Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Research Articles

Brake Particulate Matter Emissions Measurements for Six Light-Duty Vehicles Using Inertia Dynamometer Testing

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Emissions of particulate matter, or PM, due to brake wear, are not well quantified in current air pollutant emission inventories. Current emission factor models need to be updated to reflect new technologies and materials and to incorporate the effects of changing driving habits and speeds. While emission regulations drive technical innovations that are significantly reducing PM emissions in vehicle exhaust, non-exhaust automotive emissions remain unregulated. Current emission factor models need to be updated to reflect the changes caused by new technologies, materials, and speed-dependent vehicle usage. Most research regarding brake emissions relies on a laboratory setting. Laboratory testing has allowed researchers, application engineers, data modeling engineers, and environmental agencies to generate large datasets for multiple vehicle configurations and friction couple designs. However, these results can be inconclusive or confusing to compare at best, due to the lack of a standardized method. This paper reports on a six-vehicle campaign conducted under standardized, repeatable, and reproducible conditions. By relying on state-of-the-art speed control systems, the inertia dynamometer can recreate specific driving profiles derived from field measurements. The study involved testing brake corners from six vehicles. The test plan included original equipment service parts, or OES, and aftermarket friction couples, or AM, on an enclosed brake inertia dynamometer. The individual friction couples include the friction material along with the commonly used mating disc or drum per the market survey performed early during the project. This approach reflects the OE brake configuration and subsequent brake replacement jobs. The test cycle used represents vehicle usage in California. The project relied upon approved testing protocols, test system validation, adjustment of cooling airspeeds, and interlaboratory evaluation for filter weighing methods. The results from more than 80 tests show the effects of axle position, friction couple formulation, as well as vehicle size, type, and speed. These results show substantial variation in brake PM emissions by vehicle application and friction couple type.</div></div>

Evaluation of Pollutants Along the National Road N2 in Togo using the AERMOD Dispersion Model.

Background.Air pollution has become a major problem around the world and is increasingly an issue in Togo due to increased vehicular traffic. Gaseous pollutants are released by engines and are very harmful to human health and the environment. The fuels used on the major road in Togo, the N2, are adulterated with unknown contents and are of poor quality. Many of the vehicles come from neighboring countries, such as Benin, Ghana and Nigeria.Objectives.The present study aims to evaluate the pollution rate in Togo through the estimation of the concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particular matter (PM) on the international road, the National Road N2, in Lomé, compared to the World Health Organization's (WHO) standard limit.Methods.The simulations of pollutant concentration were performed using the Industrial Source Complex Short Term Version 3 model, which is included in the United States Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (USEPA) AERMOD View software. The meteorological averages data were obtained from the local station near the National Road N2 in Togo in 2018. Hourly averages were calculated according to the European Monitoring Evaluation Programme/European Environmental Agency air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016 and were processed using AERMET View and a terrain pre-processor, AERMAP. For the model, the sources of pollution were the vehicles traveling on the road segment. The source was a line volume with 20 m of width and 2 m of height. The estimation methodology covered exhaust emissions of NOx, SO2 and PM contained in the fuel.Results.The simulations provided average hourly, daily and annual concentrations of the different pollutants: 71.91 μg/m3, 42.41 μg/m3,11.23 μg/m3 for SO2; 16.78 μg/m3, 9.89 μg/m3, 2.46 μg/m3 for NOx and below the detection limit, 0.62 μg/m3, 0.15 μg/m3 for PM, respectively. These results indicate that on the National Road N2 in Togo, the concentrations of SO2 were high compared to those of NOx and PM. The daily average concentration of SO2 was twice the permissible limits set by the WHO.Conclusions.Emissions obtained from the AERMOD for NOx and PM were less than the permissible limits set by the WHO, while the rate of SO2 was twice the permissible limit. The fuels used on this road were very rich in sulfur. The sulfur level in fuels must be monitored by stakeholders in Togo.Competing Interests.The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Distribution of PAHs in coal ashes from the thermal power plant and fluidized bed combustion system; estimation of environmental risk of ash disposal

The comparison of fly ash generated from lignite combustion in a thermal power plant Kolubara A (Veliki Crljeni) and bottom and fly ash from coal waste combustion in a semi-industrial fluidized bed boiler (Vinča) was performed as the function of particle size. The average total concentrations of the 16 EPA priority PAHs in ash fractions are 0.49 mg kg−1 of ash (thermal power plant) and 17.48 mg kg−1 of ash (fluidized bed boiler). The sum of 3- and 4-ring PAHs accounts for more than 93% of overall PAHs concentration, and the most abundant among them is fluoranthene.The portions of PAHs groups defined based on their physico-chemical properties, as obtained from quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models included in the Vega platform, were determined. These portions, emission factors, and benzo[a]pyrene equivalence concentrations were further on used to estimate the potential environmental impact of ash disposal. The PAHs emission factors are higher compared to values in the air pollutant emission inventory guidebook of the cooperative program for monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe (EMEP/EEA). The overall emission factors of 16 PAHs for combustion of lignite and coal waste are determined to be 0.15 and 249.97 mg kg−1 of fuel, respectively. Based on the ratios of benzo[a]pyrene equivalence concentrations of each ash and correspondent fuel, the disposal of fly ash from the cyclone of fluidized bed boiler represents the highest risk to the environment among tested ashes.

Vessels' Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory and Emission Characteristics in the Xiamen Emission Control Area

Based on the automatic identification system (AIS) data and large field survey datasets for Xiamen port, the activity-based approach was used to calculate the emissions from each sailing ship in the Xiamen Emission Control Area (XECA), and to obtain the 2018 air emissions inventory for the XECA. This study subsequently analyzed the emission characteristics and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of pollutants. The results showed that in 2018, the total amount of pollutants discharged from ships in the XECA was 16413 t, of which 82.2% were from ships entering and leaving the port and 17.8% were from ships outside of the port. NOx emissions were the highest among all of the pollutants and accounted for 64.2% of the total. Comparing the results of the five modes, emissions at berth were the highest, which was followed by the cruise mode, reduced speed-zone mode and maneuvering mode, and finally, the hoteling mode. In addition, the analysis indicated that the main source of pollutant emissions in Xiamen Port was cargo ships, of which, container ships contributed the most. The peak period of pollutant emissions from ships was between 09:00 and 16:00. The emission value during February was the lowest over the year, whereas the highest emission values occurred mostly during March and May. In terms of the spatial distribution, this study revealed that the main channel and port coastline had the highest emission values.

On the Temporal Variability of Air Pollutants’ Emissions – Case Study of Residential PM10 Emission in Silesian Metropolis

Abstract The paper summarizes previous studies associated with carrying out of the air pollutant emission inventories. There are presented three approaches for obtaining monthly distribution of PM10 air emission: using expert’s judgement, modelling of the heating demand, and temporal disaggregation using the heating degree days (HDD). However some differences due to not considering hot water demand, it can be effectively used for obtaining temporal, and spatiotemporal distributions of air pollutants’ air emissions necessary for air quality modelling.

Quantitative assessment of energy conservation potential and environmental benefits of an iron and steel plant in China

Iron and steel sector is the largest industrial energy consumer and emission source of greenhouse gas and air pollutants in China. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct a quantitative assessment for energy conservation potential and environmental benefits of China’s iron and steel industry. Energy efficiency improvement, EAF promotion and charcoal substitution are efficient measures to achieve cleaner and sustainable development. In this paper, five scenarios are designed for comprehensively analyzing the multiple factors influencing the potential for energy conservation and emission reduction. Furthermore, emissions reduction benefits of air pollutants are combined with Conservation Supply Curves to accurately evaluate the cost of the technology. A comprehensive emission inventory of air pollutants is established. The results show that under the synergistic effects of charcoal substitution, EAF improvement and energy efficiency improvement, significant environmental benefits have been achieved. Energy intensity was reduced obviously from 16.59 GJ/t-steel in 2017 to 14.46 GJ/t-steel in 2030 in integrated scenario, while the emission intensity of GHG, SO2, NOx, PM2.5, PM10, CO and VOCs in 2030 is decreased by 21.53%, 14.59%, 17.07%, 0.16%, 0.22%, 16.5% and 20.67% compared with business-as-usual scenario. In addition, combining Conservation Supply Curves with emissions reduction benefits can significantly reduce the cost of the technology, which has a great significance to the popularization and application of technologies. Sensitivity analysis in terms of discount rate and energy price is conducted. This study could help policy makers to cast light on the status quo and prompt more effective policies for China’s iron and steel industry.

A high-resolution emission inventory of air pollutants from primary crop residue burning over Northern India based on VIIRS thermal anomalies

Emissions from the crop residue burning adversely affect the regional and global air quality including public health. In this study, a district-wise comprehensive emission inventory of key pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, N2O, NH3, CH4, NMVOC, EC, OC, PAH) emitted during primary crop residue burning was developed using activity data for the major agrarian states of north India for the agricultural year 2017–18. The emissions were scaled to the spatial resolution of 1 km grid to study the spatial distribution of crop residue burning activities using VIIRS Thermal anomalies datasets. An estimated 20.3 Mt and 9.6 Mt of crop residue were burned in Punjab and Haryana, resulting in an emission of 137.2 Gg and 56.9 Gg of PM2.5 and 163.7 Gg and 72.1 of PM10 Gg for respective states. The emissions of EC, OC, and PAHs were 8.6 Gg, 45.7 Gg, and 0.08 Gg in Punjab, whereas in Haryana emissions were 3.7 Gg, 17.7 Gg, and 0.03 Gg, respectively. The results show that rice and wheat crops were major contributor to residue burnt at the field (>90%) leading to the high load of atmospheric emissions in the IGP region. Further, CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas emissions were 34.8 Tg and 17.3 Tg for Punjab and Haryana, respectively. Around 30000 and 8500 active fires were detected by VIIRS over the agricultural area of Punjab and Haryana during the studied year. The GIS-based bottom-up approach using gridded emission inventory shows pollutant distribution dominates over the south-western part of Punjab and north-western region of Haryana. The proximity of these regions to Delhi and transboundary movement of emissions towards Indo-Gangetic plains causes high air pollution episodes. The high-resolution inventory of various pollutants will be useful for regional air quality models to better predict and manage the hotspot of air pollution.

A recent emission inventory of multiple air pollutant, PM2.5 chemical species and its spatial-temporal characteristics in central China

A high–resolution emission inventory of primary air pollutants of 18 cities in Henan region, as the representative of central plains of China, was developed based on the combination of bottom–up and top-down methods. It was found that the emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 mm or less (PM10), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 mm or less (PM2.5), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and ammonia (NH3) in 2016 were 780.4, 1682.9, 7152.8, 1440.3, 757.2, 1110.7, and 982.0 Gg, respectively. The emissions of the three major PM2.5 species, namely, Organic carbon (OC), Elemental carbon (EC), and sulfate (SO42−), were 161.2, 83.1, and 64.6 Gg, respectively. Stationary combustion was the largest contributor to SO2, NOx, CO, and PM2.5 emissions with 71.6%, 49.0%, 34.1%, and 24.7% contributions, respectively. Dust was the dominant source of PM10 emissions (42.4%), whereas industrial process was the largest contributor to VOCs emission (34.8%). Agricultural source contributed 87.7% of NH3 emission. The emissions were mainly distributed over the northwest and central part of Henan, and cities of Anyang, Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Pingdingshan, and Jiaozuo were the major contributors. Large NH3 emissions occurred during May to September, and high emissions of other pollutants were found from October to January. According to the Gini coefficients of per capital Gross Domestic Product (GDP) distribution among multiple air pollutants, the SO2 and NH3 emissions had high regional disparity, and the cities of Anyang and Zhengzhou had a high economic–environment inequity. Furthermore, this results were evaluated by comparing with other studies and the trend of spatiotemporal observed ambient concentration, which proves that the results are reliable. This work may benefit the government to further understand current local emission characteristics and formulation of targeted air pollution control measures.

Evaluation of anthropogenic air pollutant emission inventories for South America at national and city scale

The changing composition of the atmosphere, driven by anthropogenic emissions, is the cause of anthropogenic climate change as well as deteriorating air quality. Emission inventories are essential to understand the contribution of various human activities, model and predict the changing atmospheric composition, and design cost-effective mitigation measures. At present, national emission inventories in South America (SA) focus on Greenhouse Gases (GHG) as part of their obligation to the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCC) within the framework of their national communications. Emission inventories other than GHG in SA focus mainly on growing urban areas and megacities. Therefore, studies examining air quality at national, regional or continental scales in SA depend on (down-scaled) global emission inventories. This paper examines the emission estimates of air pollutants from various global inventories for five SA countries, namely Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Peru. A more detailed analysis is conducted for the EDGAR and ECLIPSE emission inventories, in particular comparing local city-scale inventories of a major city in each country. Although total emissions between down-scaled global inventories and local city inventories are often comparable, large discrepancies exist between the sectoral contributions. This is critical, as the mitigation of poor air quality will depend on addressing the right sources. Potential sources of discrepancies between global and local inventories include the spatial distribution proxies, difference in emission factors used and/or the use of generic statistical country data when estimating emissions. This highlights the importance of using local information when generating national emission inventories, especially for air quality modeling and development of effective mitigation measures. This study represents the first step towards an increased understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of emissions information in SA.

Port-Related Emissions, Environmental Impacts and Their Implication on Green Traffic Policy in Shanghai

The port of Shanghai, as the world’s largest container port, has been experiencing rapid development in recent years, with increasing cargo throughput capacity. The combustion of diesel fuels used by internal and external port-related container trucks and in-port machineries can release various pollutants, causing air pollution. The terminals are close to the residential area, and the emissions are concentrated, which is worth paying attention to. This study aims to synthetically assess the port-related emissions and their environmental impacts. We firstly constructed an emission inventory of air pollutants in the port of Shanghai and then used the WRF-CMAQ model to estimate the influence of port-related source emissions on air quality. The results show that the annual emissions of SO2, NOX, CO, VOCS, PM, PM10, PM2.5, CO2, BC and OC caused by cargo-handling equipment were 21.88 t, 1811.22 t, 1741.72 t, 222.76 t, 61.52 t, 61.42 t, 58.41 t, 141,805.40 t, 26.80 t and 10.07 t in 2015. The emissions of NOX, CO, VOCS, PM10 and PM2.5 caused by external port-related container trucks were 18,002.92 t, 5308.0 t, 1134.57 t, 711.12 t and 640.58 t. The exhaust of external port-related container trucks was much larger than that of cargo-handling equipment, so the impact on air quality was also higher than that of the machinery. The peak annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and NOX contributed by the port-related sources were 1.75 μg/m3 and 49.21 μg/m3, respectively, which accounted for 3.08% and 36.7%, respectively, of the simulated ambient concentrations by all the anthropogenic emissions in Shanghai. Our results imply that the emission control policy to reduce the combined port-related emissions, especially for the cargo-delivery transportation phase from port to city, is key for large coastal port cities such as Shanghai.

Evolution of SO2 and NOx Emissions from Several Large Combustion Plants in Europe during 2005-2015.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the evolution of SO2 and NOx emissions of ten very large combustion plants (LCPs >500 MW) located in the European Union (EU) during 2005–2015. The evolution of NOx and SO2 emissions were analyzed against the EU Directives in force during 2005–2015. The investigation was performed using space-borne observations and estimated emissions collected from the EEA (European Environment Agency) inventory of air pollutant emissions. The power plants were chosen according to their capacity and emissions, located in various parts of Europe, to give an overall picture of atmospheric pollution with NOx and SO2 associated with the activity of very large LCPs in Europe. Satellite observations from OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) are compared with calculated emissions in order to assess whether satellite observations can be used to monitor air quality, as a standard procedure, by governmental or nongovernmental institutions. Our results show that both space observations and estimated emissions of NOx and SO2 atmospheric content have a descending trend until 2010, complying with the EU Directives. The financial and economic crisis during 2007–2009 played an important role in reducing emissions.

Research on the Emission Inventory and Pollution Characteristics of Air Pollutants from Ships in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area

As the key areas of China’s air pollution control, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region are the busiest sailing area for ships. Therefore, the impact of air pollution caused by ships cannot be ignored. The bottom-up “dynamic method” was used in this study and the ships’ navigation process was divided into three processes: docking, entering and exiting port and cruising, and the emission of air pollutants from ships was calculated respectively, and the calculation method of air pollutants emission inventory for ships with high temporal and spatial resolution was established. Based on the ships’ basic information data from maritime database of China Classification Society and Lloyd’s Register, the Automatic Identification System data and the emission factor data for ships, the emission inventory for ships in 2014 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area was calculated. In addition, the study also analyzed emission share rate of air pollutants from ships and the uncertainty of emission inventory.

County-level emission inventory for rural residential combustion and emission reduction potential by technology optimization: A case study of Henan, China

Abstract In recent years, air pollution has been a serious problem in China, not only in the city but also in the countryside. Moreover, the statistics data of coal and solid biomass consumption for rural households are significantly underestimated, which has a negative impact on the air pollution control. In this study, Henan province, an agricultural province in China, is taken as a case to analyze the county-level emission characteristics and emission reduction potential of rural household combustion. Firstly, activity data at county-level are obtained through regression based on partial activity data from field survey in 2016, and a high-resolution emission inventory of multi-type air pollutants from rural residential combustion is established. Then, twelve abatement technologies are selected to replace coal and solid biomass used in heating and cooking. A new optimization model is established based on the rural household burden ratio to discuss the optimal emission reduction schemes at county-level under five substitution scenarios. The results show that the total emissions of SO2, NOx, PM2.5, PM10, CO, NH3 and VOCs from rural residential combustion in Henan province are estimated at about 108.6, 30.9, 72.7, 113.5, 1141.9, 19.6 and 110.0 kt, respectively. The inventory results of different counties vary greatly, with PM2.5 emissions ranging from 7.9 t to 1550.3 t. Counties with large emissions have more agricultural activities. Among the abatement technologies, air source heat pump (ASHP) and palisade structure (PS) are more suitable for promotion in rural areas. The PM2.5 emissions in the five substitution scenarios are 99.0%, 98.8%, 99.1%, 98.6% and 98.8% lower than BAU-scenario, and S1-scenario is more conducive to rural emission reduction with considering the costs. It is suggested that the government should pay more attention to the air pollution caused by rural household combustion and improve the existing energy statistics system, especially for solid biomass. Abatement technologies suitable for heating and cooking in rural areas should be actively promoted, such as air source heat pump.

Vehicle emissions inventory in high spatial–temporal resolution and emission reduction strategy in Harbin-Changchun Megalopolis

Harbin-Changchun Megalopolis (HCM), as one of the vehicle production centers in China, has rapidly increasing vehicles on road supported by people’s increasing purchasing power, having directly and indirectly led to air pollution. This study systematically analyzes tempo-spatial characteristics of vehicle emissions by combining International Vehicle Emissions (IVE) model with the Technical guidelines for road motor vehicle emission inventory of air pollutants (Guideline) in HCM. This research further analyzes emissions from various emissions sources and projected emissions based on scenarios. The results show that the CO and HC emissions from mini passenger cars (MiniPC) and ordinary motorcycles using gasoline account for 86.4 % and 82.3 % of total emissions. Diesel-fueled heavy-duty trucks (HDT) are the main sources of NOX and PM, accounting for 86.5 % and 89.7 % of the total emissions, respectively. Three emission reduction scenarios are developed to analyze the vehicle emissions in HCM in 2020. This study concluded that phasing out the old vehicles is an effective strategy to mitigate air pollutions in HCM, with reduction rates of pollutants CO, HC, NOX, PM2.5 and PM10 being 19.8 %, 19.6 %, 8.6 %, 18.3 % and 18.8 %, respectively.

Air Pollutant Emission Inventory from LTO Cycles of Aircraft in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Airport Group, China

Based on the International Civil Aviation Organization's standard emission model, this survey collected the actual flight conditions of the nine airports in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei airport group, fully considered the impact of the height of the atmospheric mixed layer, and revised the operating time using the US Environmental Protection Agency method to accurately estimate the 2018-2019 shipping season (364 days) landing and take-off cycle (LTO) air pollutant emissions list for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei airport group aircraft. The results show that the total emissions of NOx, CO, SO2, HC, and PM in the LTO cycle of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei airport group in the 2018-2019 season are 10720.5, 3972.2, 407.8, 508.0, and 53.7 t, respectively. Within these, the winter and spring season emissions are 4290.2, 1646.7, 168.3, 220.1, and 22.4 t, respectively; and the summer and autumn season emissions are 6430.3, 2325.5, 239.5, 287.9, and 31.3 t, respectively. From the perspective of spatial distribution, Beijing Capital Airport is the airport in the group with the largest amount of air pollutants discharged. Regarding time distribution, the highest peak is at 07:00-08:00, there is a medium-high emission level from 12:00-20:00, and the emissions are relatively low after 21:00. The aircraft emit more NOx and CO in the LTO cycle, with PM accounting for the least amount of emissions. The discharges of different pollutants under different working modes are significantly different. Of all the aircraft in the airport group, the B777 unit LTO discharges the most pollutants, that of the B737 is the least, and the B787 unit LTO circulation HC is the lowest.

HERMESv3, a stand-alone multi-scale atmospheric emission modelling framework – Part 2: The bottom–up module

Abstract. We describe the bottom–up module of the High-Elective Resolution Modelling Emission System version 3 (HERMESv3), a Python-based and multi-scale modelling tool intended for the processing and computation of atmospheric emissions for air quality modelling. HERMESv3 is composed of two separate modules: the global_regional module and the bottom_up module. In a companion paper (Part 1, Guevara et al., 2019a) we presented the global_regional module. The bottom_up module described in this contribution is an emission model that estimates anthropogenic emissions at high spatial- (e.g. road link level,) and temporal- (hourly) resolution using state-of-the-art calculation methods that combine local activity and emission factors along with meteorological data. The model computes bottom–up emissions from point sources, road transport, residential and commercial combustion, other mobile sources, and agricultural activities. The computed pollutants include the main criteria pollutants (i.e. NOx, CO, NMVOCs (non-methane volatile organic compounds), SOx, NH3, PM10 and PM2.5) and greenhouse gases (i.e. CO2 and CH4, only related to combustion processes). Specific emission estimation methodologies are provided for each source and are mostly based on (but not limited to) the calculation methodologies reported by the European EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook. Meteorologically dependent functions are also included to take into account the dynamical component of the emission processes. The model also provides several functionalities for automatically manipulating and performing spatial operations on georeferenced objects (shapefiles and raster files). The model is designed so that it can be applicable to any European country or region where the required input data are available. As in the case of the global_regional module, emissions can be estimated on several user-defined grids, mapped to multiple chemical mechanisms and adapted to the input requirements of different atmospheric chemistry models (CMAQ, WRF-Chem and MONARCH) as well as a street-level dispersion model (R-LINE). Specific emission outputs generated by the model are presented and discussed to illustrate its capabilities.

Forecasting of Primary Air Pollutions: Emission Inventory Sample from Turkey

This study presents an air pollutant emission inventory of primary pollutants for Kayseri, Turkey. Kayseri is one of the largest cities in Turkey which went through industrialization in recent decades together with rapid population growth. Air pollution from residential, industrial, and transportation sources have been a major problem for Kayseri during this period. In this study, emissions of four primary pollutants, namely, particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) were estimate. The sources of air pollutants in Kayseri were classified as point, area, and line sources. The emissions from point and area sources (i.e., industrial and residential areas) were estimated by using the information on types and amounts of fuels used. The emissions from line sources (i.e., transportation) were estimated by using the vehicle count data on major roads. The appropriate emission factors were obtained from the Unites State Environmental Protection Agency or European Environment Agency. The results showed that the annual emission rates for PM, SO2, NOX and CO were 2929 tons,5082 tons, 6791 tons and 37094 tons, respectively. Area sources are responsible for 86%, 94%, and 75% of total PM, SO2, and CO emissions, respectively. Point sources provide about 56% of total NOX emissions. In order to improve the air quality of our cities, it is envisaged that control measures should be taken especially for reducing the residential emissions caused by heating and the determination of national emission calculation factors in order to achieve more reliable results.

Modeling Studies of Source Contributions to PM2.5 in Chengdu, China

This study establishes eight emission scenarios in the air pollutant emissions inventory of Chengdu City, China. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting and Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) models and a "zero-out" approach to investigate contributions of air pollution transport and sources to aerosol fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution in Chengdu City during January, April, July, and October 2015. The results showed that PM2.5 pollution in Chengdu City was serious during these months and reached >130 μg·m-3 in January. Highest concentrations were measured in the city center. PM2.5 pollution in Chengdu and the surrounding cities was found to exhibit regional characteristics. Since the air mass was stable during the monitoring periods, the interregional transmission capability of air pollution was poor, and thus local sources were the main contributors (61% of the annual average concentration) to PM2.5 pollution in Chengdu City. The contributions of local sources in April and July were higher than of those in January and October. We found that the main sources of PM2.5 pollution in Chengdu City were automobile emission (29% of the total), dust (26%), and domestic pollution (24%), and should be further controlled in the future.

Emission Characteristics of Major Atmospheric Pollutants in Changchun City

Based on the technical guide for the preparation of air pollutant emission inventory, this paper makes a statistical analysis of the basic data of air pollution related to the Changchun, and according to the relevant literatures, establishes a list of the main air pollutant emissions from the Changchun 2016 air pollution emission sources (including fine particles, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides). Then the uncertainty analysis is made by Monte Carlo method, and the countermeasures of Changchun air pollution control are put forward. The results showed that the total emission of PM_2.5 in Changchun in 2016 was 70986.45t, and the emissions from the main sources are fixed combustion source, mobile source, process source, biomass burning source and dust source respectively. According to the analysis, we know that coal-based energy consumption structure not only contributes significantly to the emission of one fine particulate matter, but also emits a large number of two fine particulate precursor materials, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides. The total sulfur dioxide emission in Changchun in 2016 is 52183.55t, and the total NOx emission is 13.15 million tons. The uncertainty analysis of the Monte Carlo method shows that the uncertainty range of the emission inventory is small and the estimation results are quite credible.

Reply to Discussion of “City of Bitlis 2014 Air Pollution Emission Inventory”

A B S T R A C T Air pollution adversely affects the lives of all the living, in particular human health. In case its effect increases and it continues to harm the living, it will cause countless health issues and this will incur economical losses in our country. The use of poor-quality coal leads to an increase in air pollution. The coals of this quality used in the city of Bitlis have led to the increase of air pollution. In order to ensure air quality, the polluting amounts should be decreased and the national pollution limiting values should be such that they are applicable. Monitoring the current pollution state by preparing an emission inventory for developing future clean air plans and taking the necessary measures is important for laying out the extent of the air pollution problem. Under the Clean Air Action Plan for the City of Bitlis, the city was evaluated in respect of its general characteristics and considered with regard to the distribution characteristics and effects on human health of the pollutants. The amount of coal consumed in Bitlis in 2014 was obtained from Bitlis Directorate of Environment and Urbanization and this value is approximately 32802 tons. In 2014, due to coal firing in Bitlis, the amounts released to the atmosphere are calculated to be 1178 tons/year for SO2 emission, 105 tons/year for NO2, 124 tons/year for PM10 and 1316 tons/year for CO.