Romanticism Research Articles

Landscape and Shadow: A Comparison of the View of Nature and Philosophy of Art in the Artworks of Fan Kuan and J. M. W. Turner

In Chinese and Western painting, respectively, there are apparent differences in the representation of the vision of nature and the philosophy of art, even though paintings carry nature as their theme in art history. The extent of these differences can be well understood by comparing works of different artists from diverse cultures. The case selected for analysis in this paper comprises the Chinese Northern Song period painter Fan Kuan and the British Romantic painter J. M. W. Turner. This paper compares and contrasts the two artists regarding their perceptions of nature and aesthetic systems. Various perspectives of nature can be explained by works like Fan Kuan's Travelers Among Mountains and Streams and William Turner's The Blizzard or Snowstorm. This paper uses a qualitative research approach to understand how the two painters depict their understanding of the topic through their creativity. Many of the works painted by Fan Kuan illustrate the Confucianistic notion of 'heaven-men unity', focusing on such aspects of nature as peacefulness and timelessness. On the other hand, Turner in his paintings responds to the relation of the age of romance to the force of light, the force of colours, Turner responds to this power of the age. The study findings reveal that though the two painters had a clear distinction based on their cultural origin, style, and thought on philosophical matters, both the painters had artistic interpretations of the natural world in their use of artistic forms.

سمات الأنا الشعرية الأنثوية الحداثية بين روضة الحاج وفروغ فرخزاد (مقدمة نقدية نفسية مقارنة)

The poetic ego is a modern expression must distinguish the poet who has a unique poetic personality. In the modern era, Ego witnessed many transformations, with the emergence of the romantic school, but the symbolic and existential schools created another form of the Ego, emerged from psychiatric clinics and was crystallized by the Austrian psychologist (Sigmund Freud), I intend to address one type of these new poetic transformations, classical characteristics of Female Ego in the works of the Sudanese poet Rawdha Al-Hajj compared to the Iranian poet Forough Farrokhzad." the Sudanese I will study the classical poetic female ego and its features, in their Arabic or translated into Arabic poetry. My study will be a critical comparative study in the light of the psychological approach. The expected outcomes of the study includes but not limited to, continuation of the traditional form of the poetic ego in modern poetry, and emergence of new forms of the poetic ego weak female ego. Keywords:.

"The Influence of Romanticism on the Poetry of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge"

An analysis of the enormous impact that Romanticism had on the poetry of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, two of the most influential figures of the Romantic movement in English literature. Through the examination of significant works such as Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads and Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, the study investigates the manner in which the poetry of these authors exemplifies the fundamental principles of Romanticism. These principles include a profound reverence for nature, an emphasis on individual experience and emotion, and a rejection of the rationalism and industrialisation that were prevalent during the Enlightenment period. The purpose of this article is to investigate the ways in which both poets utilised their works to convey a profound connection with the natural world, investigate the depths of human consciousness, and test the limits of poetry form. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how Wordsworth and Coleridge contributed to the formation and legacy of the Romantic tradition in literature. This is accomplished through a comparative analysis that reveals the parallels and differences in their approaches to Romanticism.

Edgar Zilsel ‘The Social Roots of Romantic Ideology’ (1933). A translation and commentary

Edgar Zilsel (1891-1944) was an associate of the Vienna Circle and an Austro-Marxist. He is remembered for the so-called ‘Zilsel Thesis’, a historical reconstruction of the social and economic preconditions for the emergence of modern experimental science written in exile in the USA. His earlier work in Vienna on the cult of genius has recently been revisited by a number of scholars. The aim of this translation is to make one of his writings on this subject available to an Anglophone audience. Here he develops a genealogy of irrationalist ideology—one opposed to the rationalism of urban and commercial culture and to science—whose roots he traces to the German Romantic Movement. He offers a novel account of the interaction between Romantic writers, artists, and philosophers and wider currents of counter-revolutionary thought that emerged as a reaction to the French Revolution. The commentary seeks to contextualize the work as a critical, if indirect, contemporary engagement with fascism and points to its contemporary relevance.

ESTUDIO MORFOFONOLÓGICO DE LAS PALABRAS SIMPLES DEL PAPIAMENTO, EN ARUBA, BONAIRE Y CURAZAO

The American continent treasures a linguistic diversity, evident in the original languages and in languages that unite morphological, syntactic, phonological and semantic structures of languages with different typological classifications, such as Creole languages. These languages originate from linguistic crossbreeding and are an element of a historical process of interrupted and restructured transmission that differs from the genealogical models of the Indo-European languages, specifically the Papiamentu of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao (known as the ABC islands). In the present research, the morphophonological processes of vowel elision, metathesis, epenthesis and epenthesis in the simple words of Papiamentu spoken on the above-mentioned islands are demonstrated. The terminology to be analysed is presented, compiled from Papiamentu-English bilingual dictionaries, a Papiamentu-English trap song and research on the phonology and morphology of the language. The processes of linguistic change manifested in the grammatical categories indicated are described succinctly. For these purposes, this work employs the postulates of linguistic variation and of researchers specialising in the phonology and morphology of Papiamentu and other American Creole languages. The corpus consists of thirteen (13) examples of vowel elision. In addition, the following morphological change processes are described: nine (9) examples of metathesis, four (4) examples of epenthesis and twelve (12) examples of epenthesis. Regarding the analysis, it is obtained that Papiamentu is a language that starts as a pidgin of Portuguese and Spanish origin, in which the lexicon of Dutch and African origin is added. The pattern of alternating loss of vowels according to the etymology of the word modified in Papiamento is detected. Furthermore, the addition of vowels in the final position of words derived from Dutch, English, due to the adaptation to the language of the morphophonological structure of the Latin American Romance languages, is also noted. Finally, it is noted that Papiamentu is a creole language that varies morphologically according to the linguistic and cultural influences received by its speakers.

„[…] mając zawsze na celu naukę obok rozrywki”. Ekfrazy malarstwa Klementyny z Tańskich Hoffmanowej na usługach edukacji estetycznej kobiet w pierwszej połowie wieku XIX

The article focusses on ekphrasis in fragments of Memories from a trip to foreign countries. In letters to Helenka T. [Wspomnienia z podróży w obce kraje. W listach do Helenki T.] of Klementyna Hoffmanowa née Tańska. Using the method of inter-artistic analysis of a literary text and an artwork, the author of the article shows the role of paintings in Hoffmanowa’s educational guide for girls at the beginning of the 19th century – not only artistic, but above all an ethical exemplum. In order to disseminate the highest moral values, Tańska-Hoffmanowa added excerpts from the Bible to her synthetic descriptions of the works of Giorgione, Titian and. Ekphrasis composed in this way seems to be a continuation of the tradition of literary journey, periegesis, and apodemics. They remain a special testimony to the aesthetic formation of women in the Romantic period, rhetorical traditions in illustrating descriptions or various influences between the arts.

Modernising Romantic Views on Hungarian History: Static Story Lines on Dynamic Platforms

ABSTRACT The question of origin of became central for Hungarian elites in the era of nation-building and romanticism. Facing the backwardness of the country, the question of modernisation, catching up with the West became essential in the discourse of the elites. While one side tried to achieve this by tracing the origins of the Hungarians in their – in many cases imagined – tribal past in the East, in their Hunic ancestry, another intended to orient the country towards the West. The article argues that both approaches argued with similar story-lines, using the same (often fictional) characters to support their intentions. Despite the rootedness of both lines of arguments in history or rather romantic legends, both could adapt these in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries to state-of-the-art media platforms, thus in a way modernising their message without changing the central argumentation.

Novel-River: "Jean-Christophe" by R. Rolland: the concept of the world and man

The subject of the study is the analysis of the synthetic genre of the river-novel in its specificity – in a polemic with a modern expanded understanding of the genre, erasing its originality. The aim of the work is also the cultural and philosophical actualization of the novel – in a polemic with its traditional social reading. The signs of the river-novel are highlighted and the synthetics of the genre is emphasized. It is noted that the novel is based on the unity of the world of the author and the hero and their dialogue. The main theme of the novel is analyzed – the disclosure of the creative perception of the world in its independence, openness to the world and constant changes, the connection of the main theme with two leitmotifs of the novel is shown – the ability to hear world music and the God-humanity of genius. Christoph's worldview is defined as pantheism: the mystery of unity is revealed to Christoph, linking him with the era of early German Romanticism. The main method of research is the structural analysis of the text, the main themes, motifs, and mythologies. It is emphasized that the epic of Rolland is the final work for the New European culture, the creators of which were the titans, the creators of great art. It is noted that the river-novel is based on the romantic tradition and expresses the spirit of a new idealism characteristic of the era of the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. The polemic of the novel, addressed to the life of the modern soul, is polemic to the theme of the decline of the West and the growing signs of the great war of peoples – on the eve of the First World War. It is noted that one of the facets of the river-novel with its belief in the power of creativity is the utopia of the international brotherhood of creative souls (close to the ideas of G. Hesse). It is emphasized that the pathos of the unity of the most important mental traditions of Europe permeates the entire novel – such is the music of Christophe, combining "German fantasy and the clear clarity of the Latin mind." The disclosure of the cultural and philosophical meanings of the novel and the specifics of the genre of the river novel constitute the novelty of scientific research. The conclusion is made about the synthetics of the river-novel genre: a myth novel, a utopia novel, a warning novel, an alternative history novel. The research opens up the possibility for further, more detailed comparison of the religion of creativity underlying the novel with the philosophical ideas of the twentieth century: A. Bergson's "Creative Impulse", N. A. Berdyaev's "Philosophy of Creativity", L. N. Gumilev's theory of passionarity, as well as the analysis of the novel in the Russian artistic context.

Robert Schumann and Neurosyphilis

Robert Schumann (1810-1856), one of the greatest music composers of the Romantic era, was suspected to have had syphilis. Syphilis was a stigmatized disease during the time, and Schumann's followers tended to deny the infection itself or to destroy evidence of possible infection; therefore, no solid evidence is available in this regard. However, based on records (obtained 130 years after his death), which describe his stay in a psychiatric hospital, it is concluded that Schumann was certainly diagnosed with syphilis. In this essay, I have discussed Schumann's creative work from syphilis infection to the onset of progressive paralysis, as a Schumann lover.

Intersecting Visions: The Symbiotic Relationship of Literature and the Arts in the Antiquity and the Romantic Age

This paper presents the complex and dynamic relationship between literature and the arts, exploring how these two domains have symbiotically interacted, especially in the Antiquity and the Romantic Age. By examining the mutual influences, thematic resonances, and aesthetic convergences between literature and the arts, this study seeks to expose some of the complex intermedial dialogues that have enriched cultural expressions throughout history. Through a comparative analysis that spans mainly two key historical epochs – each marked by distinctive socio-cultural and philosophical currents –, this research highlights how literature and arts have not only reflected but also shaped and propelled each other’s evolution. The paper employs a dual methodological approach, combining theoretical frameworks with specific case studies, to demonstrate the way these artistic synergies have manifested. This approach allows for a more detailed understanding of the roles that art and literature play in both mirroring and constructing the human experience, thus offering insights into the broader cultural and aesthetic implications of their interplay. The study underscores the enduring power of artistic collaboration and influence, revealing how these intersections have contributed to the development of complex cultural narratives and the continuous redefinition of aesthetic and philosophical paradigms.

Keats’s ‘On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer’ and romantic (in)visibility

ABSTRACT The Romantic period redefined translation in a way that is epochal; that is, its reconfiguration of translation betokened a shift from the early modern period to a fully experienced modernity. In British Romanticism, in particular, this redefinition paradoxically combines a marginalisation and a celebration of translation. This article examines this paradox and shows that even as many British Romantic writers rhetorically carved out a space for their literary authority by arguing for the fundamental untranslatability of literature, there is also a discursive strand that embraces translation. Through a reading of ‘On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer’, an 1816 sonnet by John Keats, which this article proposes to read as a poetical piece of translation history which fuses early modern translatio and modern translation, we show that these strands combine to create a poetically and historiographically potent way of imagining the reliance on international traffic and mediation which characterise modern literature.

Geology, the Imagination, and Speculative Writing: Gideon Mantell’s Fossil Poetry in Anna Birkbeck’s Album

This article considers the literary and scientific significance of a poem written by the geologist Gideon Mantell in Anna Birkbeck’s album in 1825. ‘On a Group of Organic Remains of a Former World’ considers a cluster of fossils and asks them to give up information about the prehistoric world in which they had lived. Mantell’s speaker is particularly keen to discover whether a race of angelic beings might have inhabited earth before the biblical creation, as this would help to explain why no fossilized human remains had been found by geologists who had discovered innumerable other creatures buried in the rocks. This article considers why Mantell was interested in these questions, why he chose poetry as the best form in which to explore them, and what his contribution to Anna Birkbeck’s album tells us about the imbrication of scientific and literary writing in the Romantic era.

Correction to: Literature 1780–1830: The Romantic Period

Correction to: Literature 1780–1830: The Romantic Period

Romantic Concerns About Toxicity and Public Health: Literary Exploration of Contaminated Environment and the Significance of Literature in Historical Toxicology

Poems of William Blake, William Wordsworth, S. T. Coleridge, Lord Byron, P. B. Shelley, and their contemporaries are freighted with allusions to the contaminated environment during the industrial revolution and post Tambora eruption (1815), reflective of socio-environmental realities of the Romantic period and their concerns about public health. This paper endeavors to examine Romantic poetry and assess early 19th-century toxic English landscapes to comprehend how environmental contamination was culturally perceived during this period. The study follows a critical convergence design between historical toxicology and Romantic literature for the synthesis of scientific analysis to reveal the thematic preoccupations of Romantic writing. Findings of the study demonstrate substantial references to the impact of direct release of industrial toxins into atmosphere and Tambora eruption’s toxic fallout. Literary engagements such as these foreground profound socio-ecological ramifications of toxic pollutants and offer richer insights for modern environmental policy-making and sustainable development. The study also follows an interdisciplinary approach to serve as a resource for the integrative analysis presented here and benefit the future research from its insights in filling out the understanding of how early 19th-century poets approached industrial and volcanic pollution.

The lasting effect of the Romantic view of nature: How it influences perceptions of risk and the support of symbolic actions against climate change.

Culture can have a major impact on how we perceive different hazards. In the Romantic period, nature was described and portrayed as mysterious and benevolent. A deep connection to nature was perceived as important. We proposed that this romantic view would be positively related to people's risk perceptions of man-made hazards and, more specifically, to concerns about climate change. Further, we hypothesized that the Romantic perception of nature leads to a biased perception of natural hazards and that the moral component of action is of particular importance above and beyond the mere efficacy of the action. We conducted an online survey in Germany (N=531), a country where Romanticism had a very widespread influence. The study shows that individuals with a Romantic view of nature perceived greater risks associated with climate change than those without such a view. In addition, those with a Romantic view of nature were more likely to support measures to reduce the risks of climate change, even when it is said that such measures are not effective. Finally, the study found a significantly higher positive correlation between Romantic views of nature and risk perceptions of man-made versus natural hazards. The results suggest that ideas developed during the Romantic era continue to influence hazard perception in Germany.

Romanticism And Kazi Nazrul Islam: An Evaluation

This study seeks to analyze the significant trends of English Romanticism and its reflection on the life and works of Bengali poet Kazi Nazrul Islam (1899-1976). Though Nazrul Islam knew very much the socio-historical condition and the most important poets of the then Romantic period of English literature, especially the late Romantic poets like Shelley, Keats, and Byron, it does not become virtually possible to emulate utterly following the directions of the ideology over the manifold unaccommodating romantic dictions and feelings what is captivated by Nazrul. This paper intends to present the socio-historical scenario and the poetry of Nazrul, the major romantic poet of the generation in Bengali literary history, beholding in his poetry for squeezes of romanticism equally embellished by the English Romanticism. Studying Nazrul Islam’s age, life and works, this study pursues to discover to what extent Nazrul’s life and works were reflected by European Romantic sensibilities and in what ways his literary contributions went through the romantic philosophies in his unique fashion and context.

The Climacteric Gothic: Impotence and Menopause in the Eighteenth Century

By charting climacteric bodies – aged, gendered, and (de)sexualised ones – in the Gothic fictions of the Romantic period, this article explores socio-political concerns prompted by impotence and menopause. Enlightenment-era biomedical treatises fixated on the ageing body as a problem for gender and the state. This article weaves these medical and often pseudo-medical archives with Gothic fictions to argue that ageing distinctly interrogates growing anxieties concerning the health of the state and its investment in reproductive futurity. By reading canonical Romantic Gothic narratives, such as Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto (1764) and Matthew Lewis's The Monk (1796), as well as less studied ones, such as Charlotte Smith's Emmeline (1788), we uncover emergent understandings of eighteenth-century health, gender, and sexuality. Ultimately, the article exposes how menopause and impotence are configured by this medico-literary archive in hopes of advancing Gothic studies’ attention to ageing, not as spectacle, but as fundamental to the genre's evolution and socio-cultural significance.

Humphry Davy, transatlantic slavery and his constructions of racial difference in an early notebook

Humphry Davy was the most celebrated chemist of his day in Britain, but he has been absent from discussions of Romantic-era constructions of race. It is well known that Davy was an experimental chemist, popular lecturer, and, as has been recently explored by the Davy Notebooks Project, a poet; this essay expands this narrative to include his connection to transatlantic slavery and writing about race, which are neglected aspects of his life and writing. In this essay, I examine Davy’s response to the slave-trade debates and for the first time his close family links to transatlantic slavery, focusing on his wife Jane’s stepfather, the major enslaver, Robert Farquhar. I discuss Davy’s writing on the chemical causes of Black skin colour and a draft essay on the climate in notebook 13F in which he constructed the racial difference of Black Africans. I argue that his essay can be understood by recognizing 13F as a school notebook used during his period of self-education and that it reflects the messy and unstable nature of writing about race in the Romantic period. Davy’s racial thinking was influential and he was recognized as an authority on skin colour by his contemporaries, Thomas Beddoes, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, and Sir Everard Home.

Echi di August Klingemann in Joseph von Eichendorff. «Viel Lärmen um Nichts» e l’eredità romantica

This paper aims to investigate the presence of August Klingemann’s early Romantic «Musterroman» Romano (1800-1801) in Joseph von Eichendorff’s late Romantic tale Viel Lärmen um Nichts [Much Ado About Nothing]. Published in 1832, Viel Lärmen um Nichts provides insight into the ongoing decline of German Romanticism, by considering themes, characters and symbols of the Romantic movement – such as the role of subjectivity, dream and imagination – and highlighting their being out of place in dealing with the depiction of a changed historical and cultural context. While Eichendorff’s nostalgic view is displayed through the adventures of prince Romano, who embodies Romanticism in its anachronistic features, it is by means of Willibald and Aurora’s reunion at the end of the story that Eichendorff, in the final stage of his literary production, gives voice to his hope for a new dawn of Romantic poetry.

Plastic Surgeons and Portraits Before the Invention of Photography.

The aim of this paper is to review portraits from the Renaissance to the Romantic eras, created before the invention of photography, and to discuss their usefulness to plastic surgeons. Before photography and film were invented, portraits played a critical role in documenting individuals, conveying power, and immortalizing people's appearance and identity. Portraits were not merely simple representations of a person's physical appearance; they played a crucial role in conveying the subject's inner qualities and social position, as well as the cultural values of the era. Artists often idealized or embellished certain features to align with the cultural and aesthetic ideals of their time. Portraits of the Renaissance to Romantic eras could have a significant impact on plastic surgeons' understanding of beauty and aesthetics. A plastic surgeon drawing on Renaissance ideals might prioritize symmetry and balanced facial features, which continue to be regarded as attractive in contemporary beauty standards. Beauty standards during these times favored curvaceous and lively figures, potentially inspiring modern plastic surgeons to focus on creating more dramatic or unique appearances. A plastic surgeon inspired by Romantic art might value uniqueness and avoid rigid beauty standards, focusing instead on enhancing a person's natural traits rather than conforming to a singular "ideal" appearance. Plastic surgeons could gain a richer, more classical perspective on aesthetics by studying historical art, potentially leading to more personalized and balanced outcomes. However, integrating these classical ideals into modern practice must also consider the diverse and varying definitions of beauty prevalent in today's multicultural society.