Agitation Time Research Articles

Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles: It’s application for the removal of alizarin red S dye

The zinc oxide nanoparticles were incorporated and applied for the removal of alizarin red S color from the hydrous solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were utilized to investigate the synthesized ZnO NPs. The adsorption cycle was explored in batch mode at 303 K temperature, with changing the variables, for example, agitation time, weight dosage, pH, and dye concentration initially being differed. At the point when the agitation time was 35 min, the adsorbent measurements was 0.4 g/L, the pH was 4, and the dye concentration initially was 10 mg/L, the adsorption strategy for eliminating ARS not entirely set in stone to be generally proficient. A pseudo - first - order dynamic model and the Langmuir isotherm suit the exploratory information pleasantly. The greatest adsorption limit, as indicated by the test results, is 123.3 mg/g, which is near the determined qe of 127.6 mg/g.

Optimization on Tribological Characteristics of Stir‐Casted AA7076/Nano Zirconium Dioxide/Boron Nitride Hybrid Composites by Taguchi Method

Aluminum alloys are currently used in a wide variety of industries, and strong aluminum alloys are required for the creation of new components. As a result, multiple scientists are experimenting with various compositions of hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites. The purpose of this experiment was to generate hybridization on aluminum alloy 7076 using stir‐casting and nano zirconium dioxide and BN reinforcements. Taguchi’s approach was used to optimize the stir‐casting process criteria in this investigation. The parameters employed in this investigation were agitation speed, agitation time, and temperature. The chosen constraints are the percentage of reinforcement (0–12%), the agitation speed, the agitation time, and the molten state temperature. We used a wear tester and a Vickers hardness tester to determine the wear and microhardness of the produced stir casting materials. By optimizing wear parameters, the least wear rate is determined.

Artificial neural network modelling of green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by honey

Nanomaterials draw attention because of their unique physical, chemical and biological properties in areas such as catalysis, electronic, optics, medicine, solar energy conversion and water treatment. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has many superiorities compared to physical and chemical methods such as lowcost, nontoxicity, eco-sensitive. In this paper, experimental conditions related togreen synthesis of silver nanoparticles by honey were modelled using artificial neural network (ANN). While agitation time, agitation rate, pH, temperature, honey concentration, AgNO3 concentration were selected as input parameters, production of silver nanoparticles was used as an output parameter. According to the results, optimum hidden neuron number was found as 40 with Levenberg–Marquardt back-propagation algorithm. In this conditions, the percentages of training, validationand testing were 75, 20 and 5, respectively. After creating neural network separated input data set was applied and then experimental and ANN predicted data were compared. In conclusion, ANN can be an alternative modelling and robust approach that could help researchers in this field to estimate production of silver nanoparticles.

Activated Carbon Merremia emarginata Adsorption Capacities of Low-cost Adsorbent for Removal of Methylene Blue

The effectiveness of synthetic aqueous Methylene Blue dye adhering to Activated Carbon Merremia emarginata (ACME) was investigated in this study. The effects of important variables on the outcomes, such as agitation time, pH, adsorbent dosage, and other ionic concentration, were assessed. It has actually been done to evaluate the equilibrium isotherm models, thermodynamic variables, and kinetic data. Adsorption equilibrium isotherms were expressed using the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models, although it was found that the Langmuir model more accurately reflected the experimental results. The pseudo second order kinetic model can also make the adsorption more understandable. The goal of the survey was to determine whether it was possible to remove Methylene Blue dye from synthetic aqueous solution utilizing ACME as a cheap adsorbent.

Efficacy of Algae powder (BAST) on uprooting of methylene blue dye (MBD): Optimization

In the present study experimental data was obtained for the removal of Methylene Blue Dye (MBD) by Brown Algae Sargassum tenerrimum (BAST) powder as a biosorbent in batch operation. The equilibrium Agitation time for methylene blue dye (MBD) was obtained at 120 min with percentage removal as 95.74percentage, Optimum dosage observed was 0.1 gm at pH = 6 for the particle size 90 µm. For the decolourisation of methylene blue dye (MBD) both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model was well fitted with the R2 values are 0.97 and 0.96 respectively and followed by Tempkin isotherm with R2 is 0.98. The kinetic studies show that the biosorption of methylene blue dye (MBD) is better described by Pseudo-second order kinetics. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimal set of conditions for maximum biosorption of methylene blue dye (MBD) are time = 119.52 min, pH = 5.83, and Biosorbent Dosage = 1.2 g/L. The percentage biosorption of methylene blue is 95.8percentage. The critical values reported by optimization through RSM are very similar to the batch optimum studies values showing that BAST is having better efficiency fir the removal of MBD from aqueous solutions.

جهد ألإمتزاز لمزيج من ألاطيان ألمنشطة كيميائيا وحراريا لإزالة صبغة ألمثيل ألبرتقالي من مياة ألصرف الصحي

This study examined the adsorption behavior of anionic dye (orange G) from aqueous solution onto the raw and activated a mixture of illite, kaolinite and chlorite clays from area of Zorbatiya (east of Iraq).The chemical treatment involved alkali and acid activation. The alkali activation obtained by treated the raw clay (RC) with 5M NaOH (ACSO) and the acid activation founded by treated it with 0.25M HCl (ACH) and 0.25M H_2 〖SO〗_4 (ACS). The thermal treatment carried out by calcination the produce activated clay at 750oC for acid activation and 105oC for alkali activation. Batch adsorption method was used to study the adsorption of orange G dye onto raw and activated clays. The impact of different factors related to the adsorption process was studied such as: agitation time, clay dosage, solution pH, starting OG dye concentration, temperature and ionic strength. The adsorption process was described by using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Raduchkevish isotherm models. Thermodynamic functions like change in enthalpy〖∆H〗^°, change in entropy 〖∆S〗^° and change in Gibbs free energy 〖∆G〗^°were estimated based on Vanʼt Hoff equation.

Thermal analysis applied to the development of nanostructured lipid carriers loading propranolol using quality-by-design strategies

This work aimed to employ thermal analysis to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) using propranolol (PPL) as a model drug. The rationale for this is such delivery system could enable PPL repositioning for the treatment of skin diseases. For this, preformulation studies were first performed following a simplex centroid mixture design using thermal and spectroscopic analytical tools. Next, PPL-loaded NLC were developed, varying the production parameters according to a Box-Behnken design. A high degree of thermal interaction was observed among the formulation components, mainly between the Rosa rubiginosa essential oil and soy lecithin lipids, which resulted in an NLC entrapment efficiency above 98%. Infrared data, in turn, showed the components of the formulation are chemically compatible, even under heating production conditions. The optimized model for PPL-loaded NLC production allowed to accurately control the parameters of particle size and PdI on-demand over a wide range of particle sizes (400–1,500 nm). Particularly, Turrax rotation and Turrax agitation time were the most decisive process parameters for these responses. The optimized model was tested in the production of 500-nm and 900-nm NLC, leading to particle sizes of 569.4 ± 87.3 nm and 823.9 ± 58.0 nm, respectively, within the 95% confidence interval. Moreover, the PdI results were also very close to the prediction. In conclusion, the precise control of PPL-loaded NLC characteristics through the optimized model offers exciting perspectives for modulating the PPL skin permeation profile to meet different therapeutic propositions.

Utilization of Moringa oleifera as Natural Coagulant for Water Purification

The plant-based natural coagulant has the potential to substitute the chemical coagulant in the water treatment process. In this work, the potential of plant-based natural coagulants in the ability of turbidity removal was identified. The Moringa oleifera seed was selected for the batch analysis test such as pH, contact time, agitation, and dosage. The high alkaline water decreases the effectiveness of plant-based natural coagulants. The agitation and contact time show the importance of the coagulation process. The optimum turbidity removal rate in pH is 4, the contact time is 60 seconds and 3000 seconds for coagulation and flocculation, respectively, the agitation is 300 RPM and 30 RPM for coagulation and flocculation, and lastly, the dosage is 10 g of Moringa oleifera seed. Finally, the plant-based natural coagulants demonstrated the ability to remove turbidity and could be used in place of chemical coagulants.

Kinetics, Isotherms and Thermodynamic Studies on Removal of Divalent Copper using Mallet Flower Leaf Powder as Bio-Adsorbent

The effectiveness and efficacy of Mallet Flower Leaf Powder (MFLP) as a bio-sorbent for the removal of heavy metal copper ions from the aqueous solutions have been studied. Experiments were conducted varying the pH, agitation time, temperature, biosorbent size and dosage as parameters. Speed of the mixing is kept at 200 rpm. The analysis of copper was done by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The adsorption of copper was found to be dependent on pH and a maximum removal of 98.78 % was obtained at an optimum pH of 6.0. The optimum biosorbent dosage was 1 g for an agitation time of 40 min. The biosorption data obtained were validated for the best isotherm. The data collected were verified with the available adsorption isotherms. Experimental data obtained was well represented by Langmuir (RL = 0.161, qm = 5.96 mg/g, R2 = 0.9142), Freundlich (n = 0.64, Kf = 0.79L/g, R2 = 0.9995) and Tempkin (R2 = 0.9083, bT = 267.63) isotherms, indicating favorable biosorption. The experimental data obtained were tested for the best fit and the Freundlich Model has yielded the best correlation with the highest regression coefficient, R2 = 0.9844. Kinetic data has also been presented using thermodynamic analysis and the pseudo second order model was found to be the best fit with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. For the removal of copper from the solution, bioadsorbent showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 5.96 mg/g.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Removal of divalent copper from the aqueous solution using Mallet Flower Leaf powder
 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis were used to characterize the Mallet Flower Leaf Powder
 Kinetic data has been presented using thermodynamic analysis and the pseudo second order model was found to be the best fit with a correlation coefficient of 0.999
 The maximum adsorption capacity of MFLP for copper was found to be 5.96 mg/gm
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Deciphering the adsorption potential of a functionalized green hydrogel nanocomposite for aspartame from aqueous phase

Herein, a functionalized green hydrogel nanocomposite based on carboxymethylated gum tragacanth and nanobentonite (GTBCH) was designed via free-radical polymerization approach for the elimination of Aspartame (AS) from wastewater. The GTBCH fabrication was validated by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Central composite design (CCD) was efficaciously applied to determine the quadratic polynomial approach for predicting the adsorption capacity (qe) of AS. The optimum sequestration conditions were dosage (0.8 g L‒1), agitation time (35 min) initial AS concentration (60 mg L−1), pH (6) and temperature (308 K). The CCD results revealed that dosage of GTBCH and initial concentration have greater impact on qe followed by pH, time, and temperature. The significant adsorption capacity (392.04 mg g−1), calculated from Langmuir model, could be attributed to the stronger interactions prevalent between AS and GTBCH. Diffusion investigations depicted the uptake of AS via surface adsorption, liquid film and intraparticle diffusion, respectively. Ionic strength and real water have minor effect on the adsorption capacity demonstrating electrostatic interaction has least impact in adsorption process. The pHzpc, FTIR and XPS investigations revealed hydrogen bonding, n-π and van der Waals interactions as the principal removal mechanisms. Robust design, high adsorption capacity, eco-friendly facets along with excellent reusability indicated the GTBCH as a competent adsorbent for AS decontamination from wastewater.

Insights into chemically modified cocoa pods for enhanced removal of an anti-malaria drug

Cocoa pod activated carbon prepared by ortho-phosphoric acid activation and used for the sequestration of Lumefantrine, an antimalarial drug from solution. EDX, FTIR and SEM characterization methods were used to elucidate the textural characteristics and morphological features of the adsorbent surface. Results from these characterization methods show that the CPHAC contains a high percentage of carbon, basic functional groups such as the hydroxyl groups and well-developed cylindrical pores on the surface. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to show the influence of agitation time, initial LUMF concentration and solution temperature on the adsorption process. At 303 K, maximum percentage removal of 90.9% was obtained at 20 mg/L initial LUMF concentration. Four models of isotherm were used to test experimental data, out of which the Langmuir isotherm model gave the best fit with an R2 value of 0.9934 at 303 K. The nature of adsorption was physical in nature as mean free energy of the d-R isotherm model was 0.745 kJ/mol. Maximum monolayer sorption capacity of 79.365 mg/g was recorded at 303 K and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model best explains the kinetics of adsorption. Thermodynamic studies reveal that the adsorption process was spontaneous, feasible and endothermic in nature. CPHAC proved to be very efficient in sequestering Lumefantrine drug from solution.

ADSORPTION OF TURQUOISE BLUE DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION ONTO ACID ACTIVATED CARBON PREPARED FROM PTEROCARPUS MARSUPIUM BARKS

Adsorption interaction of Turquoise Blue dye from aqueous solution onto acid and base surface modified activated carbons prepared from Pterocarpus Marsupium barks using microwave and phosphoric acid were investigated. Batch method adsorptions were carried out. Influences of the parameters such as agitation time, initial dye concentrations and temperature on adsorption were studied. Equilibrium data were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and Dubinin-Raduskevich isotherms. Best describing isotherms were ordered based on R2 values.

Adsorption and possibility of separation of heavy metal cations by strong cation exchange resin

This work is devoted to the study of the adsorption of strontium, yttrium, and zirconium ions by the strong acid cation exchange resin Dowex HCR-s/s. The adsorption of strontium, yttrium, and zirconium ions in batch and dynamic conditions from individual solutions of the studied elements, as well as from their mixture, was studied. It was shown that the dependences of the adsorption of strontium, yttrium, and zirconium ions on agitation time fit well with the pseudo-first-order and Elovich equations. Equilibrium adsorption of all three cations can be described with Langmuir's theory. Column adsorption has shown that Dowex HCR-s/s adsorb all three investigated cations from the acidic medium. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) proves that separation of these cations using Dowex HCR-s/s is possible only in highly dilute solutions at a concentration of 10 ng/ml of each element. The basis of separation will be a higher rate of adsorption of tetravalent zirconium, compared with strontium and yttrium. As the concentration of the investigated elements increases to 100 ng/ml, all three cations are adsorbed by the resin in equal amounts and can be separated only using special eluents, such as Ca-EDTA.

Potential for hydrothermally separated groundnut shell fibers for removal of methylene blue dye

Textile dyes are considered to be hazardous waste for the environment. Treatment with eco-friendly way is the only solution to protect the environment from this hazardous material. The present research focused on the removal of textile dyes with bio adsorbents. This research work aims to extract fibers from waste groundnut shells (GNS) as a bio adsorbent. The efficiency of the obtained fiber mass as an adsorbent was examined over a dye to gauge its adsorbing potential and expulsion. For the purpose stated, Methylene Blue Dye (MBD) was selected as a model dye. The potential capacity of the obtained groundnut shell fibers (GNSF) was studied by optimizing various parameters such as pH, temperature, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, agitation, and contact time in the batch study. The percentage removal of dye achieved by the fibers obtained from the groundnut shell was 99.5% at mixing speed 150 RPM; temperature 25 °C; dye concentration 10 mg/L; adsorbent dosage: 5 mg/L and time 24 h. The extracted fibers and adsorbed fibers were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis to study various properties such as functional group, chemical characteristics, and morphological studies. The obtained results were well fitted in Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich isotherm, and Temkin isotherm models. The Freundlich model fits the best.

Adsorption of Yttrium Ions on 3-Amino-5-Hydroxypyrazole Impregnated Bleaching Clay, a Novel Sorbent Material

In this work, spent bleaching clay (SBC) was treated with ethyl acetate and impregnation with 3-amino-5-hydroxypyrazole (AHIBC) that utilized as economical sorbent material. The uptake of yttrium ions from aqueous solution using AHIBC was studied under batch process as a function of pH of the solution, contact time, adsorbent dosage, Yttrium ions concentration, and ambient temperature. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved at the value of pH = 6.0 and agitation time of 60 min at room temperature. The utmost adsorption capacity of Y(III) ions on AHIBC was 171.32 mg·g−1. Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic models were applied to the experimental data obtained. Adsorption follows a pseudo–second–order kinetic model, while the adsorption isotherm fits the Langmuir model. A negative value of Gibbs free energy ΔG° revealed that the adsorption of the Y ions on the AHIBC adsorbent was spontaneously in nature. In addition, the electrostatic interaction process between the metal ions and AHIBC was favorable. The negative value of ΔH° states that Y ions adsorption was an exothermic process. Desorption efficiency reduced from 97% to 80% after eight consecutive rounds.

Effective utilization of Fe(III)-based metal organic framework-coated cellulose paper for highly efficient elimination from the liquid phase of paracetamol as a pharmaceutical pollutant

This work aims to evaluate the potential utilization of Fe(III)-based metal organic framework-coated cellulose paper (MIL-100(Fe)@CP) for the elimination of paracetamol (PCM) from water systems. The characterization of MIL-100(Fe)@CP was examined with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The modeling and optimization studies were examined using response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of adsorption parameters influencing PCM removal such as initial PCM concentration (Co), pH of solution, agitation time, and adsorbent dosage were evaluated by central composite design (CCD) in RSM. For maximum PCM removal efficiency, the optimum Co, pH, agitation time, and adsorbent dosage were 35.60 mg/L, 6.44, 167.06 min, and 16.87 mg, respectively. In these conditions, the best PCM removal efficiency was determined as 89.75%. The adsorption kinetic data for PCM were successfully expressed by the Weber–Morris and pseudo-second-order models. Moreover, the isotherm data was best fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model. All results indicate that RSM is efficient in predicting the removal efficiency of PCM onto MIL-100(Fe)@CP and the prepared novel material is a hopeful adsorbent for the highly effective elimination of pharmaceuticals such as PCM from aquatic systems.

Study on different parts of moringa oleifera for treating wastewater

In this study Moringa Oleífera (MO) leaves and pods are utilized for the treatment of Methylene Blue (MB) dye solution. The uptake of pollutants by MO leaves and pods are assessed by varying dosages from 0.01g to 0.1g with different agitation time of 5min to 30 min. From the observed results, the maximum removal (96%) occurs by adding MO leaves at 0.08g dosage at the time period of 15minutes. MO pods removes maximum of 45% at the dosage of 0.1g at 30 minutes. It is found that MO leaves are better in removing organic dye than MO pods. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X Ray (EDX) analysis are carried out to identify the morphological character and elemental composition of the MO leaves and pods. The result shows that the leaves contain more carbon content (33%) than pods (20.3%). Similarly the amount of oxygen is least in leaves thus enhancing the removal of dye particles. The SEM result indicates that the pore development is more in leaves than pods. Finally, Isotherm model was developed for pods and leaves; it is found that MO pods follow Freundlich equation whereas MO leaves follow Langmuir equation.

Modification of Enteromorpha prolifera with dielectric barrier discharge plasma to enhance malachite green adsorption.

Dyes, a kind of visible chemical, have severe deleterious effects on human health and ecological environment. In this work, batch biosorption experiments were carried out under various experimental conditions such as pH value and agitation time to optimize the potentiality of Enteromorpha prolifera for the removal of malachite green (MG) dye from aqueous solution (70·7%). Then, the algal biomass was treated with a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in helium for 4 and 10 min to enhance MG removal efficiency (84·7 and 96·6%). In addition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in combination with scanning electron microscopy was employed to monitor the chemical and physical changes of algal cells treated by DBD. This study illustrates that DBD may serve as an effective tool to activate the functional groups on the cell wall surface for dye binding, and it even offers an alternative new technique to improve the adsorption properties of native biosorbents for the removal of toxic dyes from wastewater.

Combination of polyurethane and polymethyl methacrylate thin films as a microextraction sorbent for rapid adsorption and sensitive determination of neonicotinoid insecticides in fruit juice and tea by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

An economical and effective thin film microextraction (TFME) for simultaneous analysis of ten neonicotinoid insecticides and metabolites in fruit juice and tea, was developed based on the combination of polyurethane (PU) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) films as the sorbent followed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The PU/PMMA composite was evidenced to possess rapid adsorption and strong accumulation towards neonicotinoids compared with the films used alone. A series of parameters were optimized, and the agitation mode, film size, ionic strength, desorption solvent and sample pH were found to dominate the microextraction process rather than the extraction temperature, agitation time and sample volume. The thin films are cost effective and efficient for single use analysis, but still can be reused at least 8 times with no significant loss in performance. The ten neonicotinoids were measured with good recoveries (81.1–107.9%), high enrichment factors (up to 135), low limits of detection (0.001–0.1 µg L−1), and wide linearity range (1–500 µg L−1, r2>0.9981) in fruit juice (apple, lemon, and pomegranate) and tea (green tea and black tea) samples. The proposed method was successfully applied to commercial fruit and tea drinks, and no samples were tested positive on target neonicotinoids. The PU/PMMA based TFME has shown great potential as an alternative to exhaustive extraction techniques for routine screening of trace neonicotinoids in fruit juice and tea by simplifying the analytical procedure, shortening the operation time, and lowering the material expense.

Enhanced removal of vanadium(V) from acidic streams using binary oxide systems of TiO2-ZrO2 and TiO2-ZnO type

It is well known that removal of vanadium ions from the natural environment has become a great challenge in recent years. Due to this fact, the present study concerns the application of binary oxides such as TiO2-ZrO2 (molar ratio 9:1) and TiO2-ZnO (molar ratio 7:3) synthesized by the sol–gel method with calcination at 873 K (TZ1 sample) or by the hydrothermal method at 433 K (TZ2 and T7Zn3 samples), respectively. The fabricated adsorbents were subjected to the detailed physico-chemical analysis including: dispersive properties, morphology, crystalline and textural properties as well as chemical composition. The vanadium(V) ions adsorption on the binary oxides was optimized by the experimental conditions such as pH (2–10), adsorbent dose (0.01–0.1 g), vanadium concentration (10–500 mg/L), agitation time (1 min–24 h) and temperature (293–333 K). The pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO) and intraparticle diffusion (IPD) kinetic models as well as the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Raduskievich isotherm models were applied for the description of V(V) adsorption. The adsorption capacities were found to be 129.3 mg/g for TZ1, 170.8 mg/g for TZ2 and to 195.9 mg/g for T7Zn3. The endothermic and spontaneous character of V(V) adsorption on the binary oxides was confirmed by the values of thermodynamic parameters. The best fitting of kinetic experimental data to the pseudo-second-order model was obtained. The maximum desorption yield (%D) was achieved using the 1 mol/L NaOH solution (97.96%-T7Zn3, 75.81%-TZ2, 62.88%-TZ1). Applicability of the inorganic oxides in V(V) and Fe(III) removal from spent catalyst leaching solutions was proved.