicative of episodic water quality problems.

Tree-like Structures for Addressing Carbon Capture in Megacities Charged with Anthropogenic Carbon-di-Oxide

Alarming values of carbon emission in megacities charged with anthropogenic carbon-di-oxide continued to draw international attention. At present, creating green packets with high plant density was the only implementable solution for the carbon capture. In this paper, we propose, a strategy of increasing the packing density of the plants by creating tree-like building structures. The essential features of the building were modelled mathematically by emulating a natural tree. Cantilever balconies were designed similar to leafs of a natural tree to host the plants for carbon capture. The simulation assumed constant node to node distance, two leafs per node, each leaf trapezoidal in shape and perpendicular to stem. For various values of helix angle, pitch, leaf dimensions, number of leafs per node and cycles, the simulation calculated the area for carbon capture, land needed, slenderness of the building and percentage benefit on area created over the land available. It was found that typically about 200% extra area can be created for carbon capture for a given land. REVIT Architecture software was used to design a typical building structure. The structure was adoptive to futuristic carbon capture technologies like algae harvesting, chemical neutralization, CO2 conversion into bio-fuel. Integration of Human habitation can be a value added feature.

Modeling soil erosion and river sediment yield for an intermountain drainage basin of the Central Apennines, Italy

The overall aim of this research was to investigate the spatial patterns of the soil erosion risk. We focused on accelerated soil erosion processes in an Italian central Apennine intermountain watershed using modeling techniques implemented in a GIS environment. Our thorough literature review revealed a gap in research on soil erosion processes in such forested, intermountain watersheds. To gain a better understanding of the soil erosion processes in such landscapes, we proposed an integrated modeling approach applying a RUSLE model and a Turbidity Unit Index. The model outcomes were validated through measurements of lake sediment deposition. Our findings indicate a potential high soil erosion risk. With 1.33Mt−1yr−1 of annual sediment yield, corresponding to an area-specific sediment yield of 32.35tha−1yr−1, the Turano drainage basin belongs to the Italian basins with the highest sediment discharge. The outcomes of the RUSLE model showed that, despite the diverse forms of forests that cover about 62% of the drainage basin area, sizable plots of the investigated area are prone to soil erosion. The validation of the model outcomes revealed that the TU Index model performed significantly better than the RUSLE model with regard to sediment yield prediction. Accordingly, we found that even though rill and interrill processes reach very alarming values (RUSLE), they are not the dominant sediment source within the Turano watershed. Other geomorphological processes contributing to the watershed sediment yield – for instance, megarill, gully, bank and channel erosion and re-entrainment of landslide sediments – were very active in the study area. If both models are used in a combined approach, the amount of river load (TU Index) as well as the relative spatial distribution of rill and interrill erosion processes (RUSLE) can be described with sufficient precision.

Estimating Water and Solid Impurities in Jet Fuel from ISO Codes

An original mathematical approach to estimate the quantity of impurity particles in jet fuel from a vector of ISO numbers is proposed. The main goal of this study is to design a model that relates the proportion of free water (in parts per million by volume, ppmv) and the content of solid contaminant (mg/L) to the corresponding ISO numbers, traditionally used in jet fuel industry. This model is also applied to obtain the combination of ISO numbers corresponding to the alarm values standardized in ppmv and mg/L units. The new method provides estimations for the free water and solid impurities (simulated by the addition of Arizona dust in laboratory) separately, using sequences of ISO numbers corresponding to the sizes of 4, 6, 14, and 30 μm. It is based on the assumption that the granulometric distribution of water (and that of the solid contaminant) is always fixed, i.e., adding more or less percentage of water (or solid contaminant), the number of particles of a given size will vary proportionally. Using this assumption and starting with an ISO code vector (or a set of them obtained by subsequent measurements), a new procedure is proposed to split it into two vectors, corresponding to the ISO codes of water and Arizona dust, respectively. Finally, the contents of free water and solid contaminant are calculated from those two ISO code vectors and validated using design of experiment techniques. This procedure allows us to translate the standardized alarms measured using free water (ppmv) and solid contaminants (mg/L) into ISO numbers.

Expression of Foxa2 and its early alarm value of cancerous in gastric polyps

To explore the expression of Foxa2 in different pathological types of gastric polyps and examine the correlation with cancerous risk. According to computerize random number, a total of 2000 patients were selected to receive endoscopic biopsy during November 2011 to October 2012. Tissues were harvested from 170 with gastric polyps and suspicious cancerous lesions and their histological types detected. There were hyperplastic polyps(n = 35), adenomatous polyps(n = 31), fundic gland polyps(n = 42), advanced gastric cancer tissues (n = 32)and normal gastric mucosa tissues (n = 30). ABC immunohistochemical staining and reverse transcription(RT)-PCR were employed to detect the expression of Foxa2 in these different types of tissues. Imagepro plus was used for quantitative and statistical analyses. A low-level expression of Foxa2 was 3.6% ± 1.3% in normal gastric mucosa group. And its expreesion gradually higher in proliferative inflammatory polyp group(33.1% ± 8.0%), adenomatous polyp group (71.4% ± 1.7%) and gastric cancer group(96.3% ± 0.9%, all P < 0.05). Its expression was 35.6% ± 5.6% in fundic gland polyps, similar to that of proliferative inflammatory polyp group (P > 0.05), it was markedly lower than the gastric cancer group (P < 0.05) and higher than the normal gastric mucosa group (P < 0.05). Correlation analyses of clinicopathological parameters showed that no significant correlation existed between its expression and patient gender, age, predilection, Helicobacter. pylori infection or proton pump inhibitor used (all P > 0.05). However, the size of polyps was correlated with Foxa2 (rs = 0.69, P < 0.05). The expression level of Foxa2 in different types of gastric polyps may be used as a clinical predicator of polyps risk.

Arsenic in the water–soil–plant system and the potential health risks in the coastal part of Chianan Plain, Southwestern Taiwan

The present study investigates the bioavailability, soil to plant transfer and health risks of arsenic (As) in the coastal part of Chianan Plain in southwestern Taiwan. Groundwater used for irrigation, surface soils from agricultural lands and locally grown foodstuffs were collected from eight locations and analyzed for As to assess the risks associated with consuming these items. The concentration of As in groundwater ranged from 13.8 to 881μg/L, whereas surface soil showed total As content in the range of 7.92–12.7mg/kg. The available As content in surface soil accounted for 0.06–6.71% of the total As content, and was significantly correlated with it (R2=0.65, p<0.05). Among the leachable fraction, the organic matter (3.23–54.8%) and exchangeable portions of oxides (6.03–38.4%) appear to be the major binding phases of As. The average As content in fourteen studied crops and vegetables varied from 10.3 to 151μg/kg with maximum in mustard and minimum in radish. All the plants showed considerably higher As content (21.5±3.64–262±36.2μg/kg) in their roots compared to the edible parts (9.15±1.44–75.8±22.9μg/kg). The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) based on total As (ranging from 0.0009 to 0.144) and available As in soil (ranging from 0.039 to 0.571) indicate that mustard, rice, amaranth and spinach are the highest accumulators of As. Although the health risk index (HRI) of the studied crops and vegetables ranged from only 0.0068–0.454, with the maximum in rice, the combined HRI indicates an alarming value of 0.88. Therefore, the possible health risks due to long-term consumption of rice and other As-rich foodstuffs could be overcome by controlling the contamination pathways in the water–soil–plant system.

Alarm Fatigue Can Decrease the Safety of Dental Office Sedation and Anesthesia

Alarm Fatigue Can Decrease the Safety of Dental Office Sedation and Anesthesia

Safety Monitoring Index of High Concrete Gravity Dam Based on Failure Mechanism of Instability

Traditional methods of establishing dam safety monitoring index are mostly based on the observation data. According to the performance of dam-foundation system under the experienced loads, alarm values and extreme values are predicted for monitoring quantities. As for some dams, the potential most unfavorable loads may not yet have appeared, and dam bearing capacity may also decrease over time. Therefore, monitoring index determined by these methods can not reflect whether the dam will break or not. Based on the finite element method, to study the progressive instability failures of high concrete gravity dams under the failure modes of material strength degradation or uncertainty and extreme environmental loads during operation, methods of strength reduction and overloading are, respectively, used. Typical stages in the instability processes are identified by evaluation indicators of dam displacement, the connectivity of yield zones, and the yield volume ratio of dam concretes; then instability safety monitoring indexes are hierarchically determined according to these typical symptoms. At last, a case study is performed to give a more detailed introduction about the process of establishing safety monitoring index for high concrete gravity dams based on the failure mechanism of instability, and three grades of monitoring index related to different safety situations are established for this gravity dam.

The Moisture Testing System for Ultra-Dry Granular Material

This paper discusses the design of moisture testing system for ultra-dry granular material. It designs from software and hardware aspects in detail. In hardware design, humidity sensor of HM1520 and data acquisition board of PXI-6070E are used; signal conversion between voltage and humidity is based on sensor circuit; PC is used to manage data acquisition and analysis. In software design, programming is based on LabVIEW2011, it included five models such as DAQ, alarm value judgment, data saving, data querying, data printing etc. In system, the data acquisition is based on PXI bus. It is easy to operate data because of using the access database and LabSQL. The system has the following advantages: graphical editing language improving the programming speed, its interface is friendly for users to understand and operate because of visual interface.

Correlating data from different sensors to increase the positive predictive value of alarms: an empiric assessment

Objectives: Alarm fatigue from high false alarm rate is a well described phenomenon in the intensive care unit (ICU). Progress to further reduce false alarms must employ a new strategy. Highly sensitive alarms invariably have a very high false alarm rate. Clinically useful alarms have a high Positive-Predictive Value. Our goal is to demonstrate one approach to suppressing false alarms using an algorithm that correlates information across sensors and replicates the ways that human evaluators discriminate artifact from real signal. Methods: After obtaining IRB approval and waiver of informed consent, a set of definitions, (hypovolemia, left ventricular shock, tamponade, hemodynamically significant ventricular tachycardia, and hemodynamically significant supraventricular tachycardia), were installed in the monitors in a 10 bed cardiothoracic ICU and evaluated over an 85 day study period. The logic of the algorithms was intended to replicate the logic of practitioners, and correlated information across sensors in a way similar to that used by practitioners. The performance of the alarms was evaluated via a daily interview with the ICU attending and review of the tracings recorded over the previous 24 hours in the monitor. True alarms and false alarms were identified by an expert clinician, and the performance of the algorithms evaluated using the standard definitions of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Results: Between 1 and 221 instances of defined events occurred over the duration of the study, and the positive predictive value of the definitions varied between 4.1% and 84%. Conclusions: Correlation of information across alarms can suppress artifact, increase the positive predictive value of alarms, and can employ more sophisticated definitions of alarm events than present single-sensor based systems.

Correlating data from different sensors to increase the positive predictive value of alarms: an empiric assessment

Objectives: Alarm fatigue from high false alarm rate is a well described phenomenon in the intensive care unit (ICU). Progress to further reduce false alarms must employ a new strategy. Highly sensitive alarms invariably have a very high false alarm rate. Clinically useful alarms have a high Positive-Predictive Value. Our goal is to demonstrate one approach to suppressing false alarms using an algorithm that correlates information across sensors and replicates the ways that human evaluators discriminate artifact from real signal. Methods: After obtaining IRB approval and waiver of informed consent, a set of definitions, (hypovolemia, left ventricular shock, tamponade, hemodynamically significant ventricular tachycardia, and hemodynamically significant supraventricular tachycardia), were installed in the monitors in a 10 bed cardiothoracic ICU and evaluated over an 85 day study period. The logic of the algorithms was intended to replicate the logic of practitioners, and correlated information across sensors in a way similar to that used by practitioners. The performance of the alarms was evaluated via a daily interview with the ICU attending and review of the tracings recorded over the previous 24 hours in the monitor. True alarms and false alarms were identified by an expert clinician, and the performance of the algorithms evaluated using the standard definitions of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Results: Between 1 and 221 instances of defined events occurred over the duration of the study, and the positive predictive value of the definitions varied between 4.1% and 84%. Conclusions: Correlation of information across alarms can suppress artifact, increase the positive predictive value of alarms, and can employ more sophisticated definitions of alarm events than present single-sensor based systems.

Analysis and Research of Deep Foundation Pit Pars Horizontal Displacement Prediction Method

Deformation of foundation pit is a complex, can not be quantified, factors affecting multiple process. Using curve fitting model and time series AR ( n ) model for the combined model on deformation of foundation pit displacement prediction. By the depth of the pit excavation and supporting different direction condition, segmentation modeling prediction. With the development of foundation pit deformation, constantly adding new data, and delete the old data, to modeling, implementation of the whole process control of deformation and displacement prediction. Combined model to the prediction of first data, the relative error can be controlled within five percent. Therefore,the model can be used to control the deformation of foundation pit projects that require high, can also be used for other models predict data close to the alarm value of a contrast.

Mechanism and experiment of substituting high drainage roadway with directional long drilling group to extract pressure-relief gas

By establishing the numerical model in the vertical plane and the similar model in the horizontal plane of gas flow in goaf, the influence of high drainage roadway or drilling on the gas seepage field was analyzed, and the extraction mechanism was clarified. On this basis, the academic thought of directional long drilling group instead of high drainage roadway was put forward. And then using complex function theory, the permeation mechanical model of drilling group with circle distribution in the mining-induced fracture zone was established to explore the coupling relationship between the drilling quantity, extraction volume and the equivalent extraction rate of single drilling. Finally, combined with the concrete geological production conditions, the main parameters of directional long drilling group were determined. The distance between the drilling group center and the air-return roadway is 24 m, the height is 18 m, and the three drillings are in an approximate equilateral triangle distribution with a space of 8 m. The equivalent extraction square is 4.15 m2. It is shown that the effect of directional long drilling group is evident. The gas content in the upper corner is controlled below 0.95%, the content in the tail roadway is kept below the alarm value, and the content is over 50% in the drill, realizing the secure and effective extraction of coal and gas.

Theoretical models of carcinogenic particle deposition and clearance in children's lungs.

Deposition and clearance of carcinogenic particles in the lungs of subjects belonging to four different age groups (infants, children, adolescents, and adults) were theoretically investigated. The study is thought to contribute to the improvement of our knowledge concerning the behaviour of inhaled particles in lungs that may be attributed to different stages of development. Particle deposition and clearance were simulated by using a well established stochastic lung model, allowing the generation of nearly realistic scenarios. For the computation of particle deposition all main deposition forces were considered. Additionally, any influences on particle behaviour due to particle geometry were covered by using the aerodynamic diameter concept. Particle clearance was simulated by defining both a fast mucociliary clearance phase and a slow bronchial/alveolar clearance phase, the latter of which is based on previously published models and suggestions. As clearly provided by the modelling computations, lung deposition of particles with aerodynamic diameters ranging from 1 nm to 10 µm may significantly differ between the studied age groups. Whilst in infants and children most particles are accumulated in the extrathoracic region and in the upper bronchi, in adolescents and adults high percentages of inhaled particular substances may also reach the lower bronchi and alveoli. Although mucus velocities are significantly lower in young subjects compared to the older ones, fast clearance is more efficient in small lungs due to the shorter clearance paths that have to be passed. Slow clearance is commonly characterized by insignificant discrepancies between the age groups. From the study presented here it may be concluded that particle behaviour in infants' and children's lungs has to be regarded in a different light with respect to that in adolescents and adults. Although young subjects possess natural mechanisms of protecting their lungs from hazardous aerosols (e.g., expressed by breathing behaviour and lung size), they are much more sensitive to any particle exposure, since particle concentrations per lung tissue area may reach alarming values within a short period of inhalation.