Aircraft Technology Research Articles

Optimality of the hub-spoke system: A review of the literature, and directions for future research

This paper reviews the relevant literature to answer the question if hub-spoke networks are optimal from an economic and environmental aspect. Hub-spoke networks are used to serve a large number of destinations with a high frequency. The concentration of flights and demand leads to positive economic effects: additional indirect effects come from the high number of destinations. Airlines may prefer indirect passengers over direct passengers, at the expense of local welfare, if the willingness-to-pay of the former is higher. Furthermore, indirect effects are a redistribution of the direct effect, and may lead to double counting.Empirical evidence on environmental performance is mixed. Some case studies suggest hub-spoke networks are more harmful, given aircraft technologies and load factors. Proposed climate policies increase costs of operations, likely leading to a strengthening of the hub-spoke system. Further research into network development and the effect of climate policy on airline behaviour is necessary to support climate and aviation policy.

Health Prediction of Airborne System Based on Grey Prediction

With the development of civil aircraft technology, the scale of civil aviation industry in China is expanding, and the service capacity is gradually improving. Civil aviation industry has become an important industry in China’s economic development. With the increasing complexity, integration and intelligence of aircraft, it is more and more difficult to diagnose and maintain the fault of airborne system. The traditional fault diagnosis and maintenance methods cannot meet the requirements of modern aircraft development. Especially in the field of aircraft maintenance, the thought of aircraft maintenance has gone through the transformation process from “preventive maintenance” to “reliability maintenance”, and the maintenance method of aircraft has gradually changed from the previous scheduled maintenance to the situation-based maintenance.

Performance analysis of coaxial thermocouples for heat flux measurement of an aerodynamic model on shock tube facility

The K, E and J-types of coaxial thermo-sensors have been used to measure surface heat flux at the nose, spatial position-1 and spatial position-2 over an aerodynamic model subjected to a homemade shock tube flow facility. The high pressure shock has been applied to the aerodynamic model for 60 ms subsequently their variation in transient temperatures have been recorded for four experimental shots. The surface heat flux has been predicted from the transient temperatures by using one-dimensional heat transfer theory in a semi-infinite solid body. The average errors have been found between four experiments for transient temperature and surface heat flux are less than ±0.2% and ±4% respectively. A two-dimensional numerical model has been developed by using commercial software Ansys to solve the high enthalpy flow facility as exists in shock tube arrangement to validate the experimental results. The accuracy found in transient temperatures and surface heat fluxes are ±0.51% and ±0.633%. These coaxial thermo-sensors will help the design and development of aerodynamic vehicles in terms of measurement of heating rate on different inclined surfaces, missile nose, hypersonic aircraft technology, gun barrel test, advanced production technology, engine measurements etc.

Sustainability Assessment and Engineering of Emerging Aircraft Technologies—Challenges, Methods and Tools

Driven by concerns regarding the sustainability of aviation and the continued growth of air traffic, increasing interest is given to emerging aircraft technologies. Although new technologies, such as battery-electric propulsion systems, have the potential to minimise in-flight emissions and noise, environmental burdens are possibly shifted to other stages of the aircraft’s life cycle, and new socio-economic challenges may arise. Therefore, a life-cycle-oriented sustainability assessment is required to identify these hotspots and problem shifts and to derive recommendations for action for aircraft development at an early stage. This paper proposes a framework for the modelling and assessment of future aircraft technologies and provides an overview of the challenges and available methods and tools in this field. A structured search and screening process is used to determine which aspects of the proposed framework are already addressed in the scientific literature and in which areas research is still needed. For this purpose, a total of 66 related articles are identified and systematically analysed. Firstly, an overview of statistics of papers dealing with life-cycle-oriented analysis of conventional and emerging aircraft propulsion systems is given, classifying them according to the technologies considered, the sustainability dimensions and indicators investigated, and the assessment methods applied. Secondly, a detailed analysis of the articles is conducted to derive answers to the defined research questions. It illustrates that the assessment of environmental aspects of alternative fuels is a dominating research theme, while novel approaches that integrate socio-economic aspects and broaden the scope to battery-powered, fuel-cell-based, or hybrid-electric aircraft are emerging. It also provides insights by what extent future aviation technologies can contribute to more sustainable and energy-efficient aviation. The findings underline the need to harmonise existing methods into an integrated modelling and assessment approach that considers the specifics of upcoming technological developments in aviation.

Low-Voltage Icing Protection Film for Automotive and Aeronautical Industries.

High-performance heater films are here proposed. They manifest great applicative potentiality in the de-icing technology of aircraft and motor vehicles. The films are suitable to be integrated into composite structures for the de/anti-icing function, which can be activated if the need arises. The heating is based on the joule effect of the current flowing through the electrically conductive films. Voltage and current parameters have been set based on the generators’ capacities on-board an aircraft and a car, as well as on the energy consumption during the operating conditions and the autonomy in the time. Green processes have been employed through all preparative steps of the films, which are composed of expanded graphite (60% wt/wt) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (40% wt/wt). The results reveal a very significant influence of the aspect ratio of the filler on the heating and de-icing performance and suggest how to enhance the de-icing efficiency saving energy and adapting the current on-board aircraft/car generators for de-icing operations.

PELATIHAN PENGAMBILAN FOTO UDARA MENGGUNAKAN UAV UNTUK MENDUKUNG PARIWISATA DI GUNUNG KIDUL

The development of unmanned aircraft technology encourage for new infrastructure and development in the tourism sector. Challenges for the development of tourism in Gunungkidul Regency included the development of tourism and cultural villages, access roads to tourism objects, and coastal tourism objects. So, the community service partner was the Gunungkidul Regency Tourism Office. The main objective in this community service activity was to increase knowledge and skills of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) to support the development of tourism facilities, particularly in aerial photo taking. The target achieved at this stage was to increase knowledge about UAVs and the ability to control UAV aircraft for taking aerial photographs to support tourism in Gunung Kidul. Increasing ability to control UAVs was done through practice. While increasing knowledge was done through explanation about UAVs. This activity has been able to achieve the expected goals and targets, so that partner can recognize and be able to control the UAV.

Hybrid Turbo Compound Fan Engine an Eco-Efficient Propulsion System for Aviation

The path to electric propulsion systems depends on the development of powerful, compact and very light energy storage system with a high storage density. In order to create an environment-friendly intermediate solution in the medium term, especially for aircraft engines of medium power classes, it makes sense to use an innovative, electrically parallel hybrid unit based on rotary engines and electric boosters for start and climb phases as a propulsion system. An aero-engine application, based on the HSD concept (HSD = hybrid super-drive – hybrid Wankel rotary engine) for different hybrid-parallel propulsion systems is presented. In this article, the introduced technology is based on a currently produced family of multi-component Wankel rotary engines. The proposed HSD concept uses a chamber volume of 650ccm per rotor. The projected power range (0.8 to 1.36 MW) is covered by an innovative hybrid electric parallel turbo compound concept together with 2x4 rotary engine units. A novel, air-bearing turbo engine with integrated electric drive is used as a turbocharger for charging the rotary engine. For the aero-engine technology, the counter-rotating fan (CRF) concept shown as an example for an aircraft technology carrier (light jet) leads to a further increase in the efficiency of a complete system.

REVIEW OF MANUFACTURING AND REPAIR OF AIRCRAFT AND ENGINE PARTS BASED ON COLD SPRAYING TECHNOLOGY AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

Cold spray technology is a method of deposited metal coatings by high-speed particle impact, especially in the preparation of metal alloy materials (Cu alloys, Ti alloys, Al alloys, Ni-based alloys, Mg alloys, stainless steels, and high-temperature alloys, etc.) The performance is particularly outstanding. The sprayed materials have better mechanical properties, mechanical properties, and service life, such as tensile strength, fatigue strength, and corrosion resistance. Cold spray technology can prepare corrosion-resistant coatings and high-temperature coatings, Wear-resistant coatings, conductive coatings, and anti-oxidation coatings and other functional coatings. From the perspective of process technology and equipment design, cold spray technology can be applied to the field of additive manufacturing technology, which not only reflects the repair function but also the manufacturing function, and applies cold spray technology and repairs the parts produced by additive manufacturing – Selective Laser Melting technology. The defects and problems are of great significance. This article summarizes the repair process and technical characteristics of cold spray technology, and repairs and protects the Cu, Ti, Al, Ni, Mg, and stainless steel and other metals and their alloys from corrosion, fatigue, and wear. The maintenance is reviewed, and the application of combining cold spray technology with additive manufacturing – Selective Laser Melting technology is proposed. Many materials can be used in the field of cold spray technology and Additive Manufacturing – Selective Laser Melting technology. In the communication between the two, the combination of technology and method is of great significance; the influence of spraying parameters of cold spraying technology (such as powder particle shape, spraying angle, spraying distance, critical speed and temperature of particles and substrate, etc.) on spraying effect and efficiency are proposed. Finally, the development of cold spray technology: post-processing of parts, critical speed and numerical simulation are possible.

Analysing Faults and SFCL Response in Electric Aircraft

Aircraft technology moves towards electrification in order to achieve environmentally friendly goals. However, one of the main challenges facing the electrification of aircraft technology is the weight of the electric devices necessary for operating a fully electric aircraft. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) proposed the use of the superconductive technology in electric aircraft (EA) to overcome this challenge in addition to its other benefits. The proposed EA is called N3-X and it has an on-board DC superconducting network including a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL). The SFCL is a self-mechanism device that very effectively limits the current within a few milliseconds, thus improving the stability of the system. As the grounding of this network is different from traditional networks, analysing the behaviour of different fault types and how to manage them becomes critical. In this paper, one set of the EA’s systems (one generator, AC/DC rectifier and four motors with their DC/AC variable frequency drives) has been modelled in MATLAB/Simulink environment to carry out the fault analysis and to demonstrate the effect of the SFCL on this network under different types of faults.

Fuel consumption optimisation using structural equation modelling and genetic algorithm approach: The case of commercial aviation

The main aim of this study is to develop a model for minimising fuel consumption in civil aviation. Structural equation modelling (SEM) is utilised for this purpose and the model is developed in terms of various factors that influence fuel consumption in civil aviation. Total 249 questionnaires were sent out to aviation experts to identify the decision variables of strongly correlated dimensions. The results of SEM show four key underlying factors that have a positive effect on both fuel consumption and fuel optimisation. These factors are aircraft design and technology, aviation infrastructure and operation management, socioeconomic measures and the use of alternative fuels. Fuel consumption of commercial transport aircraft was reduced using a genetic algorithm. The results of this study reinforce that fuel consumption optimisation could have a distinctive effect on competitive benefit and structural performance commercial aviation.

A Study on Preventing Food Wastage in India Using AI

Exponential Growth of Technology in Asian country has compete a major role altogether spherical development and growth of economy and social development in our country. Asian country has opted for a even handed mixture of autochthone and foreign technology. Purchase of technology is often referred to as “Technology transfer” and it's usually coated by a technology transfer agreement. This work focuses on the key areas of computer science and the way it implements within the future to forestall the waste matter. This write-up nearly identifies the crucial problems or issues related to food & cash wastage in food. In Asian country there square measure such a big amount of those that aren't obtaining correct food and in an exceedingly same time there square measure some folks with excess food and at the top it goes to the wastage half. Our main intention is distinguishing the issues and giving the mandatory recommendations for resolution the issues encountered. the event of any country is nearly depends on the advancement in developing the technology in numerous fields and cash management. Countries that participate across this age square measure developed additional far more rather more way more than alternative countries as a result of the machine occupies the work more from men. additional advancements in twentieth century in house, aircraft, computers, biotech and knowledge technology square measure boost the developed nations abundant advanced. The new technology with young minds creates an activity each in information and resource utilization. For waste matter calculation and bar we are going to use some powerful artificial intelligence technique, intelligence and technologies.

Direct Write Additive Manufacturing and Characterization of Battery Electrodes with Engineered Architecture and Porosity

The development of batteries with high specific power and energy densities will enable the next generation of smart devices, and allow for more efficient implementation of all-electric aircraft and urban air mobility (UAM) technologies. Additive manufacturing technologies can be leveraged to produce engineered 3-dimensional cell structures with increased electrolyte/electrode interfacial area, yielding increased power density and reducing weight through the implementation of ceramic electrodes. Direct-write additive manufacturing (DWAM) technology allows for the deposition of solid-bearing inks with a high degree of dimensional accuracy. Ink rheology was adjusted in order to optimize material characteristics of the final object. Engineered LiFePO4 (LFP) cell structures were manufactured, sintered, and characterized by leveraging the sub-micron accuracy of direct write printing. The sintered electrodes were shown to exhibit favorable porosity and dimensional tolerances. The direct write additive manufacturing process, ink rheology, and sintering properties will also be discussed

Deep Cross-Modal Image–Voice Retrieval in Remote Sensing

With the rapid progress of satellite and aircraft technologies, cross-modal remote sensing image–voice retrieval has been studied in geography recently. However, there still exist some bottlenecks: how to consider the characteristics of remote sensing data adequately and how to reduce the memory and improve the retrieval efficiency in large-scale remote sensing data. In this article, we propose a novel deep cross-modal remote sensing image–voice retrieval approach, namely, deep image–voice retrieval (DIVR), to capture more information of remote sensing data to generate hash codes with low memory and fast retrieval properties. Especially, the DIVR approach proposes inception dilated convolution module to capture multiscale contextual information of remote sensing images and voices. Moreover, in order to enhance cross-modal similarity, the deep features’ similarity term is designed to make paired similar deep features as close as possible and paired dissimilar deep features as mutually far as possible. In addition, the quantization error term is designed to drive hash-like codes to approximate hash codes, which can effectively reduce the quantization error for hash codes’ learning. Extensive experimental results on three remote sensing image–voice data sets show that the proposed DIVR approach can outperform other cross-modal retrieval approaches.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Global Health: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

This article presents a review of current aircraft noises and technologies to reduce noise as well as an estimate of the technology’s readiness level. Aircraft noise remains the key inhibitor of the growth of air transportation and remains an acute environmental problem that requires advanced solutions. To deal with this problem, aircraft manufacturers and public establishments are engaged in research on technical and theoretical approaches for noise reduction concepts that should be applied to new aircraft. This review paper discusses a selection of enabling technologies and their implications on acoustics and noise and gives a perspective on future trends and new directions in aeroacoustics required to address the challenges.

Limitations and Challenges in Designing an All-Electric Aircraft: Analytical Study

Driven by rapid depletion of non-renewable energy resources, emission reduction of combustion engine exhaust, noise reduction and in-efficiency of combustion engine demand and production of electric vehicle has seen a significant growth in recent years. However, when it comes to electrification of the aircraft technology, there are a number of challenges and technological limitations faced by the designer such as vicious weight cycle, in-sufficient energy density and power constraints in batteries. This paper outlines those challenges in design and manufacturing of a manned electric aircraft. Using MATLAB, a mathematical model of the electric aircraft is created considering parameters like power required, battery capacity, battery weight and total weight of the aircraft. Range and endurance of an electric aircraft for different variations in payload or passenger capacity will be determined. This detailed study will give a picture on what is achievable using current technology (battery energy density, combustion free jet propulsion etc.) and what can be achieved based on the limitations in developing a electric ducted fan engines. This paper also outlines design challenges being faced in combustion free jet propulsion namely electric ducted fan engines which is needed for propelling the electric aircraft. This paper is concluded with design recommendations and parameters to be considered during design process for a fully electric aircraft.

Preface

The 2019 Joint Cryogenic Engineering and International Cryogenic Materials Conferences were held from July 21 through July 25 at the Connecticut Convention Center in Hartford, Connecticut. As at past conferences, the international scope of these meetings was strongly maintained with 24 countries being represented by 613 attendees who gathered to enjoy the joint technical programs, industrial exhibits, and special events.The program for the joint conferences included a total of 410 presentations in the plenary, oral, and poster sessions. Four plenary talks gave interesting in-depth overviews and discussions on the topics of the growing field of commercial application of hydrogen fuel-cells for specialized applications and large-scale semi-truck transportation, and recent 5x increase of liquid hydrogen production in the U.S.; Siemens’ perspectives on evolving hybrid-electric propulsion technologies for large commercial aircraft; the world-leading research opportunities with rare isotopes in nuclear physics, nuclear chemistry, and the application of rare isotopes for society that the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FIRB) at Michigan State University will soon provide; and the impressive progress designing the next-gen SPARC fusion reactor 1st-ever utilizing 2nd-generation high-temperature-superconducting (HTS) wire. The attendees also convened for two Special Joint CEC-ICMC Symposia on i) Transportation, and ii) Quantum Computing, and seven Special-or-Focus Sessions were included in the programming emphasizing high-quality invited talks. Contributed papers covered a wide range of topics including many aspects in advances in cryogenics and superconductors, along with their applications. Both CEC and ICMC boards are encouraging student participation and career growth and provided registration support for 36 student applicants. In total, 207 papers were submitted for publication of which 190 are published in these conference proceedings.Full Preface information is available in the pdf.

Preface

The 2019 Joint Cryogenic Engineering and International Cryogenic Materials Conferences were held from July 21 through July 25 at the Connecticut Convention Center in Hartford, Connecticut. As at past conferences, the international scope of these meetings was strongly maintained with 24 countries being represented by 613 attendees who gathered to enjoy the joint technical programs, industrial exhibits, and special events.The program for the joint conferences included a total of 410 presentations in the plenary, oral, and poster sessions. Four plenary talks gave interesting in-depth overviews and discussions on the topics of the growing field of commercial application of hydrogen fuel-cells for specialized applications and large-scale semi-truck transportation, and recent 5x increase of liquid hydrogen production in the U.S.; Siemens’ perspectives on evolving hybrid-electric propulsion technologies for large commercial aircraft; the world-leading research opportunities with rare isotopes in nuclear physics, nuclear chemistry, and the application of rare isotopes for society that the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FIRB) at Michigan State University will soon provide; and the impressive progress designing the nextgen SPARC fusion reactor 1st-ever utilizing 2nd-generation high-temperature-superconducting (HTS) wire. The attendees also convened for two Special Joint CEC-ICMC Symposia on i) Transportation, and ii) Quantum Computing, and seven Special-or-Focus Sessions were included in the programming emphasizing high-quality invited talks. Contributed papers covered a wide range of topics including many aspects in advances in cryogenics and superconductors, along with their applications. Both CEC and ICMC boards are encouraging student participation and career growth and provided registration support for 36 student applicants. In total, 207 papers were submitted for publication of which 190 are published in these conference proceedings.Full Preface information is available in the pdf.

Comparative investigation on MHD nonlinear radiative flow through a moving thin needle comprising two hybridized AA7075 and AA7072 alloys nanomaterials through binary chemical reaction with activation energy

The intention of the current study is analyzing the significance of nonlinear radiation on magnetic field involving hybrid AA7075 and AA7072 alloys nanomaterials through thin needle. The scenario has been modeled mathematically by captivating the binary chemical reaction and activation energy. Similarity variables are deployed to change the system of PDE’s into nonlinear ODE’s and subsequently solved these equations through bvp4c solver. Influence of distinct material parameters on the velocity, concentration and temperature along with the correlated engineering features quantities such as drag force, heat and mass transfer rate are obtained and demonstrated via plots. The velocity of the liquid is declining function of magnetic field, while the temperature augments. In addition, obtained numerical results are contrasted through the available literature and appeared to be in admirable harmony. The current investigation shows the important features in solar hybrid alloy nanomaterials systems and aircraft technology.

News - Briefing. The Measure of: X-59 Quiet SuperSonic Technology (QueSST) X-Plane

DESIGNED BY AEROSPACE and defence company Lockheed Martin, the X-59 Quiet SuperSonic Technology (QueSST) aircraft is Nasa's first large-scale, piloted X-plane (or experimental aircraft) in more than three decades.

Before crisis: How near-miss affects organizational trust and industry transference in emerging industries

A near-miss, such as a narrowly avoided collision between vehicles, evades a full-scale accident but can generate media attention that threatens trust. In emerging industries, the effects of near-miss may extend beyond organizational boundaries and influence trust in the industry and technology. This study empirically tests these assertions by examining how media reports of near-miss affect organizational trustworthiness and how trust repair strategies after a near-miss influence organizational and industry trust and technology acceptance in the emerging commercial industry of unmanned aircraft. Notwithstanding parallels to paracrisis, near-miss communication is understudied in public relations research. Further, studies of trust in the context of crisis are recent (see Brühl et al., 2018; Fuoli et al., 2017), and have produced unexpected results that warrant continued exploration in public relations. Underpinned by attribution theory, this study adopts a 2 (near-miss cause: external, low controllability; internal, high controllability) x 3 (trust repair strategy delivered via news story: denial, excuse, apology) scenario-based experiment. This study found that near-miss reduced organizational trustworthiness regardless of whether the event was controllable or not, indicating that when it comes to trust perceptions, near-miss can operate similarly to crisis. Further, apology was the only strategy that arrested a fall in organizational trustworthiness. The study signaled a trust transfer effect where organizational trust influenced industry trust, which led to the acceptance of unmanned aircraft technology. In the context of emerging industries, these findings have implications for organizations that experience near-miss, highlighting the potential for a standardized initial strategy to acknowledge a reduction in trust in order to support trust beyond the organization.