AIDS Cases Research Articles

Health Belief Model: Health Preventive Behavior of Sexually Transmitted Infection in Female Sex Workers in Surakarta

Background : Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI), such as HIV/ AIDS, is a public health problem. The prevalence of HIV in Indonesia in 2014 was 32,711 cases, and the prevalence of AIDS was 5,494 cases. In 2015 the Municipality Health Office of Surakarta found 71 cases of STI, consisting of 18 cases of HIV, 47 cases of AIDS, and 6 cases of Siphilis. A female sex worker may have several sexual partners per day. As studies have shown, female sex workers have 12 times higher risk of HIV infection than loyal housewife. Condom use can reduce up to 85% risk of HIV transmission. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting STI preventive behavior among female sex workers in Surakarta, using Health Belief Model (HBM). Subjects and M ethod : This was an observational analytic study with cross-sectional design. This study was conducted in Banjarsari, Surakarta, Indonesia, from August to October 2016. A total of 130 female sex workers were selected at random. The independent variables were perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, cues to action, and self-efficacy. The dependent variable was STI preventive behavior. The data was collected by questionnaire and analyzed by logistic regression model. Results : Perceived susceptibility (OR=7.45; CI=95%; 1.61 to 49.89; p=0.012), severity (OR=4.02; CI=95%; 1.14 to 14.17; p=0.310), benefit (OR=5.63; 95% CI; 1.10 to 28.91; p=0.390), barrier (OR = 0.18; 95% CI; 0.02 to 0.70; p=0,018), cues to action (OR=7.32; CI=95%; 1,18 to 29.29; p=0.050), self-efficacy (OR=5.10; CI=95%; 1.10 to 23.58; p=0.370), had positive effects on STI preventive behavior. Conclusion : Perceived susceptibility, severity, benefit, barrier, cues to action, self-efficacy, had positive effects on STI preventive behavior. This study supports the applicability of the HBM constructs when they are used to explain factors affecting STI prevention behavior. Keywords : Health Belief Model, sexually transmitted infection, female sex worker Correspondence: Yenni Apriana Wulandari. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1 (2): 70-78 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.02.02

HIV Screening in the Emergency Department: Where Do We Stand?

Abstract Recent data from the USA and elsewhere indicating that the number of new HIV/ AIDS cases continues to rise has stimulated state and national efforts to identify patients with undetected HIV infection. Although the use of Emergency Departments (EDs) as a venue for screening remains controversial, the ED has become a major focus of this effort with more than a dozen studies of ED screening for HIV reported in recent years. This review of ED studies published since 2005 summarizes these findings: selection bias in these programs appears common, acceptance of testing varies widely, positivity rates are usually less than 1% and the cost per case found is approximated to be between $1600 to $10,000.

Mathematical model of transmission dynamics of human immune-deficiency virus: A case study for Yunnan, China

In this paper, we present an HIV/AIDS epidemic model with 12 compartments in Yunnan province, China. The total population is divided into four subgroups: injecting drug users(IDUs), female sex workers (FSWs), clients of FSWs (C) and men who have sex with men (MSM). Due to behavioral change, susceptible people will move into the other susceptible groups. A basic reproduction number R0 of the model is established by means of a next generation matrix. It is found that the model is locally as well as globally asymptotically stable at the disease free equilibrium when R0<1 . If R0>1, permanence of HIV/AIDS for the model is studied. Based on HIV/AIDS epidemic data in Yunnan province, parameters are chosen to fit the data. The simulations indicate that Yunnan will have about 140,000 HIV positives, 18,000 AIDS cases unless there are any stronger or more effective control measures by the end of 2015. Sexual transmission is the main mode from 2006–2015. The HIV prevalence rate among men who have sex with men continues to increase more quickly until 2015. If effective measures are taken to reduce the transmission rate, then HIV/AIDS spread in Yunnan can be controlled.

Clinical Appearance of Oral Candida Infection and Therapeutic Strategies.

Candida species present both as commensals and opportunistic pathogens of the oral cavity. For decades, it has enthralled the clinicians to investigate its pathogenicity and to improvise newer therapeutic regimens based on the updated molecular research. Candida is readily isolated from the oral cavity, but simple carriage does not predictably result in development of an infection. Whether it remains as a commensal, or transmutes into a pathogen, is usually determined by pre-existing or associated variations in the host immune system. The candida infections may range from non-life threatening superficial mucocutaneous disorders to invasive disseminated disease involving multiple organs. In fact, with the increase in number of AIDS cases, there is a resurgence of less common forms of oral candida infections. The treatment after confirmation of the diagnosis should include recognizing and eliminating the underlying causes such as ill-fitting oral appliances, history of medications (antibiotics, corticosteroids, etc.), immunological and endocrine disorders, nutritional deficiency states and prolonged hospitalization. Treatment with appropriate topical antifungal agents such as amphotericin, nystatin, or miconazole usually resolves the symptoms of superficial infection. Occasionally, administration of systemic antifungal agents may be necessary in immunocompromised patients, the selection of which should be based upon history of recent azole exposure, a history of intolerance to an antifungal agent, the dominant Candida species and current susceptibility data.

Linguistic Barriers as a Hindrance to Information Flow: HIV and AIDS Cases in Botswana

Linguistic Barriers as a Hindrance to Information Flow: HIV and AIDS Cases in Botswana

PERFIL EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DA AIDS EM CONTAGEM, MINAS GERAIS, BRASIL, ENTRE 2007 E 2011

Background and Objectives: Bucking the trend worldwide, in Brazil there is a tendency of increase in the number of AIDS cases, justifying the holding of local epidemiological studies providing subsidies for solving them. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological profile of AIDS in Contagem, Minas Gerais, between 2007 and 2011, with reflections on educational practices for its prevention and control. Methods: This is a descriptive epidemiological study of historical time series. For the 651 new AIDS cases reported in SINAN from 2007 to 2011, it was calculated incidence rate and average rates and performed stratified analysis by gender, education, age and year of occurrence. Results: The mean annual incidence rate of AIDS and the average annual death rate per 100,000 population was 21.0 and 4.0 cases, respectively. The sex ratio (2.16: 1) remained significant (p ≤ 0.05) for the entire series. The feminization of the disease has been verified. Regarding education, 11 people (3.7%) were illiterate, 162 (54.0%) had up to elementary school, 84 (28.0%) had through high school and 43 (14.3%) had to higher education (p = 0.05). Conclusions: In the investigated municipality, AIDS showed an oscillatory pattern, with increased number of cases and may present a strong social determination. This indicated the need to intensify prevention and control of disease, which can be done with the use of educational approaches within the APS and educational institutions. KEYWORDs: Epidemiology. Health Education. Primary Health Care. Communicable diseases. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.

Radical Distribution

Toward its goal of ending the AIDS crisis, ACT UP (the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) used ephemeral media to stage demonstrations. Slogans such as “SILENCE = DEATH” and “ALL PEOPLE WITH AIDS ARE INNOCENT” galvanized collective action and took control of the unjust representation of gay men and other minorities with AIDS. Updating protest tactics for the headline-driven televisuality of late 20th-century American society, ACT UP relied on ephemera as a mode of distribution for activist slogans and images. Ephemeral materials provided activists with a powerful mode of representation that was inexpensive to reproduce. This essay examines the means by which ACT UP and its associated collectives deployed visual ephemera to create a ubiquitous presence in New York City, when AIDS cases there were among the highest in the United States. Against histories of ACT UP that acknowledge the importance of agitprop but neglect to fully account for its status as ephemera, I argue that the ephemeral properties of activist materials are central to the meaning of these cultural artifacts, and meaningful because they enabled the discursive and spatial representations of collectivity that defined and sustained the most active period of ACT UP, from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s.

Burden of serious fungal infections in Ukraine.

Ukraine has high rates of TB, AIDS and cancer. We estimated the burden of fungal disease from epidemiology papers and specific populations at risk and fungal infection frequencies. HIV/AIDS cases and deaths (2012) and tuberculosis statistics were obtained from the State Service of Ukraine, while chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cases were from M. Miravitlles et al., Thorax 64, 863-868 (2009). Annual estimates are 893,579 Ukrainian women get recurrent vaginal thrush (≥4× per year), 50,847 cases of oral candidiasis and 13,727 cases of oesophageal candidiasis in HIV, and 101 (1%) of 10,085 new AIDS cases develop cryptococcal meningitis, 6152 cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia (13.5 cases per 100,000). Of the 29,265 cases of active respiratory TB in 2012, it is estimated that 2881 new cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) occurred and that the 5-year period prevalence is 7724 cases with a total CPA burden of 10,054 cases. Assuming adult asthma prevalence is ~2.9%, 28,447 patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) are likely and 37,491 with severe asthma with fungal sensitisation. We estimate 2278 cases and 376 postsurgical intra-abdominal Candida infections. Invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients is estimated at 303 patients annually; 930 cases in COPD patients. Ninety cases of mucormycosis (2 per 1,000,000) are estimated. In total, ~1,000,000 (2.2%) people in Ukraine develop serious fungal infections annually.

P03.23 Human immunodeficiency virus infection risk behaviours among school students in the capital city of a famous travel destination, bali

Introduction HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection remains an international health problem. Denpasar, a capital city of one of a famous tourist destination in the world was contributing the largest of AIDS cases in Bali-Indonesia. Based on the Bali Provincial AIDS Commission report, most of PLWHA in Bali are between age 20–29 years old. It can be assumed that the HIV infection occurred 5–10 years before which is around 10–15 years old of age when they were in junior/senior high school. This study aimed to recognise the HIV risk behaviours among school students in Denpasar. Methods This is cross-sectional descriptive survey involving 297 junior high school students which are selected using cluster random sampling method. This survey took place in two state junior high schools and six private junior high schools in Denpasar. Data were collected using self administered anonymous questionnaire. Results The results found 1% students have ever used illicit drugs, 1% students have ever injected drugs, 6% students have pierced, and 0.7% students have permanent tattoo. The result also implied that 5% of students had sexual intercourse and only 61.5% who always using condom and 15% never use condom. Overall, 10% of respondents were practicing HIV risk behaviours. The other findings shows males have odd 9.297 of doing sexual intercourse than women (p = 0.001). Interestingly, it also found that students who used injection drugs have odd 10.808 for sexual intercourse than students who never used injection drugs (p = 0.019). Conclusion It can be conclude that even only 10% of risky behaviour on HIV infection, it seem that all relevant parties need to pay attention including for junior high school students as one of the vulnerable groups on the spread of HIV and AIDS. The attention could be by performing effective promotive and preventive actions. Disclosure of interest statement There is nothing to be declare.

P16.14 Geography of aids in the state of cearÁ, brazil

Introduction The geographical distribution of AIDS subsidises the understanding of the relationship of the disease with socioeconomic and cultural characteristics, enabling local planning of health interventions. Thus, the study aimed to determine the distribution of AIDS in Ceara, Brazil. Methods It was an ecological and longitudinal study. It was analysed all individuals with aids, aged less than 13 years, residents in Ceara, Brazil, reported between 2001 and 2011 by the Information System Notification of the country. We carried out the distribution spatiotemporal cases where data were arranged in cartographic grid. From this, the main cases clusters were identified over the years. It was used ArcGis program. Results The distribution of aids in the state during the study period allowed the identification of four significant clusters p ( Conclusion The distribution of aids cases in Ceara does not occur randomly, but occurs in clusters over the years, suggesting studies to identify the determinants local features the largest number of cases. Disclosure of interest statement This study was funded by CAPES (Higher Education Personnel Training Coordination) and CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development). No pharmaceutical grants were received in the development of this study.

Perbandingan Gambaran Foto Toraks Pasien TB-HIV Dua dan Enam Bulan Pengobatan Anti-Tuberkulosis + Anti-Retroviral

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health issues and mostly located in developing countries. As cases of HIV/AIDS increase every year, it is estimated that TB cases also increase. TB is the leading cause of death in people with HIV and HIV infection, and became the biggest risk factor in the conversion of latent TB cases to become active TB. Radiographic manifestation of TB in AIDS patients depends on antiretroviral therapy (ART).Materials and Methods: This is an observational study which compares 2 and 6 months chest radiographs from TB-HIV patients with anti-TB drugs+ART in 24 adults patients with TB-HIV in the Internal Medicine Polyclinic and Ward at Dr. Kariadi Hospital and BKPM Semarang.Result: Most patients were male with 19 subjects (79.2%). The large stage group based on the proportion of AIDS cases is 20-29 years (45.84%). After 6 months of anti-TB drugs+ART there were radiographic improvement in consolidation, cavitation, lymphadenopathy and pleural e?usion. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test showed signifcant changes in consolidation and lymphadenopathy between 2 and 6 months of anti-TB drugs+ART, but no signifcant changes in cavity and pleural e?usion.Discussion: At 6 months chest radiographs examination, not all patients with anti-TB drugs+ART show radiographic improvement. Therefore, the decision to stop TB therapy in HIV patients in 6 months time seems inadequate.Conclusion: There are signifcant change between 2 and 6 months of anti-TB drugs+ART with radiographic improvement are consolidation and lymphadenopathy.

Predictors of consistent condom use among Portuguese women attending family planning clinics

ABSTRACTWomen account for 30% of all AIDS cases reported to the Health Ministry in Portugal and most infections are acquired through unprotected heterosexual sex with infected partners. This study analyzed socio-demographic and psychosocial predictors of consistent condom use and the role of education as a moderator variable among Portuguese women attending family planning clinics. A cross-sectional study using interviewer-administered fully structured questionnaires was conducted among 767 sexually active women (ages 18–65). Logistic regression analyses were used to explore the association between consistent condom use and the predictor variables. Overall, 78.7% of the women were inconsistent condom users. The results showed that consistent condom use was predicted by marital status (being not married), having greater perceptions of condom negotiation self-efficacy, having preparatory safer sexual behaviors, and not using condoms only when practicing abstinence. Living with a partner and having lack of risk perception significantly predicted inconsistent condom use. Less educated women were less likely to use condoms even when they perceive being at risk. The full model explained 53% of the variance in consistent condom use. This study emphasizes the need for implementing effective prevention interventions in this population showing the importance of taking education into consideration.

Critical Population Spotlight: HIV and the Garífuna of Honduras--Comment on Gandhi et al. "Migration, Multiple Sexual Partnerships, and Sexual Concurrency in the Garífuna Population of Honduras".

In most regions of the world HIV epidemics have stabilized or even declined in recent years. These broad stroke general population statistics hold true in Latin America where national HIV prevalence is less than 1 % [1]. However, as is often the case with national HIV surveillance, stable infection rates in Latin America mask alarming increases in HIV incidence within localized sub-epidemics. For example, in Honduras national HIV surveillance shows declining incidence, prevalence, and HIV-related deaths rates for the past decade. Honduras hosts approximately 17 % of the population of Central America, and yet Honduras has 44 % of Central America’s reported AIDS cases [2]. There are an estimated 24,000 people living with HIV in Honduras and more than one in three are women [1]. However, these general population statistics obscure significant increases in Honduran subpopulations. Of particular importance in the Honduran HIV epidemic are the Garifuna, a disenfranchised and marginalized ethnic minority group. The Garifuna HIV epidemic occurs primarily within heterosexuals with increasing cases among men who have sex with men. HIV infection rates within this subpopulation are inverted relative to those of the general population [3]. Furthermore, within the Garifuna subpopulation, women are at particularly high-risk for HIV infection relative to their nonminority Honduran counterparts. The highest national HIV prevalence rates are observed among female sex workers (10 %), men who have sex with men (MSM, 8 %), and the Garifuna (8 %). HIV incidence is highest in MSM and the Garifuna, both of which are higher than female sex workers [4]. Garifuna youth, ages 16-20, are more than three times at risk for HIV compared to their non-Garifuna majority population counterparts. Co-occurring sexually transmitted infections (STI) are likely driving HIV transmission, with HSV prevalence as high as 50 % [5]. The racial and ethnic heritage of the Garifuna is key to understanding the current HIV crisis in this subpopulation. Much of the population in Latin America has mixed racial heritages due largely to the lack of European women available to the Conquistadores when they settled the ‘New World’. Streams of migration further resulted in ethnic, racial, as well as cultural mixing. The heritage of the Garifuna is traced to shipwrecked Nigerian slaves who made it ashore and settled with the indigenous population [2, 6]. Ancestors of contemporary Garifuna appeared in Honduras around the 1830 s during a widespread Cholera outbreak, killing masses of the Black-Caribbean population. The Garifuna stem form the surviving population that settled along the coasts of Honduras, Nicaragua and Guatemala. Thus, the Garifuna have been marginalized throughout their history. Racial discrimination against the Garifuna has contributed to transnational migration, particularly among men in search of labor opportunities. Transnational migration of men is also important in the context of gender roles, where women carry traditional roles with limited decision power even when men are absent. Long-standing histories of social discrimination, poverty, isolation, unequal educational opportunity, and poor access to health care contribute to the Garifuna HIV epidemic. The Garifuna population experiences lower wages (for both genders) & Hannah F. Kalichman hannahkalichman93@gmail.com

Spatial dynamics of AIDS incidence in the elderly in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1997-2011.

The dynamics of the spread of the AIDS epidemic ranges according to the characteristics of each geographical region in different population groups. The aim of this study was to evaluate spatial and temporal trends of the AIDS epidemic among the elderly in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A retrospective study using spatial analysis techniques was conducted among AIDS cases (≥ 60 years) diagnosed from 1997-2011. The Poisson regression model was used to assess the relationship between year of diagnosis and incidence of AIDS, adjusted by sex. The AIDS epidemic began in the south coast of the state and gradually reached neighboring cities. The highest rates were found in regions around Rio de Janeiro and Niterói cities. The highest smoothed rates of the period were observed in Niterói in 2002-2006: 11.87/100,000 (men) and 8,5/100,000 (women). AIDS incidence rates among the elderly have stabilized in recent decades. To prevent HIV from spreading further among the general population, greater attention should be given to the older population.

Survival analysis of the AIDS patients under 14 years of age and receiving antiretroviral treatment in Henan province from 2003 to 2014

To analyze the survival status and influencing factors of the AIDS patients under 14 years of age and receiving antiretroviral treatment in Henan Province. Database of children AIDS patients receiving ART were download from China information system for disease preventioin and control-AIDS, AIDS cases from January, 2003 to June, 2014 were selected to be analyzed. Demographic characteristics baseline laboratory inclusion criteria: F First time receive national free ART during study; aged 14 years or below; and with relatively complete baseline information and follow-up information. 1 037 cases were selected. Patient information about survival status, death, demographic characteristics, and baseline laboratory test results were analyzed. The accumulated survival rate of AIDS patients was calculated by life table method and the influencing factors were analyzed by COX proportional hazard model. A total of 1 037 AIDS children-cases ((9.52 ± 3.56) years old) which included 628 boys and 409 girls were recruited in the study, 939 cases survived 1 to 9 years from starting ART treatment and 98 cases died. Accumulated survival rate of AIDS children receiving ART from 1 year to 9 years were 96.11%, 94.17%, 92.74%, 91.28%, 90.54%, 89.47%, 88.52%, 88.52%, 86.84%, respectively. Results of multivariate analysis showed baseline count of CD4⁺ T lymphocyte (HR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.36-0.72), duration from confirmation to the initial ART time (HR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.75-0.97) and hemoglobin level (HR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.09-4.70) were influence factors for survival time of AIDS children patients receiving ART. Survival rate of AIDS children aged 14 years or below and receiving ART in Henan Province was relatively high. Timely surveillance of CD4⁺ T and the hemoglobin level of the AIDS patients so as to timely launch HARRT could extend survival time of AIDS patients.

English

Though cases of AIDS are visible in Nigeria and high awareness of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), correct knowledge on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and prevention has remained low with significant numbers of people living with HIV/AIDS having low attitudes towards life and the disease itself. This study determined the baseline knowledge on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and prevention and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS of adult HIV positive patient enrolled into care at all 4 comprehensive antiretroviral therapy (ART) sites in Yola, Nigeria. Baseline reports on the knowledge and attitudes of adult HIV positive patients were obtained from a 3 arm randomized single blind clinical trial involving 386 randomly selected and allocated adult HIV patients who were enrolled into ART care at all 4 comprehensive ART sites in Yola. The intervention was 10 to 15 min clinic based Clinician Client Centred counselling and the 3 groups were; intervention group1, intervention group 2 and the control group. An interviewer administered validated and reliable structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Outcome measures were sound knowledge on HIV transmission and prevention and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Test of significance was at α level 0.05. Overall 237 (61.4%) had sound knowledge on HIV transmission and prevention, while 346 (89.6%) of respondents had high attitudes towards HIV/AIDS. Though majority of respondents had sound knowledge on HIV transmission and prevention as well as high attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, interventions to improve knowledge and attitudes among this group of individuals would improve positive preventive strategies. Key words: Adult HIV patients, knowledge, attitudes, HIV/AIDS.

HIV/AIDS epidemic in the State of Amazonas: characteristics and trends from 2001 to 2012.

A scoping review was conducted to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, from 2001 to 2012, and temporary patterns were estimated from surveillance data. The results suggest that in its third decade, the Amazon HIV/AIDS epidemic is far from being stabilized and displays rising AIDS incidence and mortality rates and late diagnoses. The data suggest that AIDS cases are hitting mostly young adults and have recently shifted toward men, both homosexual and heterosexual. AIDS cases among the indigenous people have remained stable and low. However, the epidemic has disseminated to the interior of the state, which adds difficulties to its control, given the geographical isolation, logistical barriers, and culturally and ethnically diverse population. Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has been decentralized, but peripheral ARV services are still insufficient and too distant from people who need them. Recently, the expansion of point-of-care (POC) rapid HIV testing has been contributing to overcoming logistical barriers. Other new POC devices, such as the PIMA CD4 analyzer, will bring the laboratory to the patient. AIDS uniquely coexists with other tropical infections, sharing their epidemiological profiles. The increased demand for HIV/AIDS care services can only be satisfied through increased decentralization to peripheral health units, which can also naturally integrate care with other tropical infections and can promote a shift from vertical to integrated programming. Future challenges involve building surveillance data on HIV case notification and covering the spectrum of engagement in care, including adherence to treatment and follow-up loss.

HIV-1 incidence among people seeking voluntary counseling and testing centers, including pregnant women, in Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil.

The HIV-1 epidemic in Brazil has displayed new characteristics over time, with an increase in heterosexual transmission and a decline in the male-to-female ratio in AIDS cases. HIV screening was offered to patients attending the Voluntary Counseling and Testing Center in Paulista, Greater Metropolitan Recife, Pernambuco State, in Northeast Brazil, to determine HIV-1 incidence. BED capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA) was used to measure HIV-1 incidence, comparing it to the AxSYM avidity index method (Ax-AI). From 2006 to 2009, 14,014 individuals were tested, and only 18 pregnant women were diagnosed with HIV infection, resulting in 0.15% annual incidence (95%CI: 0-0.33), significantly lower than in men (1.03; 95%CI: 0.45-1.61) and non-pregnant women (0.50; 95%CI: 0.11-0.89). Despite the low HIV-1 incidence in pregnant women, the high rate of recent infection detected during prenatal care emphasizes the need to increase measures to prevent vertical transmission.

AIDS epidemic in the triple frontier: subsidies for professional practice.

to analyze the AIDS epidemic trend from 1988 to 2012, in a tri-border area. Ecological time-series study with data from the Department of informatics from the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). A total of 1427 cases of AIDS were registered, and 82.1% were aged 20-49 years and 56% in males. The relationship man/woman went from 9/1 to 1/1 and increased the number of cases among individuals with more years of education, also, people aged more than 50 years old the age group from 20 to 34 years old. The most common exposure category was heterosexual, significantly higher among women; on the other hand, drug injection use was associated with male gender. seeking to embrace the changes in the epidemiological scenario of AIDS, nursing professionals should implement intervention strategies for people identified as the most vulnerable to HIV infection.

Effect of highly active anti-retroviral therapy on reducing HIV/AIDS related death in Hebei, 1989-2013

To investigate the effect of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) on reducing HIV/AIDS related death. The analysis was conducted by using the data of 4,148 HIV/AIDS cases reported in Hebei province from 1989 to 2013. Regular follow-up, CD4 detection, registration of death were carried out for them. Free HAART has been provided to people living with HIV/AIDS who met the treatment requirement since 2003. Of 4,148 HIV/AIDS cases, 12,451.48 person years were observed, 968 cases died due to all registered death causes. The death density was 7.77/100 person years. The death density was 2.87/100 person years for the HIV/AIDS cases receiving HAART, and 16.58/100 for the HIV/AIDS cases receiving no HAART. In 1,894 AIDS cases, a total of 4,774.48 person years were observed from onset to death, 581 cases died due to all registered death causes, and the death density was 121.69/100 person years. The death density was 4.77/100 person years for the cases receiving HAART, and 125.92/100 person years for the cases receiving no HAART. In the cases with CD less than 200/mm3, the death density was 22.9/100 person years for those receiving no HAART and 5.3/100 person years for those receiving HAART. The annual analysis found that the death rate due to all registered death causes declined as the increase of HAART coverage in people living with HIV/AIDS. The expanding of HAART coverage in people infected with HIV can reduce death rate among them. Further expanding of HAART can effectively reduce the death among people living with HIV/AIDS.