Agricultural Land In Ukraine Research Articles

INVESTMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The article is dedicated to exploring the state of investment activity in the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy. The article analyzes trends in attracting investment resources by types of economic activity from 2018 to 2022. It is determined that investments in agriculture occupy a significant share in the overall structure of capital investments. The growth of investment resources in agriculture over five years (2018–2022) amounted to 3.8 billion UAH or 5.9%. In 2023, specialists in demining surveyed 274 thousand hectares of agricultural land in Ukraine, and already 208 thousand hectares were transferred to the agricultural sector for use. The main directions of investment in agriculture were also identified, including technology modernization, infrastructure development, crop production, livestock development, ecological investments, support for small farms, and the development of agritourism.

Agricultural Land Market in Ukraine: Challenges of Trade Liberalization and Future Land Policy Reforms

After over 20 years of a strict moratorium on the turnover of agricultural land in Ukraine, an official market for this type of land has recently been established. The purpose of this study was to examine the functioning of the fundamental elements of this market from the moment of its introduction on 1 July 2021 until today, as well as to understand the possible directions for its further development. The analysis of the agricultural land market and the visualization of the obtained results were carried out using the PostgreSQL database, Python and SQL programming languages, and the QGIS and Metabase tools. It was found that the volume of the agricultural land market remains insignificant, as the total area of sold land during this period made up only 0.7% of the arable land area of Ukraine. Prices for land plots remained at the level of their normative monetary value and are still relatively low, which indicates the significant undercapitalization of agricultural land as a production factor. The stability of agricultural land prices under the influence of various factors also indicates their relative virtuality, which, taking into account the further lifting of restrictions on the size of land plots to be sold as of 1 January 2024, requires the use of appropriate land policy instruments in order to fully utilize the multipurpose role of land in the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, which should be based on a human-rights-based approach to rural development, food security, and land policy.

Balanced use of agricultural land affected by war in Ukraine as a prerequisite for sustainable development

The issue of ensuring the sustainable development of humanity is recognized as one of the most urgent problems facing society today. The article is devoted to the generalization of the features of the development of sustainable land use and the definition of the main problems of the sustainable use of agricultural land in Ukraine during the period of European integration, reforms of local self-government in the country, martial law and post-war recovery. The work highlights the main principles and goals of sustainable land use, in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. According to the authors, the practical implementation of the concept of sustainable land use requires determining the priorities of the use of agricultural land, and above all, ecological land. It was noted that the state of land resources in Ukraine was characterized as tense, due to the irrational use of the country's land resource potential, excessive plowing and land degradation. The authors note that organic agriculture has been developing in Ukraine in recent decades, but as a result of full-scale Russian aggression against Ukraine in 2022, the issue of organic production in Ukraine took a back seat. The most acute environmental problems are the development of degradation processes on the arable lands of Ukraine, which causes the mining of territories, the formation of craters from shelling, and landslides. Proposed priority areas of development of sustainable land use in Ukraine, which will allow transition to a model of sustainable development

Restrictions on the use of agricultural land in Ukraine for the protection of water resources

Restrictions on the use of agricultural land in Ukraine for the protection of water resources

The use and evaluation of ecological and economic efficiency of agricultural land in Ukraine

The use and evaluation of ecological and economic efficiency of agricultural land in Ukraine

Agricultural land turnover in Ukraine: New challenges and new opportunities

The experience of the market turnover of agricultural land in Ukraine has shown that untimely and insufficiently comprehensive analysis of the functioning of the land market can lead to incorrect conclusions and limit the understanding of its dynamics and impact on the country’s economic situation. The purpose of the study was to identify the main trends and indicators of the market turnover of agricultural land in Ukraine by analysing land ownership transactions. The methodological tools of the problem under study were general scientific and special methods, as well as the method of comparison and abstract and logical methods. The main results of the study are a cost and quantitative assessment of transactions of sale and purchase of ownership rights to agricultural land in Ukraine, which makes it possible to identify the main trends in the land market. Certain provisions can be used to formulate strategies for the development of land relations in Ukraine. The number and share of transactions involving the sale and purchase of ownership rights to agricultural land in the overall structure of transactions is determined. The area of land ownership rights to which were alienated through sale and purchase is determined. The author calculates the value of agricultural land depending on its remoteness from a settlement, regional location and designated purpose. Fluctuations in the value of arable land depending on their territorial location and in the overall dynamics by month are determined. The level of activity of agricultural land market participants in the country as a whole and by regions is determined. The results and trends in the market turnover of agricultural land in the territories where military operations were or are ongoing are investigated. The main key indicators of the market turnover of agricultural land are determined. Forecasts of the value of arable land in Ukraine by the end of 2023 are formed. The discrepancy between the Ukrainian model of agricultural land market turnover and the models operating in the European Union has been established. The results of the study can be used to develop ways to reorient the market turnover of agricultural land to the European principles of functioning aimed at the development of family farming as a fundamental goal of Ukraine’s agricultural policy

Evolution of economic regulation of agricultural land use under the influence of urbanization processes in Ukraine

As of today, it can be stated that the significant anthropogenic load and urbanization contribute to the fact that the specific weight of agricultural land in Ukraine is decreasing every year. A significant amount of agricultural land is taken for housing, especially around large cities. It is also worth adding those lands that are removed for non-agricultural purposes, in particular, for road construction. Thus, the above-mentioned factors affect the decline of the agricultural potential of Ukraine. In order to improve the economic regulation of the urbanization of agricultural lands in Ukraine, the evolution of the legislation of the Ukrainian SSR and Ukraine regarding the losses of agricultural and forestry production was analyzed. The analysis of legislative acts regarding losses of agricultural and forestry production shows that for quite a long time, effective mechanisms and methods of their compensation have not been proposed, as a result of which the concept of "losses of agricultural production" was removed from the Land Code of Ukraine in 2022. The author suggested returning the concept of "agricultural production losses" to the legislation and approving a new procedure for compensation of losses, taking into account the modern realities of Ukraine.

АНАЛІЗ РИНКУ ОРГАНІЧНОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ

The article examines the essence of the concepts of «organic products», «organic production», and «organic products market». In particular, the market of organic products in Ukraine and the Lviv region was analyzed. The state and dynamics of organic production in Ukraine are outlined: areas of organic agricultural land, operators of the organic products market, and volumes of finished organic products on the domestic market. The central geographical position, a large area of agricultural land, fertile soils, favorable climatic conditions and forest resources, low prices for land rent, growing demand of the population for organic food products, etc. contributed to the fact that Ukraine and Lviv region, in particular, is considered one of the essential suppliers of organic products. It was found that the structure of Ukrainian organic products is dominated by raw materials for the production of the final product (grains, legumes, oil crops), organic crop production is actively developing - the cultivation of vegetables, fruits, berries, and their processing (there are already Ukrainian certified cereals, jams, juices, syrups, dried fruits, teas, meat, and dairy products, etc.). The dynamics of the total area of organic agricultural land in Ukraine were analyzed. Over the past 20 years, the total area of agricultural land occupied under organic production and the transition period has increased by 257,850 hectares or by 61%. The dynamics of the number of organic operators in Ukraine are outlined. The volume of sales of finished organic products in the domestic market of Ukraine in 2021 was analyzed. Organic production is one of the priorities of the Lviv regional strategy. There are 28 operators of the organic products market in Lviv region, 6 of them are in the field of crop production, 8 are in the field of berry growing / horticulture, 12 harvest organic objects of the plant world (collection of wild plants) and process them, and 2 produce plant protection products (fertilizers). «Organic» departments have been opened in the following supermarket chains: «Silpo», «Ashan», «Metro», «Arsen», «Blyzenko», «Dva Kroky Vid Khaty». Annually on the main avenue of Ivan Franko Park the «Fair of Organic and Natural Products» is held in Lviv.

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY IN THE USE OF LAND RESOURCES BY AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT

The subject of the study is the economic efficiency of the use of land resources by agricultural enterprises. Methodology. The research was conducted using general scientific methods, in particular: theoretical generalization, methods of positive and normative analysis, statistical analysis. The goal is to analyze the dynamics of economic efficiency of land use by agricultural enterprises. Research conclusion. The economic efficiency of reproduction processes is the ratio of the amount of newly created value to the amount of capital, the cost of all resources and some of their main types. The peculiarity of the reproduction of land resources is that they are combined with the stage of production of agricultural products, when the reproduction of soil fertility is carried out in a single technological process of growing crops. Analysis of the efficiency of use of land resources by agricultural enterprises in Ukraine, which has significant areas of land suitable for agricultural production. It should be noted that agricultural land should be used more efficiently than in other countries. The activity of agricultural enterprises in general and their use of land resources can be characterized as extensive – a large number of resources are involved, and the return from each resource unit is low. In addition, the fact that landowners are not in a hurry to sell their agricultural land, realizing that in a few years a completely different offer price will be formed, as agricultural companies will enter the game and the demand for agricultural land will be much higher. It is necessary to mention that there are some difficulties in the research process, because today it is impossible to reflect the total volume of the Ukrainian agricultural land market in monetary terms, since the transaction price is declared in only 55% of the concluded transactions. In 2022, the average price of buying and selling agricultural land in Ukraine will be 38,560 UAH/ha. This is 28% higher than the average normative monetary value of arable land in Ukraine, which is UAH 27,520/ha.

Statistical Modelling of Factors Influencing the Agricultural Land Market in Ukraine

Abstract To make informed decisions, modern society, like modern business, must operate with adequate information about many complex interrelated aspects of its activities. Land use is only one of such aspects. Agricultural lands are of particular importance today. Land data are needed to analyse environmental processes, as well as end unsystematic, uncontrolled use of agricultural land, environmental degradation, destruction of important wetlands, loss of fish diversity and destruction of wildlife habitats. To solve these problems, it is advisable to conduct regular analysis and evaluation of land resources, justification and analysis of factors influencing the agricultural land market in the country. The tasks were solved using multidimensional statistical methods, in particular, factor analysis, which helped to get rid of subjectivity in the choice of factors influencing the market under study. Based on the model of influence of factors on the national market of agricultural land in Ukraine, six main factors were identified, the most influential of which were the components of agricultural development (first factor) and, to a lesser extent, the component of vegetable production and yield (fourth factor). The interrelationships and the degree of influence of the selected factors on the main indicators of the agricultural land market, namely, on the area of purchase and sale plots, the price of purchase and sale plots, and the number of transactions were also analysed.

Spatiotemporal Analysis and War Impact Assessment of Agricultural Land in Ukraine Using RS and GIS Technology

Military conflicts are one of the inevitable factors that can cause countries to suffer from food insecurity due to reduced agricultural productivity, increased food prices, and the deterioration of agricultural land and infrastructure. Farmland may become fallowed and abandoned as a result of reduced investment in agricultural management caused by military conflicts. To rapidly assess the impact of conflicts on agricultural land and food security, the utilization of effective and feasible methods for the regular monitoring agricultural management status is necessary. To achieve this goal, we developed a framework for analyzing the spatiotemporal distribution of agricultural land and assessing the impact of the Ukraine–Russia war on agricultural management in Ukraine using remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) technology. The random forest (RF) classifier, gap filling and Savitzky–Golay filtering (GF-SG) method, fallow-land algorithm based on neighborhood and temporal anomalies (FANTA) algorithm, and kernel density method were jointly used to classify and reveal the spatiotemporal distribution of fallowed and abandoned croplands from 2018 to 2022 based on Landsat time series data on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The results demonstrated that fallowed and abandoned croplands could be successfully and effectively identified through these proven methods. Hotspots of fallowed croplands frequently occurred in eastern Ukraine, and long-term consecutive fallow agricultural management caused cropland abandonment. Moreover, hotspots of war-driven fallowed croplands were found in western Kherson and the center of Luhansk, where the war has been escalated for a long time. This reveals that the war has had a significant negative impact on agricultural management and development. These results highlight the potential of developing an accessible methodological framework for conducting regular assessments to monitor the impact of military conflicts on food security and agricultural management.

Transformación de las relaciones territoriales en Ucrania a las condiciones del mercado

Land ownership issues are especially important due to the historical experience of land nationalization of Ukrainian peasants. The sphere of land relations in Ukraine has undergone a process of constant reform since the country’s independence. At the present stage, the abolition of the moratorium on the transfer of ownership of agricultural land is historic for Ukrainian citizens. In consequence, the clarity and transparency of legal procedures for the transfer of land ownership to citizens of Ukraine become particularly relevant.
 In connection with the European vector of Ukraine’s development and gradual economic integration with the European Union countries that have experience in the agricultural land market, it is important to find an appropriate legal model for regulating the circulation of agricultural land in Ukraine, using the experience of the European Union. Land lease relations, as a main means of using agricultural lands for a long time in Ukraine, are considered in the article.
 The adopted Law of Ukraine “On amendments to some legislative acts of Ukraine concerning the circulation of agricultural lands” is analyzed. According to its provisions, the moratorium on the sale of agricultural land was finally canceled, which allowed landowners to freely dispose of their property. In the article, it is also proved that the main prospects for the development and functioning of the land market in Ukraine are: 1) foreign investment in Ukraine, 2) the possibility of free disposal of agricultural land plots, 3) attracting additional resources for local communities, 4) stimulating the agricultural sector, 5) increasing the efficiency of production on land.

Threat of degradation of agricultural land in Ukraine through a negative balance of nutritional elements in growing of field cultures

Threat of degradation of agricultural land in Ukraine through a negative balance of nutritional elements in growing of field cultures

Ecological strategy of using agricultural land in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the problem aspects of agricultural land use in Ukraine. Analysed influence on using of agricultural land such factors as systems of farming, global warming, uneven precipitation distribution by months and deficit of humus in the soil. Considered such system of farming as traditional, organic, No-Till and made conclusion about a harmfulness of traditional farming system on ecology. Analysed the influence of organic and No-Till farming systems on preservation of moisture in the soil under condition of increasing of air temperature and uneven distribution of precipitation by months. Made conclusion that in contrast to traditional farming system, organic farming system is able to improve a state of ecosystem, in particular a biological variability, biological cycles and biological soil activity. It is a possible by using cultural, biological and mechanic methods when cultivating the land in opposite to synthetic materials. So, organic farming is not only a system of agricultural production, but also is a complex approach for supporting of sustainable development of agriculture. The advantage of organic farming is a possibility for adaptation to many climate zones and local conditions.

Market Turnover of Agricultural Land in Ukraine: Monitoring and Analysis

The main objective of the land reform in Ukraine, which was launched 22 years ago, is to involve agricultural land in full, efficient, and transparent economic (market) turnover. During different stages of transformations in land relations, in scientific, political, and social circles, the issue of market turnover of agricultural land was particularly acute and always caused many disputes about precisely what the market turnover of land should be. With the introduction (from July 2021) of the market turnover of agricultural land, questions about its functioning not only remained, but, on the contrary, additional tasks were added: which model of market turnover Ukraine has chosen; what are the results of the functioning of the market turnover of agricultural land; whether the model of market turnover of agricultural land corresponds to the European integration direction of Ukraine’s development, etc. This study is focused on highlighting such issues, clearly revealing the essence of the subject through the analysis of statistical data, which in turn forms the relevance of the results presented. The purpose of the study is to cover and analyse the outcomes of the market turnover of agricultural land in Ukraine and to identify the existing issues. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive examination of the results of purchase and sale transactions of ownership rights to agricultural land plots concluded in Ukraine during 07/01/2021 – 07/01/2022 to determine the main trends in the results. The methods of analysis of the given subject were general scientific, including structural and functional (description and explanation of pricing and functioning of the market turnover of agricultural land); comparison (identification of discrepancies in the data of land value and the basis of its calculation on the basis of collected statistical data on the results of the market turnover of land), abstract and logical (generalisation and formulation of conclusions). Based on the findings, the results of the functioning of the market turnover of agricultural land were analysed, the causes of overstatement of land value were identified and the main price trends were established. The value of agricultural land is calculated by applying the median, the results are compared with the calculations of the average value. It is argued that the state authorities’ data on the value of agricultural land is calculated incorrectly. The number and structure of concluded contracts for the sale and purchase of agricultural land in the context of regions are investigated. The value indicators of agricultural land depending on the location, purpose and type of land are highlighted. The main difficulties in the functioning of the market turnover of agricultural land have been identified. Prospects for further research are to find solutions to the existing problems of market turnover of agricultural land by applying the findings of the study.

Accounting for transactions costs of agricultural producers in the shadow economy

Purpose. The purpose of the study – to explain the features of disclosure of transaction costs in the accounting of agricultural enterprises, taking into account the peculiarities of the shadow economy; to identify the main factors that lead to transaction costs and make suggestions for improving their accounting. 
 Methodology / approach. The main methods used in this study are: statistical analysis to assess the dynamics and cost structure of agricultural enterprises; graphical and analytical methods used to determine the level of the shadow economy; theoretical generalization and comparison, induction and deduction are used to reveal the content of transaction costs and their values for agricultural producers; the current state and trends of the shadow economy in Ukraine in general and in the agricultural sector in particular are assessed through synthesis and economic analysis.
 Results. The role of transaction costs as an institutional economic category in the activities of agricultural producers and their impact on the growth of shadow economic processes in agribusiness is studied. The article shows that the share of transaction costs of agricultural enterprises is significant, and this reduces the efficiency of these enterprises. About 8 mln ha of agricultural land are used unofficially, which is about 25 % of all cultivated agricultural land in Ukraine. The classification of factors that contribute to the development of the shadow economy in Ukraine, in particular, the shadow agricultural market, and increase the transaction costs of agricultural producers has been improved. The factors of occurrence of transaction costs and flaws of their coverage by the accounting are investigated, recommendations on their reflection in the accounting are given. The possibilities of reducing the level of transaction costs are substantiated, in particular, due to their more correct accounting, the implementation of information systems and the formation of marketing service cooperatives.
 Originality / scientific novelty. The transaction costs of agricultural enterprises were further studied. For the first time, the relationship between the main problems of agricultural producers, transaction costs that arise and accounting sub-accounts, which will allow more accurate accounting of these costs, is schematically presented. Our own vision is proposed to identify the transaction costs of agricultural producers under the influence of non-institutional economic theory, their reflection in the methodology of accounting and their minimization through actions of formal and informal accounting institutions.
 Practical value / implications. The results of the study can be used in business operations of agricultural producers, in particular, the peculiarities of accounting for transaction costs are recommended to be taken into consideration when forming the accounting policy of the entity and also judgment of a professional accountant to be considered. It is also recommended to introduce accounting engineering, ie the format of joint management actions.

Accounting for transactions costs of agricultural producers in the shadow economy

Purpose. The purpose of the study – to explain the features of disclosure of transaction costs in the accounting of agricultural enterprises, taking into account the peculiarities of the shadow economy; to identify the main factors that lead to transaction costs and make suggestions for improving their accounting. 
 Methodology / approach. The main methods used in this study are: statistical analysis to assess the dynamics and cost structure of agricultural enterprises; graphical and analytical methods used to determine the level of the shadow economy; theoretical generalization and comparison, induction and deduction are used to reveal the content of transaction costs and their values for agricultural producers; the current state and trends of the shadow economy in Ukraine in general and in the agricultural sector in particular are assessed through synthesis and economic analysis.
 Results. The role of transaction costs as an institutional economic category in the activities of agricultural producers and their impact on the growth of shadow economic processes in agribusiness is studied. The article shows that the share of transaction costs of agricultural enterprises is significant, and this reduces the efficiency of these enterprises. About 8 mln ha of agricultural land are used unofficially, which is about 25 % of all cultivated agricultural land in Ukraine. The classification of factors that contribute to the development of the shadow economy in Ukraine, in particular, the shadow agricultural market, and increase the transaction costs of agricultural producers has been improved. The factors of occurrence of transaction costs and flaws of their coverage by the accounting are investigated, recommendations on their reflection in the accounting are given. The possibilities of reducing the level of transaction costs are substantiated, in particular, due to their more correct accounting, the implementation of information systems and the formation of marketing service cooperatives.
 Originality / scientific novelty. The transaction costs of agricultural enterprises were further studied. For the first time, the relationship between the main problems of agricultural producers, transaction costs that arise and accounting sub-accounts, which will allow more accurate accounting of these costs, is schematically presented. Our own vision is proposed to identify the transaction costs of agricultural producers under the influence of non-institutional economic theory, their reflection in the methodology of accounting and their minimization through actions of formal and informal accounting institutions.
 Practical value / implications. The results of the study can be used in business operations of agricultural producers, in particular, the peculiarities of accounting for transaction costs are recommended to be taken into consideration when forming the accounting policy of the entity and also judgment of a professional accountant to be considered. It is also recommended to introduce accounting engineering, ie the format of joint management actions.

Legal problems of rational use and protection of agricultural land in Ukraine

Agricultural lands, like other categories of land, perform an ecological function as the main object of nature and habitat of man and all living and plant organisms, as well as an economic function as the main object of real estate and the main means of production in agriculture. In order to protect the land, landowners and users are obliged to take measures: to restore the fertility of agricultural land; to protect lands from water and wind erosion, mudslides, flooding, waterlogging, secondary salinization, drying, compaction, chemical pollution, production and consumption wastes and other negative impacts; to protect agricultural lands from overgrowing with trees and shrubs, weeds, preservation of the achieved level of reclamation. Greening of agricultural activity, observance of norms and requirements of land and ecological legislation by subjects of agricultural production are of fundamental importance. The article analyzes the current state of agricultural land use and provides suggestions for improving the efficiency of these lands.

Ecological safety of organic land use as a condition for sustainable development

The study of the content of the legal mechanism of organic land use through the key goals of sustainable development of Ukraine and the global goals of sustainable development until 2030 is conducted in the article. The share of agricultural land under organic production in the total area of agricultural land in Ukraine is one of the indicators of the task of achieving the goals of sustainable development. Theoretical and normative-legal aspects of ensuring ecological safety of organic land use are studied. The climate change situation is the basis for special attention to the legal regulation of organic land use. Ensuring organic land use is identified as an important task in the context of the European Green Agenda.
 The concept of "organic land use" as a legal institution is studied. It is an integral part of organic agricultural production. The normative and legal bases of organic land use are outlined. It is determined that the peculiarities of organic land use activities determine the peculiarities of the legal regime of lands used for this purpose. In order to prevent and prevent the deterioration of the quality of the environment, products and agricultural land to be used in organic land use, an effective system of legal measures should be developed at the state level. conclusion. The implementation of these measures should ensure the environmental safety of agricultural production in general, as well as the production of organic agricultural products. Consolidation at the regulatory level of the definition of "land for organic land use" with a special legal regime, development and approval of criteria for assessing the suitability of land (soil) for the production of organic agricultural products, primarily of plant origin, is proposed. The study was carried out taking into account the need for real implementation of the basic norms and values that underlie the European Green Course.

Legal Issues of Agricultural Land Use by Owners and Workers

The study investigates the problems of compliance with the legislative requirements in the use of agricultural land in Ukraine, depending on who directly extracts useful properties from such land plots: employees of agricultural enterprises, or the owners of these lands – farmers, members of agricultural cooperatives, citizens who engaging in agricultural production activities individually. The article provides examples of the impact of the activities of workers and the labour of agricultural landowners on the state of land use, compliance with environmental safety requirements, deterioration, and improvement of the quality of land plots. Research of legal issues of targeted, rational, and efficient use of land plots, ensuring the requirements for the preservation of the natural environment, biological diversity and ecosystems contained in the study, provide an opportunity to draw certain conclusions, the essence of which comes down to the fact that the current state of legal relations concerning the use of land plots by employees and landowners needs to be reformed. This is conditioned upon the fact that employees are not motivated to improve the quality of land and its soils, comply with environmental safety requirements, and preserve biological diversity in ecosystems that include the corresponding land plots. Since the main motivation is to obtain a certain benefit, and sanctions for non-compliance with the requirements of legislation in the field of land protection are inefficient, the use of hired labour in agriculture is often described as a negligent and mindless attitude towards land use and ensuring environmental safety. But the owner or user of a land plot that uses it as a farmer, cooperative member, entrepreneur, etc., is motivated not only to make a profit at a given time, but also to improve its quality characteristics, ensure environmental safety, and preserve ecosystem biological diversity, since this is a factor in the stability of obtaining profits from agricultural activities performed on a certain site and in the future