Abstract
The port of Shanghai, as the world’s largest container port, has been experiencing rapid development in recent years, with increasing cargo throughput capacity. The combustion of diesel fuels used by internal and external port-related container trucks and in-port machineries can release various pollutants, causing air pollution. The terminals are close to the residential area, and the emissions are concentrated, which is worth paying attention to. This study aims to synthetically assess the port-related emissions and their environmental impacts. We firstly constructed an emission inventory of air pollutants in the port of Shanghai and then used the WRF-CMAQ model to estimate the influence of port-related source emissions on air quality. The results show that the annual emissions of SO2, NOX, CO, VOCS, PM, PM10, PM2.5, CO2, BC and OC caused by cargo-handling equipment were 21.88 t, 1811.22 t, 1741.72 t, 222.76 t, 61.52 t, 61.42 t, 58.41 t, 141,805.40 t, 26.80 t and 10.07 t in 2015. The emissions of NOX, CO, VOCS, PM10 and PM2.5 caused by external port-related container trucks were 18,002.92 t, 5308.0 t, 1134.57 t, 711.12 t and 640.58 t. The exhaust of external port-related container trucks was much larger than that of cargo-handling equipment, so the impact on air quality was also higher than that of the machinery. The peak annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and NOX contributed by the port-related sources were 1.75 μg/m3 and 49.21 μg/m3, respectively, which accounted for 3.08% and 36.7%, respectively, of the simulated ambient concentrations by all the anthropogenic emissions in Shanghai. Our results imply that the emission control policy to reduce the combined port-related emissions, especially for the cargo-delivery transportation phase from port to city, is key for large coastal port cities such as Shanghai.
Highlights
The port of Shanghai is the world’s largest container port, located in the middle of the Chinese mainland coastline, at the Yangtze River estuary
A systematic port-related emission inventory was constructed for the port of Shanghai, which included the port itself and the freight delivery land trucks outside the port
For NOX, CO, VOCS and PM2.5, the external port-related trucks accounted for 90.9%, 75.3%, 83.6%, 92.0% and 91.6%
Summary
The port of Shanghai is the world’s largest container port, located in the middle of the Chinese mainland coastline, at the Yangtze River estuary. The port of Shanghai has a pivotal position in the world port industry [1,2] as an intersection for transportation along the east and west sides of the Yangtze River and along the coast [1]. Green port development focuses on the sustainable balance between environmental protection and economic interests. Green ports are guided by the green concept, in that new ports are constructed while promoting environmental health, ecological protection, the rational use of resources, low energy consumption and low pollution [9]. Since 2015, when the Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China was revised [12], the Chinese government has been paying increased attention to port environmental protection and the concept of green port development. Relevant research has been started on green ports both in China and abroad [1,13,14]
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