Airborne Conidia Research Articles

Horizontal and vertical distribution of airborne conidia of Botrytis cinerea in a gerbera crop grown under glass

The horizontal and vertical distribution of airborne conidia ofBotrytis cinerea in a gerbera crop in two glasshouses (100 m2 and 350 m2) was studied during 18 months in 1988 and 1989. Conidia ofB. cinerea were caught in simple spore traps consisting of agar in Petri dishes placed in a regular pattern at three different heights in the glasshouse and counted as colonies, after incubation. Lesions due to conidial infection were counted on gerbera petals. The horizontal and vertical distribution of conidia ofB. cinerea in a gerbera crop grown under glass was fairly uniform in both distinct glass-houses. Conidia ofB. cinerea trapped in a glasshouse can originate from sources inside and outside the glasshouse. No significant interaction was found between location and time for the colony counts and for the log transformed (ln(N+1)) lesion counts. The results of this study suggest that spore trapping at one height and at a limited number of locations and dates is sufficient for efficient monitoring ofB. cinerea in a glasshouse.

The alkaline protease of Aspergillus fumigatus is not a virulence determinant in two murine models of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

Little is known of the pathophysiology of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), an opportunistic fungal infection usually caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. It has been suggested that the ability of the fungus to degrade elastin may aid its invasion and growth in lung tissue. We have described previously the construction of a strain of A. fumigatus in which the gene encoding an alkaline protease, AFAlp, had been disrupted (C.M. Tang, J. Cohen, and D.W. Holden, Mol. Microbiol. 6:1663-1671, 1992); this mutant is deficient in extracellular proteolytic and elastinolytic activity over a broad pH range. In this study, we compared the pathogenicity of this and another AFAlp disruptant with their isogenic, elastase-producing parental strains in two murine models of IPA. In both models, animals were inoculated via the respiratory tract. In the first model, the inoculum was delivered as airborne conidia and animals developed signs of respiratory distress within 2 to 4 days. In the second model, conidia were administered intranasally as a suspension and the disease developed over a 2-week period. No difference was observed between the wild-type and AFAlp disruptants in terms of mortality, and elastin breakdown was detected in lung tissue from animals inoculated with all four strains. We conclude that AFAlp is not a virulence determinant in these models of IPA.

Pseudoepicoccum cocos . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudoepicoccum cocos . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Areca sp., Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis . DISEASE: Oval reddish brown, zonate, leaf spots, 18 × 6 mm (11, 780). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Cook Islands, Solomon Islands, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kiribati, Malaysia, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Niue, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sarawak, Seychelles, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, Western Samoa. TRANSMISSION: By airborne conidia.

Drechslera gigantea . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Drechslera gigantea . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Agropyron, Agrostis, Anthephora, Bambusa, Bromus, Cenchrus, Cocos, Commelina, Cynodon, Dendrocalamus, Echinochloa, Eleusine, Elymus, Eragrostis, Festuca, Glyceria, Hilaria, Lasiagrostis, Leersia, Melinis, Musa, Oryza, Panicum, Pennisetum, Phalaris, Poa, Saccharum, Sporobolus, Teramnus, Trichachne, Uniola, Zinnia . DISEASE: Zonate eye-spot of grasses, eye-spot of banana. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Panama, Peru, USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.

Mycovellosiella oryzae . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Mycovellosiella oryzae . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Oryza australiensis, O. glaberrima, O. longistaminata and O. saliva . DISEASE: White leaf streak of rice. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands and Tanzania. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air borne conidia.

Bipolaris micropus . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Bipolaris micropus . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Leptochloa and Paspalum . DISEASE: Leaf spot and leaf blight (51: 3036a). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil, India, Japan, USA. TRANSMISSION: By airborne conidia.

Seasonal fluctuations in concentration of airborne conidia of Cercospora zebrina and incidence of Cercospora disease in subterranean clover

Seasonal fluctuations in concentration of airborne conidia of Cercospora zebrina and incidence of Cercospora disease in subterranean clover

Phaeoisariopsis bonducellae . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Phaeoisariopsis bonducellae . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Caesalpinia bonducella (Bonduc nut). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India (Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal)). South America (Brazil). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air borne conidia. Survival mechanisms unknown.

Phaeoisariopsis melanochaeta . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Phaeoisariopsis melanochaeta . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species of Celastrus including C. paniculata, C senegalensis , and Maytenus heterophylla . DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (South Africa, Zimbabwe), Asia (India (Madhya Padesh)). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air borne conidia. Survival mechanisms unknown.

Phaeoisariopsis chonemorphae . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Phaeoisariopsis chonemorphae . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Chonemorpha macrophylla . DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India (Madhya Pradesh)). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air borne conidia. Survival mechanisms unknown.

Phaeoisariopsis simulata . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Phaeoisariopsis simulata . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species of Cassia including C. marylandica (American senna). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Tanzania), North America (U.S.A. (IL, KS, MA, AR)), Central America & West Indies (Puerto Rico), South America (Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air borne conidia. Survival mechanisms unknown.

Phaeoisariopsis robiniae . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Phaeoisariopsis robiniae . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Robinia pseudoacacia (Locust tree). DISEASE: Leaf spot, the effected leaves soon turning yellow and falling. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (U.S.A. (VA, IA, WI)). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air borne conidia. Survival mechanisms unknown.

Phaeoramularia angolensis . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Phaeoramularia angolensis . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species of Citrus including C. aurantium and C. sinensis . DISEASE: Leaf and fruit spot. In young leaves and fruit a generalized necrosis sometimes forms resulting in defoliation and fruit drop. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Angola, Cameroon, Gabon, Nigeria, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), Asia (Yemen). TRANSMISSION: Possibly from air borne conidia, survival mechanisms unknown.

Phaeoisariopsis glochidii . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Phaeoisariopsis glochidii . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species of Glochidion including G. coriaceum, G. ferdinandi, G. Ianceolarium, G. multiloculare, G. philippinense , G. velutinum . DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Hong Kong, India (Uttar Pradesh), Sri Lanka), Australasia & Oceania (Australia (Qd), Papua New Guinea). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air borne conidia. Survival mechanisms unknown.

Cochliobolus ravenelii . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Cochliobolus ravenelii . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Sporobolus sp. DISEASE: False smut associated with the anamorph. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Australia, Azores, Brazil, Burma, Costa Rica, Columbia, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds and air-borne conidia.

Setosphaeria pedicellata . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Setosphaeria pedicellata . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Echinocloa, Oryza, Triticum, Zea . It can also infect Paspalum dilatum, Setaria lutescens and Sorghum halepense (46: 2000). DISEASE: The anamorph is associated with dark brown lesions on wheat roots and root rot of maize (46: 2000; 48: 1671) but is only weakly parasitic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Egypt, India, Pakistan, USA, South Africa. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.

Setosphaeria monoceras . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Setosphaeria monoceras . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Echinochloa and Oryza . DISEASE: The anamorph is associated with punctiform, purplish-brown spots on leaves of Echinochloa corona . Drechsler (1923) and Nisikado (1928) reported it as causing dark brown to chocolate leaf spots or leaf blight respectively on E. crus-galli . GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, India, Cuba, Israel, Japan, Turkey, Russia, USA, Yugoslavia. (44: 3041, 52: 775; 60: 6682, 63: 3338). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.

Cochliobolus bicolor . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Cochliobolus bicolor . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Andropogon, Apluda, Brachiaria, Cymbopogon, Eleusine, Eragrostis, Melanocenchris, Oryza, Panicum , Paspalum, Pennisetum, Setaria, Sorghum, Triticum, Urochloa, Zea, Zizania . Also isolated from a wide variety of other host plants and soil. DISEASE: Foot rot of wheat, zonate leaf spot of Pennisetum and seedborne (34: 324, 55: 1788, 60: 4427, 62: 4281). The disease is associated with the anamorph. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Brazil, Canada, East and West Africa, Ethiopia, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, South Africa, Swaziland, Taiwan, Tanzania, USA, Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds and air-borne conidia.

Setosphaeria holmii . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Setosphaeria holmii . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cymbopogon, Dactyloctenium, Oryza, Triticum . Also isolated from Coffea, Gossypium, Musa, Solanum, Psidium , air, soil etc. DISEASE: The anamorph is associated with the leaf blight of Dacryloctenium aegyptium . GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Egypt, Kenya, India, Nigeria, USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.

Drechslera nobleae . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Drechslera nobleae . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium and certain interspecific hybrids of Lolium . DISEASE: Leaf spots, yellowing and die-back of rye grass. Also seed-borne. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Great Britain, New Zealand, USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.