Aircraft Crew Research Articles

Method for structural and functional synthesis of aviation multifunctional simulators

A method of structural and functional synthesis of aviation multifunctional simulators (AMT) is proposed for training aircraft crews according to the criterion of solving a certain set of educational tasks (US) in order to form a system-technical concept of their construction and determine the main visual parameters. The physical and mathematical formulation of the synthesis of the appearance (composition of hardware and software (APS), technical characteristics and functioning algorithms) of AMT on a set of conditions and constraints is given, which implements a conceptual model of substantiating its optimal version in the form of a control, in-formationsupporting and executive (as part of the APS ) subsystems in the field of admissible solutions of the functional, structural and parametric aspects of synthesis. A descriptive model of the use of AMT is substantiated in the form of a logically structured hierarchical system of typical elementary, simple, complex and target situations at the levels of elementary technological operations, individual, aggregate and aggregate of program components with a model representation of elementary fragments of subtasks, subtasks, one and a system of educational tasks, respectively. The construction of the model is carried out on the basis of invariant immersion in the nomenclature and structure of the US and the selection using the structural and functional analysis of the set of structured elements of typical situations on the set of recognition signs at the characteristic (nodal) points of the trajectories of the flight mission (US) by the aircraft crew. In accordance with this structured AMT mod-el, a hierarchical system of methods, models and techniques for assessing and substantiating the preferred appearance of AMT has been developed in terms of information, information-system and system performance indicators at the stages of analysis and synthesis. The basis of the efficiency of the generated AMT variants is structured functional tasks of the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the heterogeneous resource of the AMT and taking into account their interrelationships at different levels of research. When synthesizing the AMT appearance, the problem is solved on the basis of the optimal distribution of the APS resource when implementing an external system control function and an intrasystem transition function while providing an adaptive solution to a set and one US, respectively. The AMT synthesis trajectory includes an algorithmic sequence of hierarchical levels of research coordinated according to decision-making criteria, corresponding to aspects of organizational, functional, structural and parametric synthesis and is presented in the form of an algorithmic research scheme that implements a multi-level sequential process of evaluating the effectiveness of generated variants of its appearance and choosing the optimal option for certain conditions and restrictions. The method is based on the provisions of the theories of analysis and synthesis of complex systems, system analysis, decision-making, resource allocation, optimization, hierarchical decomposition, graphs, invariant immersion methods, systematic coverage, goal tree and expert methods, as well as formalized logical-heuristic procedures for checking the APS for completeness and consistency in solving UZ based on formal conditions and axiomatic rules. The implementation of the method will improve the sound decisions on the structural and functional appearance of AMT at the initial stages of its life cycle.

Peculiarities of making decisions on the choice of the composition of the main hardware equipment of aviation multifunctional simulators

The current stage of training aircraft crews (AC) is characterized by the predominance of training tasks solved with the help of aviation multifunctional simulators (AMT). AMT covers a wide range of aviation simulators designed to solve problems of planning and managing the use of hardware and software resources in solving various training tasks in the interests of training aircraft crews. Based on this, AMT are characterized by a variety of hardware that ensure the implementation of technological operations and processes for analyzing and processing information when performing educational tasks, which determined the relevance of the task of choosing their optimal composition. Purpose of the work is to develop a model for choosing the composition of hardware equipment (HSS) in the AMT structure for solving training tasks in the interests of training aircraft crews. The solution to the optimization problem of substantiating the CAO is based on the analysis of the features of the application and development of AMT based on the modernization of obsolete and new hardware equipment. The complexity of the task is due to significant computational difficulties arising from the need to provide various technological operations and cycles of information flows in the form of a certain set of elementary operations and the presence of “individual” quality criteria for each educational task. To solve it, the technological process of solving educational AMT is represented by an oriented graph, the vertices of which are the tasks to be solved, and the arcs connecting them are elementary technological operations implemented by hardware. The fulfillment of each educational task is based on the fulfillment of a certain set of elementary streams based on the implementation of the compared CAO options in the AMT structure. The search for a solution is carried out on the graph using a three-level model based on finding optimal solutions to cover the educational tasks to be solved with the available means of obsolete hardware equipment, justifying the required number of new (developed) tools and choosing their optimal composition in the AMT structure as a whole, taking into account the preferences of the persons taking decision (decision maker). The proposed methodological approach and the model for choosing the CAO that implements it provide a sequential and level-bylevel solution of optimization problems with extreme variables for a reasonable choice of the decision maker of the optimal composition of hardware in the AMT structure in the interests of solving a variety of diverse training tasks for training aircraft crews.

Оценка безопасности членов экипажа летательных аппаратов при применении систем образования аварийных выходов, выполненных на основе детонационных удлинённых зарядов

В статье анализируются результаты оценки безопасности членов экипажа летательных аппаратов при применении систем образования аварийных выходов, выполненных на основе детонационных удлинённых зарядов, на примере некоторых теоретических и экспериментальных работ. The article analyzes the results of evaluating the safety of aircraft crew members when using emergency exit education systems based on detonation elongated charges, using the example of some theoretical and experimental works.

PLANNING THE TEAMS FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT OF THE AVIATION COMPANY

The authors of this article presented the means to create a balanced staff on the example of pilots – the flight personnel of commercial aviation companies. In modern economic conditions, state regulation of activities in the field of aviation and the use of airspace of Ukraine is aimed at ensuring aviation safety. Commercial provision of state interests, national security, and the needs of society and the economy in air transportation and aviation work.The ability to plan labor resources using the results of various types of testing, analysis of project management teams and the allocation of roles and responsibilities on an aircraft (airplane, helicopter), based on this analysis of candidates for rank and file officers to determine the compatibility of the work of team members of such projects. Based on the analysis of tests and response parameters of pilots, flight engineers, flight attendants, stewardesses, etc.Corresponding flight teams are formed from the rank and file and officers (service and engineering teams) since each aircraft crew is a separate unique project. The connection of this problem with important scientific and practical tasks. In projects, the longer the project is designed and the more important that the composition of the performers does not change during the project (namely, this situation occurs on aircraft), the more attention should be paid not only to the selection of the project management team, but to the entire staff project management.This task is important not only for aviation companies. In particular, for example, in projects for the creation of air, sea, electric, oil and gas routes, “trailers”, involving networks mainly outside the settlements, which also require the study of all project personnel. There are other commercial and economic practical situations.

Оптимізація стратегій сумісного прийняття рішень операторами аеронавігаційної системи в конфліктних ситуаціях

У статті представлено проблему визначення оптимальних стратегій сумісного прийняття рішень пілотом та авіадиспетчером як задачу розв’язання “конфліктуˮ між ними методами теорії ігор. Наведено приклад моделі конфліктної ситуації “пілот – авіадиспетчерˮ в особливому випадку в польоті “Відмова та пожежа двигуна на повітряному судні при наборі висоти після зльотуˮ. Показано, що в аварійній ситуації за відсутності зв’язку авіадиспетчера з екіпажем повітряного судна, наявності безпілотних повітряних суден та високій завантаженості зони управління повітряним рухом оптимальною стратегією пілота є посадка в автоматичному режимі на аеродромі з підготовленою злітно-посадковою смугою, обладнаному радіотехнічними засобами посадки.

СЕЛЕКЦІЯ ВХІДНИХ ПАРАМЕТРІВ НЕЙРОННОЇ МЕРЕЖІ ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ ВІДМОВ БОРТОВОГО ОБЛАДНАННЯ

The article is devoted to the study of the urgent issue of forecasting onboard equipment failures. The effectiveness of combat missions by aircraft crews of the Armed Forces of Ukraine depends on the operational and high-quality preparation of on-board equipment for flights. The long life of the existing fleet of aircraft requires constant analysis of the technical condition of the equipment to prevent failures. Existing forecasting methods are associated with the analysis of statistical data and probability metrics. A possible alternative way to monitor the health of equipment is to use neural networks. The problems of constructing the topology of the failure forecasting neural network is associated with the need to select significant factors affecting the equipment during operation. The article discusses the most important factors of influence in terms of application conditions, quality and operating conditions. Dependencies between the parameters for one object of study and the parameters of objects of the same type under various conditions of application are revealed. The following equipment parameters are selected for use in the construction of a neural network: total equipment operating time, equipment operating time after the last restoration, total number of on-off cycles and a failure cycle coefficient. For each of the parameters, expressions are given that are formulated taking into account the characteristics of the technical and flight operation of aircraft. So, the value of the operating time of the facility is calculated as the total time of the equipment in flight and on the ground when performing all types of work. The number of on-off cycles is proposed to be calculated based on the minimum amount of equipment used during operation. A failure cyclicality factor is also introduced, which is proposed to be calculated on the basis of a frequency analysis of the serial number of the failure and the operating time of the object to the specific failure.

SPATIAL DISORIENTATION TRAINING TO SUPPORT FLYING SAFETY IN INDONESIAN AIR FORCE

<p>The magnitude of aircraft accidents due to the spatial disorientation (SD) experienced by the aircrew has encouraged efforts to provide optimum training to prevent and minimize those unexpected accidents. In their publication, USAF has stated that SD had caused 15-69% of their aircraft fatal accidents. This study aims to determine the extent of which the SD training program in Aerophysiological Indoctrination and exercise (ILA) of the Indonesian Air Force has been carried out effectively, making it useful for the crew to prevent accidents. The main focus of the study is to analyze the willingness of aircraft crew; leadership support policy, simulator tool condition, and qualification of instructors. This research designed to use a qualitative descriptive approach. Data collections obtained through depth interviews involving Indonesian Air Force aircrews, aviation health experts, instructors officer of Health Service of Indonesian Air Force, and also through the search of publication and related documents. The results show that there are still many aspects required more attention from the Indonesian Air Force authorities; insufficient simulator facilities that are too old and out of Job, inadequate software as the basis of the implementation of the training program, the limited .qualifications of training instructors, and lack of support from higher commands.</p>

Automation of Ergonomic Expertise of the Information Management and Cockpit Management of a Promising Aircraft

The article deals with the automation of the ergonomic examination procedure (EE) of the Data-Control Field (DCF) of the cockpit of promising combat aircraft using artificial intelligence technologies. A balanced combination of aircraft control algorithms, its complex of on-board equipment and weapons, as well as artificial intelligence technologies provides information support for the aircraft crew. The relevance of the ergonomic assessment of DCF at all stages of the aircraft designing and operation is noted. The features of the EE of the DCF of cockpit, goals and objectives, as well as methods of examination are described. EE are monitoring and evaluating the completeness and correctness of the implementation of ergonomic requirements for the designed aircraft and substantiating possible ways to improve the ergonomic characteristics of the aircraft. EE includes systemic and design issues, among which the important issues are the choice of DCF structure. EE technology elements are considered. The tasks of the automated EE system are listed: the assessment of human-machine interaction, quality of information support, the registration and assessment of cockpit geometric characteristics (visibility and reach) and operator’s functional state, formalization of parameters and the formation of an integral assessment. The system combines information, hardware and software into a single complex. A distinctive feature of the DCF EE is the a priori uncertainty of the source data. Models of the algebra of fuzzy sets allow to formalize the decision-making process during the EE. The integral assessment by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is described. AHP as a method for evaluating multicriteria alternatives is well known. The applicability of the method is noted in cases where the issuance of absolute estimates of alternatives by given criteria is difficult.

REFLECT – Research flight of EURADOS and CRREAT: Intercomparison of various radiation dosimeters onboard aircraft

Aircraft crew are one of the groups of radiation workers which receive the highest annual exposure to ionizing radiation. Validation of computer codes used routinely for calculation of the exposure due to cosmic radiation and the observation of nonpredictable changes in the level of the exposure due to solar energetic particles, requires continuous measurements onboard aircraft. Appropriate calibration of suitable instruments is crucial, however, for the very complex atmospheric radiation field there is no single reference field covering all particles and energies involved. Further intercomparisons of measurements of different instruments under real flight conditions are therefore indispensable.In November 2017, the REFLECT (REsearch FLight of EURADOS and CRREAT) was carried out. With a payload comprising more than 20 different instruments, REFLECT represents the largest campaign of this type ever performed. The instruments flown included those already proven for routine dosimetry onboard aircraft such as the Liulin Si-diode spectrometer and tissue equivalent proportional counters, as well as newly developed detectors and instruments with the potential to be used for onboard aircraft measurements in the future. This flight enabled acquisition of dosimetric data under well-defined conditions onboard aircraft and comparison of new instruments with those routinely used.As expected, dosimeters routinely used for onboard aircraft dosimetry and for verification of calculated doses such as a tissue equivalent proportional counter or a silicon detector device like Liulin agreed reasonable with each other as well as with model calculations. Conventional neutron rem counters underestimated neutron ambient dose equivalent, while extended-range neutron rem counters provided results comparable to routinely used instruments. Although the responses of some instruments, not primarily intended for the use in a very complex mixed radiation field such as onboard aircraft, were as somehow expected to be different, the verification of their suitability was one of the objectives of the REFLECT. This campaign comprised a single short flight. For further testing of instruments, additional flights as well as comparison at appropriate reference fields are envisaged. The REFLECT provided valuable experience and feedback for validation of calculated aviation doses.

Measurements of radiation induced by a spark discharge under laboratory conditions

Terrestrial gamma and neutron flashes can result in considerable radiation exposure of aircraft crew and passengers in their close vicinity. Lightning impulse voltage generators imitate selected stages of natural lightning processes and can serve as a test environment for the development and calibration of detector systems for such short term radiation events. This work presents the results of measurements of absorbed dose using thermoluminescent dosimeters for 400 negative discharges at the lightning impulse voltage generator. The thermoluminescent dosimeter CaSO4:Dy and the combination of lithium-fluoride detectors MTS–6, MTS–7, and MTS–N were used to quantify the photon and neutron components of the radiation field. The detectors were placed in four positions near the generator spark gap. The results confirm the presence of thermal neutrons and photon radiation in two positions at the lightning impulse voltage generator.

Space weather climate impacts on railway infrastructure

Space weather is a phenomenon in which radioactivity and atomic particles is caused by emission from the Sun and stars. It is one of the extreme climate events that could potentially has short-term and long-term impacts on infrastructure. The effects of this phenomenon are a multi-fold process that include electronic system, equipment and component failures, short-term and long-term hazards and consequences to astronauts and aircraft crews, electrostatic charge variation of satellites, disruptions in telecommunications systems, navigational systems, power transmission failures and disturbances to the rail traffic and power grids. The critical infrastructures are becoming interdependent to each other and these infrastructures are vulnerable if one of them is affected due to space weather. Railway infrastructure could be affected by the extreme space weather events and long-term evolution due to direct and indirect effects on system components, such as track circuits, electronic components in-built in signalling systems or indirectly via interdependencies on power, communications, etc. While several space weather-related studies focus on power grids, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and aviation sectors, a little attention has focused towards probability of railway infrastructure disruptions. Nevertheless, disruptions due to space weather on signalling and train control systems has documented but other systems that railway infrastructure dependent upon are not very well studied. Due to the advancements in digitalization, cloud storage, Internet of Things (IoT), etc., that are embedded with electronic equipment are also possible to prone to these effects and it is even become more susceptible to the extreme space weather events. This paper gives a review of space weather effects on railways and other transportation systems and provide some of the mitigation measures to the infrastructure and societal point of view.

객실 승무원의 마음챙김이 직무소진에 미치는 영향 : 재직기간의 조절효과

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect of mindfulness on aircraft crew’s level of job exhaustion. Employee tenure was used as a moderating variable to measure the effect of mindfulness on job exhaustion. A survey was conducted with Korean Air airlines cabin crews, and 266 respondents were included in the final analysis after eliminating invalid questionnaires. The results of the study show that the three mindfulness factors of anxiety, worry, and deviation from reality negatively impact job burnout. The moderating effects of employee tenure were only found to be significant for concentration loss and emotional exhaustion. These results support the importance of strengthening mindfulness to help reduce job exhaustion of cabin crews.

Radiological protection requirements with regard to cosmic ray exposure during air travel

Cosmic radiation in aviation has been a subject of real concern for decades, and measurements have been performed by many governments, airlines companies, and scientists for several years. In addition, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) reports on cosmic radiation in aviation provided updated guidance on how to view and to protect the exposure of aircraft crew and astronauts to cosmic rays and highlighted some tools that can be used to assess the dose received during air travel. Still, human activities in the space or at high altitude grow continuously, and exposure to cosmic radiation then remains a concern of international community. Evaluation of effective dose received during air travel for some selected routes confirmed that transpolar routes are the most exposed to cosmic radiations and the dose received by frequent flyers can easily reach 10 mSv (per 700 h flying time per year). By analyzing the obtained data, it was clearly evidenced that the most effective options to reduce exposure from cosmic radiation include a management system of flights where no fixed route is set for aircraft crew, a solution that had not been published before, and the adjustment of flight rosters by controlling the dose of aircraft crew in comparison with the reference level. It was also clear as the outcome of the present study that the duration of the flight, the corresponding dose from cosmic rays, and an excess risk of radiation-related cancers are independent functions as it has been demonstrated from the available epidemiological data. It is therefore recommended to disseminate information about cosmic radiation in order to favor informed decision making by all concerned stakeholders including aircraft crew, frequent (for personal reason or professional duties), and occasional flyers.

Математическое моделирование доз в теле пациента при облучении простаты ионами углерода

Purpose: The radiotherapy methods using heavy charged particles become popular nowadays due to its high efficiency in treatment of oncological patients. On the other side, the practical application of such particles is deeply connected to the influence of secondary radiation, which is a result of nuclear collisions, that can affect the patients’ tissues and organs outside the treatment field. Doses in the out-of-field volumes should be considered from the standpoint of radiological protection. In this study we perform mathematical simulations of the absorbed dose in various organs under the prostate irradiation with carbon ion beam and compared these dose values with existing reference values from CT procedures, and known radiological protection recommendations against current practice of clinical use of carbon ions. Material and methods: The simulation tool is general application Monte-Carlo code FLUKA widely used for ionizing radiation transport modeling and simulations in radiological protection field. The patient model is one of the most detailed voxelized anthropomorphic phantom Vishum. During the simulation the absorbed dose of segmented organs has been assessed under the spread-out Bragg peak of carbon ions uniformly covering the prostate with the physical dose. The resulted dose in organs is normalized to the prostate dose. This is the qualitative assessment of radiation treatment procedure which allowed us to analyze the out-of-field doses in distant organs from the viewpoint of radiological protection in ion beam therapy, following existing ICRP Publication 127 guidelines. Results: The results show that the levels of dose due to prostate irradiation in the regimes widely used in the world practice are two level of magnitude lower than dose levels under the full body CT examination, and are comparable to the aircraft crew doses. Conclusion: Thus, the obtained results might be interested from the risks assessment point of view, including the secondary radiation-induced cancers or other observable or expected treatment effects.

КОГНІТИВНИЙ КОМПОНЕНТ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ (ІНШОМОВНОЇ) КОМУНІКАТИВНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ ДИСПЕТЧЕРІВ УПРАВЛІННЯ ПОВІТРЯНИМ РУХОМ

The article is devoted to the flight safety on the international airlines. ICAO Assembly has signed Resolution А 32-16, relating to the role of language factor in aviation incidents and accidents. The professional (foreign language) communicative competence of air traffic controllers is defined, especially its development. This kind of professional competence is the union of professional and special foreign language communicative knowledge, skills and habits and the ability of their usage in the process of professional interaction during radiotelephony with aircraft crews on the international airlines in the conditions of any types of professional interaction and activity.In this work the cognitive system, cognition term itself and the cognitive component of the professional (foreign language) communicative competence of air traffic controllers are described.Cognitive system is a component of human consciousness and its general human cognition; it is a multilevel system, providing the realization of all central neural system cognitive functions. The main characteristics of cognitive system are: expressiveness, effectiveness, algorithmic, comprehensibility and adaptation.Cognition is a term, defining the ability to mental perception and processing of external information In psychology this term is relating to mental personality processes, especially learning of so called ‘mental states’ (convictions, wishes and intentions) in terms of information processing. This term is especially often used in the context of “context knowledge” learning and in the spheres, which include knowledge, skills or learning.The cognitive component elements and parts, taking into account self-regulation, were described, relating aviation sphere and professional (foreign language) communicative competence of air traffic controllers.The cognitive component is a presence of the necessary minimum of foreign language knowledge, cognizance of the rational ways of communicative work with the operational information and information systems. Moreover, knowledge is understood as a general human experience, the reflection of reality in human consciousness. The radiotelephony culture cognitive component indicators are: the presence of required minimum of technological knowledge, creative activity means cognizance; the learners’ educational activity.Moreover, it was paid attention to the fact that the peculiarities of cognitive component functioning are dependent on the demands of ICAO Docs №9432 and №9835.

Novel Approach for Detecting the Neurological or Behavioral Impact of Physiological Episodes (PEs) in Military Aircraft Crews.

Military and civil aviation have documented physiological episodes among aircrews. Therefore, continued efforts are being made to improve the internal environment. Studies have shown that exposures to many organic compounds present in emissions are known to cause a variety of physiological symptoms. We hypothesize that these compounds may reversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase, which may disrupt synaptic signaling. As a result, neural proteins leak through the damaged blood-brain barrier into the blood and in some, elicit an autoimmune response. Neural-specific autoantibodies of immunoglobulin-G (IgG) class were estimated by the Western blotting technique in the sera of 26 aircrew members and compared with the sera of 19 normal healthy nonaircrew members, used as controls. We found significantly elevated levels of circulating IgG-class autoantibodies to neurofilament triplet proteins, tubulin, microtubule-associated tau proteins (Tau), microtubule-associated protein-2, myelin basic protein, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, but not S100 calcium-binding protein B compared to healthy controls. Repetitive physiological episodes may initiate cellular injury, leading to neuronal degeneration in selected individuals. Diagnosis and intervention should occur at early postinjury periods. Use of blood-based biomarkers to assess subclinical brain injury would help in both diagnosis and treatment.

Мотиваційно-ціннісний компонент розвитку професійної комунікативної компетентності диспетчерів управління повітряним рухом

The article is devoted to the flight safety on the international airlines. ICAO Assembly has signed Resolution А 32-16, relating to the role of language factor in aviation incidents and accidents. The professional (foreign language) communicative competence of air traffic controllers is defined, especially its development. This kind of professional competence is the union of professional and special foreign language communicative knowledge, skills and habits and the ability of their usage in the process of professional interaction during radiotelephony with aircraft crews on the international airlines in the conditions of any types of professional interaction and activity. It’s motivation-and value component defines it’s development during professional activity and work, in other way the result will be the number of incidents and accidents with the proper reason lack of mentioned above competence. The scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, description and comparison have been used in order to describe the motivation-and value component relating to the competence of air traffic controllers mentioned above. In this work the motivation-and value component, its plot and the components of the learning process itself are described. The motivation component and its elements, the value component and its elements, the motivation and value buildings were covered by this article. As a result it is proved that the motives and valuable orientations are the important psychological characteristics of personality. The valuable orientations, as the complex units, includes the different forms and ways of professional, social and individual interaction in personality. These orientations are being formed under the influence of external professional environment through the mastering of any forms and ways of activity. ATCO professional position forming takes place along with these processes. The results of this research were implemented in the training process, which takes place on the base of Training and Certification Center of Ukrainian Air Traffic Services Enterprise (UkSATSE). Moreover it was paid attention to the fact that the peculiarities of motivation-and value component functioning are dependent on the demands of ICAO Docs №9432 and №9835.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the forecasting system for special cases in flight based on the analysis of diagnostic data of the aircraft technological equipment

The paper proposes an approach to assessing the effectiveness of the forecasting system for special cases in flight based on the analysis of diagnostic data of the aircraft technological equipment. Prediction of special cases in flight is the main task of parametric diagnostics of aircraft technological equipment. To solve this problem, on-board automated monitoring, diagnostics and control of onboard equipment, unloading and information support of the crew make it possible to measure a large number of parameters of the aircraft technological equipment and obtain arrays of such information in digital form. It is proposed to process the received information using the method of predicting special cases in flight based on the identification of abnormal sequences in the diagnostic data of the aircraft technological equipment. To identify anomalous sequences, it is proposed to use a hybrid stochastic model based on the combination of Markov and production models that use temporal rules to refine the transition probabilities between process states. Due to the inclusion of refining production rules in the model, the probability of describing random processes that are not Markovian increases, and it also becomes possible to integrate a priori expert knowledge into the model, which is very important for predicting special cases in flight. It is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the forecasting system by two criteria: the efficiency and reliability of the decisions made by the aircraft crew. In the robot, a simulation was carried out on the simulator of a winding ship A-320 for evaluating the situation as well as taking decisions from the negative inheritance of particular types of problems in the country.

Satellite-based location determination of small aircraft in case of accidents and disasters

From the moment the air/aero/aerial objects appeared the necessity of monitoring for them arose and were solved using different tools, such as radio communications, radio direction finding, radar and others. With the advent of global satellite navigation, the massive introduction of navigation equipment began in almost all areas of human activity and especially in mobile (moving) objects (cars, aircraft, ships, etc.). This allowed aircraft crews to accurately determine their coordinates in real time under any weather conditions. However, the organization of uninterrupted data transmission to ground control centers remained problematic. In this regard, aircraft monitoring systems were primarily installed on military and civil aircraft, while the other categories and types of aircraft were equipped only with communication systems. Thus, currently, there is the lack of navigation devices allowing flight monitoring and communication in small aviation. As a result, in case of emergency landing of small aircraft, it takes a lot of time and effort to find its location, therefore providing emergency assistance to passengers and crew is not possible. This problem can be solved by the system for determining the location of small aircraft using technologies of global navigation satellite systems and mobile satellite communications. This system includes devices for registering the location of the observed object, transmitting data via mobile cellular and satellite communications, processing, storage and displaying of data. The proposed system, by continuously recording and transmitting aircraft location data to the ground control center, helps minimize time and narrow the search area of the aircraft that made an emergency landing.

Energy expenditure of flight crew of military transport aviation depending on function during typical training activities

AbstractIntroductionThe knowledge of energy expenditure during typical activities is the basic information to estimate nutritional requirements. This is especially important with irregular lifestyle, such as service in transport aviation. Aircraft personnel fly in every part of a day. Flights often take place with changes in climate and time zones. Time of flights fluctuated from a several dozen to a dozen hours.AimThe aim of the work was to assess and compare the energy expenditure of military aircraft crews – “CASA C-295”, “ C-130 Hercules” and helicopter “W-3 Sokol” during typical air training activities.Material & MethodThe study was conducted in a group of 31 members of flight crews. The energy expenditure was based on the examination of heart rate frequency with the Polar RS800 heart rate monitor.ResultsThe study was conducted among crew members of various types of transports aircrafts. The average value of energy expenditure of the CASA pilots (n = 14) was 3,071 ± 0,84 kcal/min (training flight during the day, n = 10) and 5,64 ± 2,45 kcal/min (training flight during the night and in noctovision goggles, n = 4). In a group of flight technicians (n = 7) in aircraft Herules C-130 the average energy expenditure was 3,55 ± 1,83 kcal/min (passeneger reception and service). In a group of loadmasters (n = 6), in aircraft CASA and Hercules C-130 the average energy expenditure was 6,63 ± 1,55 kcal/min (baggage service, dropping paratroopers). The average energy expenditure in a group of paramedics (n = 4), which are members of helicopter W-3 Sokol crew was 8,51 ± 4,29 kcal/min (going down the rope, lifting wounded person from watercrafts).ConclusionThe presented data show the variation in energy expenditure between groups, as well as within groups. The energy expenditure was varied depending on the function on board and on the conditions in which the tasks were performer. Obtained values of energy expenditures during flights allow to classify the work performed in the categories of work from light to heavy (according to the Christensen's classification). Nutrition in the study group should be adapted to the nature of the work performed.