Air Temperature Research Articles

Effects of winter climate parameters on the thermal performance of dynamic rotating latent-energy-storage envelope (DRLESE)

The accurate application of the Dynamic Rotating Latent-Energy-Storage Envelope (DRLESE) system necessitates careful consideration of outdoor climate conditions, which significantly impacted latent heat operation of Phase-Change Materials. The effects of climate parameters were explored by considering five convective heat transfer coefficients ranging from 10 W/(m·K) to 30 W/(m·K), six daily solar radiation intensities ranging from 15.0 MJ/Day to 30.0 MJ/Day, six air average temperatures ranging from −10.0°C to 15°C, and six fluctuation ranges of air temperature ranging from 5°C to 20°C. The thermal performance of the DRLESE system was evaluated by employing the liquid fraction of Phase-Change Materials (PCM), the thermal quantity of DRLESE, and the inner surface heat flow. The numerical results demonstrated that climate parameters have a profound effect on the thermal performance of the DRLESE system. Enhancing convective heat transfer coefficient or lowering outdoor air temperature can significantly attenuate thermal performance by promoting convective thermal dissipation, while increasing daily solar radiation intensity can provide ample solar radiation for absorption by the DRLESE system. With convective heat transfer coefficient increased from 10 W/(m2·K) to 20 W/(m2·K), the daily solar radiation intensity increased from 15MJ/Day to 30MJ/Day, outdoor air temperature increased from −10°C to 15°C, the fluctuation range increased from 5°C to 20°C, indoor effective thermal release was increased −55.38 %, 204.66 %, 241.00 % and 8.11 %, respectively. In addition, employing the transparent covers and selecting the appropriate PCM were recommended to enhance thermal performance of the DRLESE system.

Regional variation in the role of humidity on city-level heat-related mortality.

The rising humid heat is regarded as a severe threat to human survivability, but the proper integration of humid heat into heat-health alerts is still being explored. Using state-of-the-art epidemiological and climatological datasets, we examined the association between multiple heat stress indicators (HSIs) and daily human mortality in 739 cities worldwide. Notable differences were observed in the long-term trends and timing of heat events detected by HSIs. Air temperature (Tair) predicts heat-related mortality well in cities with a robust negative Tair-relative humidity correlation (CT-RH). However, in cities with near-zero or weak positive CT-RH, HSIs considering humidity provide enhanced predictive power compared to Tair. Furthermore, the magnitude and timing of heat-related mortality measured by HSIs could differ largely from those associated with Tair in many cities. Our findings provide important insights into specific regions where humans are vulnerable to humid heat and can facilitate the further enhancement of heat-health alert systems.

Accounting for climate changes when constructing the Rossander graph

The temperature of the atmospheric air affects the design and indicators of energy efficiency of all elements of heat supply systems. An extremely important tool to develop heat sources that allows us to assess changes in consumer heat loads and model algorithms for heat source operation, taking into account the variability of outdoor air temperature in the geographical conditions of the design objects, is a graph of the duration of heat loads during the heating period (Rossander’s graph). It is impossible to construct the Rossander’s graph without data on the duration of the outdoor temperature standing during the heating period. In this paper, the problem of the lack of temperature data necessary for the construction of the Rossander’s graph in the current regulatory documents is revealed. The analysis of previous studies that produced temperature data with the duration of temperature standing is carried out, and the need for their refinement is substantiated. The arrays of hourly outdoor air temperatures were processed according to two weather models, as well as the array of average daily temperatures obtained as a result of measurements from the weather station for the geographical location of the main building of KNUCA. As a result of the comparative analysis, a model closer to reality was identified and, on its basis, actual data on the duration of outdoor temperatures standing for the city of Kyiv with a temperature step of 1℃ were developed. The obtained temperature data were compared with those that were developed in previous studies, as well as with the temperature data that are contained in the cancelled standard. The curve of the long-term run of the moving average outdoor air temperatures for the winter periods of 1973-2023 and its polynomial trend are constructed and compared with the curve that characterizes the run of the moving average five-year temperatures for the winter periods of 1861-1970 and its polynomial trend.

Double-ended vacuum tube collector based solar powered atmospheric water harvesting by using composite desiccant material ‘Jute/CaCl₂’

ABSTRACT Amidst increasing fresh water crisis, sorption based solar powered atmospheric water harvesting (SPAWH) offers a promising solution to this problem. The available sorption based systems use composite desiccants that are expensive and artificially processed, which restricts their scalability and practical implementation. Moreover, the required desorption temperature available from the system is also low. The proposed system develops and experimentally investigates a novel composite desiccant material synthesized using anhydrous CaCl₂ impregnated in Jute (intrinsic host material), which is cheap and naturally available. To desorb the composite desiccant, 4.86 m2 double-ended vacuum tube collector is used, which produces peak hot air temperature of 134.2°C. The developed system using 12 kg composite of Jute/CaCl₂ harvests 5850 ml/day of water at 0.086 $/L cost with 13.93% thermal and 8.66% exergy efficiency. The results of the water analysis verify that the harvested water is of good quality and is safe for use.

Differences of stomatal ozone uptake in leaves of mature trees and seedlings of Zelkova serrata

Ozone uptake through the stomata in tree leaves is an important process for improving air quality by urban trees. Stomatal conductance (gs) is a key determinant of stomatal ozone uptake. The parameterization of gs models for estimating stomatal ozone uptake of trees has mainly been carried out using gs data measured in seedling leaves although the leaf traits may differ between mature trees and seedlings. In the present study, we compared stomatal ozone uptake estimated by gs models parameterised with data from mature trees and seedlings of Zelkova serrata. We measured gs in leaves of mature trees and seedlings of Z. serrata using a leaf porometer for 3–4 growing seasons. The Jarvis-type gs model was parameterised with data from mature trees and seedlings, separately. The maximum gs, and the functions of the seedling gs estimation model regarding the response to air temperature, vapour pressure deficit and atmospheric ozone concentration were the factors inducing lower stomatal ozone uptake. In contrast, the function of the seedling gs estimation model regarding the response to irradiance resulted in a higher estimated stomatal ozone uptake. The estimated stomatal ozone uptake for one growing season (April–September) by the seedling gs estimation model was 27% lower than that by the mature tree gs estimation model. These results indicate that leaf gas exchange traits of Z. serrata were different between mature trees and seedlings, and that estimating ozone uptake in mature tree leaves using a model based on seedling gs measurements results in an underestimation.

Year-round performance evaluation of photovoltaic-thermal collector with nano-modified phase-change material for building application in an arid desert climate zone

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the energetic and thermoelectric characteristics of a solar photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collector equipped with a nano-modified phase-changing material (NPCM) for PV cooling. The operational effectiveness of the collector is evaluated using various parameters such as PV temperature, electrical and thermal powers, melting time, PCM liquid fraction, and PV cooling duration. These factors are meticulously examined under different operating conditions of solar irradiance, ambient air temperature, and the thickness of the NPCM layer. Hail, Saudi Arabia, a city known for its arid desert climate, is chosen as the geographic setting for the study. A numerical methodology based on finite volume discretization is used to solve the governing mathematical models. The year-round performance of the combined PVT and NPCM unit is systematically assessed in terms of monthly averages across the four seasons, considering varying NPCM layer thickness over different time frames. The results indicate that an NPCM with a nanoparticle volumetric concentration of 5% and an appropriately chosen NPCM layer thickness provides effective PV cooling, with cooling durations ranging from 54 to 305 min throughout the year. In terms of electrical performance, months with high solar irradiance yielded a greater power output, peaking at approximately 52.5 Watts, while the winter months exhibited the lowest output. The thermal performance followed a similar pattern, demonstrating the significant influence of solar irradiance on thermal efficiency, with peak outputs reaching up to 225 Watts during high solar intensity months.

Reservation of the heat supply system with biofuel heat energy sources

The implementation of the reservation of the heat supply system to a populated area was analyzed. It is noted that increasing the reliability of heat supply to consumers is a fundamental task, especially given the current military situation in Ukraine. The solution to this difficulty is considered when reserving heat supply by constructing a backup source of thermal energy using alternative types of fuel. A combined thermal scheme for connecting a hot water heat generator using biofuel to the existing city heat supply system is proposed to increase its reliability and survivability, which ensures the efficiency and reliability of operation of the heat supply system during the heating and summer periods. It is shown the possibility of operating a solid fuel heat generator with its power significantly less than the total heat load of the city's heating supply in several operating modes: during the heating period - for heating the return coolant at the inlet to the existing gas boiler house; in the summer period - for the needs of hot water supply in full; in the event of an emergency shutdown of a gas boiler house in winter - to maintain the viability of the heat supply system. The results of a calculation analysis of the operation of a 5,0 MW biofuel heat generator under different operating modes are presented. Heating the return coolant by 4...5 °C in winter, in addition to saving natural gas, prevents low-temperature corrosion of existing gas boilers. In the event of an emergency lack of natural gas supply, the combustion of wood chips ensures the production of thermal energy at the level of thermal losses of the heating network while maintaining the coolant temperature at least 3 °C at the calculated external air temperature. Thanks to the accumulation of thermal energy at night in the summer period in the volume of heating network pipes as a buffer tank, compensation for peak hot water consumption is provided with the available power of the solid fuel boiler house equal to the average load of the hot water supply system. When implementing a project to back up the heat supply system in Lutsk using a combined thermal scheme for connecting a solid fuel boiler house, an increase in the reliability and viability of the system and natural gas savings of 40,5% during a year of operation were achieved

Assessing the winter indoor environment with different comfort metrics in self-built houses of hot-humid areas: Does undercooling matter for the elderly?

Thermal comfort in housing is vital for well-being. Despite hot and humid regions experiencing shorter cold periods compared to heatwaves, vulnerable populations are susceptible to threats from cold snaps. However, existing research overlooks undercooling risks in hot regions during winter. This study examines self-built houses in densely populated, hot and humid areas, mainly occupied by elderly residents. We conducted an on-site measurement recording hourly indoor air temperature, humidity, and black globe temperature during wintertime. Two thermal comfort metrics (aPMV and adaptive regression model) and two resilience metrics (SET degree-hour, Hours of Safety) were used to quantify thermal conditions during cold periods under current and future climate conditions. The results show that undercooling hours in recent years exceed 90 % of wintertime using aPMV index and adaptive regression models. Under future climate scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways), undercooling hours only decrease by 10 %–25 % from 2020 to 2100 across all metrics. Extreme cold events in 2018 saw SET degree-hours double the thermal resilience threshold, while they pose health risks to the elderly for up to 21 days according to the HOS metrics. This study aims to identify the importance of addressing winter thermal comfort in hot and humid regions and to assess the risk posed by cold snaps to vulnerable populations. By quantifying these risks, the study contributes to better decision-making regarding hot-humid region housing thermal retrofit strategies for architects, engineers, and other stakeholders.

Microclimatic Zonation and Climatic Variability of Sikkim Himalaya

The Köppen classification of climate integrates precipitation and temperature information with natural vegetation patterns to create a precise representation of any particular region's climate. This integration depends on the empirical relationship of climate and vegetation, which indicates that distinct locations in the same class have similar vegetation attributes. Köppen climatic classification factors are explained and Sikkim's climate characteristics are regionalized based on it. The method for making representations of air temperatures and precipitation has been described, and an illustration of Sikkim's climatic zones with variability is generated as a result of these changes. The geographic pattern of climatic types and subtypes in Sikkim has been briefly addressed using an available high-resolution gridded dataset (ERA5-Land). This is described that the constraints of microclimatic zonation emanate from the empirical prerequisite of climate classifications, as well as the nature of data selection and the methodologies employed for climate variability analysis and classification. Based on the Köppen classification for the long term (1980–2021), the Sikkim Himalaya contains three primary climatic classes, particularly ETc (cold, tundra, and cool summer), Cfc (moderately warm, humid, and cool summer), and Cfb (moderately warm, humid, and warm summer). Climate variability on the basis of temperature and precipitation change with respect to 1980–2021 over the entire Sikkim Himalaya concludes that the climatic pattern of the Sikkim has been changed from cold-dry to warm-wet. The alteration in the corresponding climatic pattern is further supported by changes in LULC and NDVI. The results suggest that the precipitation change in the past two decades (1980–2000) is negative, while a significant positive change has been noticed in the recent two decades (2001–2021). Subsequently, the number of extremely wet days decreases in the entire ETc and Cfc climate zones. Regardless, the southern part of the Cfb climatic zone has experienced an increase in extremely wet days. This study's findings will significantly contribute to the development of future policies and initiatives by providing insights crucial for achieving sustainable development, environmental protection, and climate change adaptation.

Monitoring of stable isotope composition of precipitation reveals thunderstorm dynamics

ABSTRACT The summer of 2019 is particularly well known for the famous heatwaves that swept across the European continent, with its associated drought and record-breaking air temperatures. This was followed by powerful thunderstorms, characterised by hail and heavy rain that damaged the crops on a regional scale. Here, we investigated one of the largest storm cells, lasting more than 6 h, which struck southwestern Romania. High-temporal resolution sampling of storm precipitation was performed for stable isotope measurements, rainfall and air temperature, to follow the storm dynamics. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope measurements show an abrupt decreasing temporal trend followed by superimposed V-shaped patterns interpreted as reflecting moisture replenishment by successive rain bands. To model the stable isotope values of precipitation in relation to the general trend of decreasing air temperatures, we applied a numerical Rayleigh condensation model for a non-constant α isotopic fractionation factor between liquid water and water vapour. The storm is powered by four consecutive moisture fronts, each following a Rayleigh distribution. About 40 % of the water vapour condenses during the sampled storm due to adiabatic expansion and cooling, which lowers saturation. Condensation ceases when cooling and absolute humidity can no longer sustain the dew point, stopping the rain. The timing of the event, occurring late at night and early in the morning, its duration of over 6 h as well as its synoptic scale may indicate a mesoscale convective complex.

Spatio-Temporal Variability of Water Quality in the Middle Danube—The Influence of Air Temperature and Discharge

Large watercourses are characterised by significant spatial and temporal changes in water quality due to both natural and anthropogenic impacts. The paper analyses changes in the Danube’s spatial and seasonal water quality in its middle part at five monitoring stations for the period 2018–2022. Examined water quality parameters include oxygen saturation (Os), ammonium (N-NH4), pH, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate nitrogen (N-NO3), orthophosphates (P-PO4), suspended solids (SS), electrical conductivity (EC), and water temperature (WT). Furthermore, the analysis took into account the influence of two additional factors: air temperature (AT) and discharge (D). Throughout the entire period under study, all parameters were characterised by low concentration values, which met the environmental objective of good ecological status. The use of multivariate statistical methods allowed for the identification of EC, N-NH4, WT, Os, SS, and N-NO3 as determining the greatest spatio-seasonal variability of water quality in a selected section of the Danube. Regression models determined WT, EC and nitrogen nitrate changes as depending on AT, flow, and exposure time. Knowing models not only gives a better understanding of the dynamics of changes in water quality in the stretch of the Danube under study but potentially allows the prediction of these parameters based on easily measurable environmental variables.

Experimental and Statistical Determination of Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Coefficients for Eucalyptus nitens Sawn Wood Drying

This study aimed to develop a model using experimentally obtained convective heat and mass transfer coefficients to predict the effect of temperature, humidity, and drying rate on wood drying. Tangential wood samples of Eucalyptus nitens (H. Deane & Maiden) were used in the investigation. The experimental design consisted of two temperature levels (40 °C and 55 °C), two relative humidity levels (55% and 75%), and two air velocity settings (2 m·s−1 and 3 m·s−1). The experiments were conducted under a constant evaporation rate, spanning the maximum and critical moisture content in the wood. A statistical model using multivariate regression was created to predict the convective heat and mass transfer coefficients. The results indicated that the experimental data and empirical correlations exhibited an error margin of 37.77% and 37.86%, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the convective heat transfer coefficient and air velocity, temperature, and relative humidity, while the convective mass transfer coefficient showed a significant positive correlation only with air velocity and temperature. The model predicted the convective heat and mass transfer coefficients with high accuracy and statistical significance. Using the proposed method, we successfully obtained both convective coefficients, which enable accurate description of heat and mass flow during the convective drying of Eucalyptus nitens wood.

دراسة التأثير الحراري لعملية تجفيف الطماطم باستخدام نظام الطاقة الشمسي

This study developed a hybrid solar greenhouse dryer (lean-to) incorporated with a solar collector and photovoltaic (PV) system for smallholder processors of tomatoes and evaluated the thermal performance of forced convection mixed-mode solar dryer with two pretreatments of fresh tomatoes (halves and slices) with salt and sugar. Tomatoes dipped in a 40% sucrose solution for 72 hours before drying exhibited a greater initial drying rate than those treated with salt. The hourly average incident solar radiation without a reflector was 673.8 (±214.2) W/m2 outside and 754.6 (±284.5) W/m2 inside the lean-to solar dehydrator during operation. The incident solar radiation in the collector ranged from 390.3 to 1156.0 W/m2, indicating higher levels at the tilt angle. The hourly average air temperatures outside and inside the solar dehydrator and solar collector during the experiment, respectively, were 30.7 (±2.3), 52.7 (±10.1), and 30.7 (±2.3), 79.7 (±26.9)°C for the salt treatment and 31.0 (±2.0), 55.1 (±15.3), and 31.0 (±2.0), 84.8 (±28.0)°C for the sugar treatment. Thus, the solar dehydrator and the solar collector raised the dehydrating air temperatures over the outside for the salt and sugar treatment by an average of 22.0, 49.0, 24.1, and 53.8ºC, respectively. The average hourly air-relative humidity inside the solar dehydrator was 33.5%, while outside was 47.2%. The pretreated tomatoes had an initial moisture content of 93.1% (w.b). The solar dehydrator's thermal efficiency was 72.21%, and its drying efficiency was 56.48%. Consequently, solar energy contributed 84.28 and 71.18% of the generated heating power. The solar dehydrator lost 15.72 and 28.82% of its remaining solar energy due to exhausted air. The solar dehydrator had a daily average energy of 59.375 kWh, and the heating power was 47.473 kWh during the experimental period (29 h).

The Year of Polar Prediction site Model Intercomparison Project (YOPPsiteMIP) phase 1: project overview and Arctic winter forecast evaluation

Abstract. Although the quality of weather forecasts in the polar regions is improving, forecast skill there still lags behind lower latitudes. So far there have been relatively few efforts to evaluate processes in numerical weather prediction systems using in situ and remote sensing datasets from meteorological observatories in the terrestrial Arctic and Antarctic compared to the mid-latitudes. Progress has been limited both by the heterogeneous nature of observatory and forecast data and by limited availability of the parameters needed to perform process-oriented evaluation in multi-model forecast archives. The Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP) site Model Inter-comparison Project (YOPPsiteMIP) is addressing this gap by producing merged observatory data files (MODFs) and merged model data files (MMDFs), bringing together observations and forecast data at polar meteorological observatories in a format designed to facilitate process-oriented evaluation. An evaluation of forecast performance was performed at seven Arctic sites, focussing on the first YOPP Special Observing Period in the Northern Hemisphere (NH-SOP1) in February and March 2018. It demonstrated that although the characteristics of forecast skill vary between the different sites and systems, an underestimation in boundary layer temperature variability across models, which goes hand in hand with an inability to capture cold extremes, is a common issue at several sites. It is found that many models tend to underestimate the sensitivity of the 2 m air temperature (T2m) and the surface skin temperature to variations in radiative forcing, and the reasons for this are discussed.

The Varied Role of Atmospheric Rivers in Arctic Snow Depth Variations

AbstractThe state and fate of snow on sea ice are crucial in the mass and energy balance of sea ice. The function of atmospheric rivers (ARs) on snow depth over sea ice has not been measured thus far, limiting the understanding of the mechanism of snow depth changes. Here, the effect of ARs on snow depth changes was explored. We found that increased AR frequency is responsible for winter‐autumn snow accumulation and spring‐summer snow melting. The 2 m air temperature (T2m), rainfall, snowfall, mean net longwave radiation (NLR), mean net shortwave radiation (NSR) and cloud radiative effect (CRE) during ARs explain the changes in snow depth triggered by AR occurrence. This work helps us understand how ARs affect snow depth changes through related physical processes, promotes an understanding of climate systems and provides a theoretical basis for snow treatment in sea ice models.

THE ROLE OF AIR TEMPERATURE AND DEW POINT DURING FOG RECURRENCES ON THE ABSHERON PENINSULA (AZERBAIJAN)

The article focuses on the characteristics of air temperature and dew point changes observed during repeated fog events in the Absheron Peninsula in 2000...2022. For this purpose, continuous observation data of Heydar Aliyev International Airport was used. Here is an analysis of all types of fog by month of occurrence. The limits of total fog, Meteorological Optical Range ≤ 500 m. and 501...1000 m. are considered in the analysis. Repeating such criteria, attention was paid to the recorded air temperature and dew point indicators for I...III, IV...VI and X...XII months of the year. The analyzes show that the fogs observed in the peninsula are mostly recorded at a temperature of 6...8 0C. The most commonly observed dew point temperature ranges of 0,0...0,3 0C and 1,0...1,2 0C at all ranges of MOR in fog repeats. The results of the research are of particular importance for the planning of the work of all transport areas and the forecast of fogs.

Experimental and numerical studies on moisture adsorption/desorption characteristics across the circular fin tube desiccant coated heat exchanger

To improve the energy transfer abilities, enhance the quality of air, and curtail the growth of microorganisms, the desiccant coated heat exchangers are a capable substitute compared to conventional heat exchangers due to their capability of decoupling the sensible and latent loads and utilizing low-grade thermal energy. The concept of desiccant coated heat exchangers (DCHE) can be employed in various heat exchange/transport systems like heat pumps, atmospheric water harvesters, adsorption chillers, and air conditioners. Thus, in this research work, a circular fin tube desiccant coated heat exchanger (DCCHE) has been proposed and designed and a dynamic numerical model is established for simulating the combined heat and mass transport occurring across the adsorption/desorption process of a DCCHE employing finite element approach. The moisture and temperature distribution and flow of fluid are considered in the transient numerical model covering several domains such as water flow, air flow, and the coated desiccant. The desiccant material utilized in the current analysis is silica gel. The validation study showed good agreement, and the maximum error between the experimental result and simulated model for the humidity ratio of air and temperature of outlet air were observed to be ± 8 % and ± 7 %, respectively. A parametric analysis is carried out to assess the effect of varying the different input parameters on DCCHE’s performance. The field emission scanning electron microscopy results concluded that a uniform coating is formed on the circular fin surface. The experimental examination on the sorption kinetics of the silica gel showed that the moisture uptake capability was 0.34 g/g. Moreover, the proposed circular fin tube desiccant coated heat exchanger has been compared with the conventional plate type fin tube DCHE to assess its performance in terms of thermal coefficient of performance and specific dehumidification energy.

Field experiment and simulation of hot air curtain for cold protection in subway aisle in severe cold regions

Harbin Subway is the northernmost subway line in China. In winter, outdoor temperature can reach −37.7 °C. Cold protection has emerged as a critical priority for subway operations in the region. In this paper, taking the aisle of a typical island station in Harbin as the research object, long-term and short-term field experiment on the thermal environment of the aisle were carried out. The field test data of the station and the full-scale model were used to conduct numerical simulations on the effect of supply air temperature, speed, and angle on the aisle environment. The modified PET temperature scale and average power consumption during the operation of the hot air curtain were used to evaluated the cold protection solutions of the air curtain. The results revealed that the average temperature of the cross-sections in the aisle without cold protection measures dropped by 5.4 °C–6.3 °C from its initial level after the train left the station. Without increasing average power consumption, changing the supply air angle of hot air curtain can improve the thermal environment in the aisle. Considering the three aspects of cold protection effect, passenger thermal comfort and power consumption, this paper recommends that the cold protection solution for aisles with a length less than or equal to 76.7 m, L-shaped and similar layouts is 35 °C for the supply air temperature, 9 m/s for the wind speed, and the range of the difference between the supply air angle and the aisle inclination angle is 6° <θ-α < 11°.

Effects of lead on avian thermoregulation in the heat: An experimental test with pied crows (Corvus albus)

Many of the negative physiological effects of lead involve the hypothalamus, but the possibility that thermoregulation is affected has received little attention. We tested the hypothesis that lead exposure reduces avian thermoregulatory performance under hot conditions in pied crows (Corvus albus) experimentally exposed to lead in their diet. Crows in our high lead treatment (blood [Pb] = 87.3 ± 44.7 μg dL−1) showed significantly higher air temperature (Tair) inflections for evaporative water loss (EWL) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) compared to control (6.4 ± 1.8 μg dL−1) or intermediate (53.9 ± 23.7 μg dL−1) lead groups, which did not differ. EWL, RMR and body temperature (Tb) all increased more rapidly at Tair >Tb in the high lead treatment. In contrast, neither maximum Tair tolerated by the crows nor maximum Tb varied with treatment. Our data reveal that water and energy balance during hot weather is affected by lead exposure.

Assessing the variability and forecastability of time-trends for air temperatures in Greece: a Bayesian approach

Assessing the variability and forecastability of time-trends for air temperatures in Greece: a Bayesian approach