Aflatoxin B1 Reduction Research Articles

Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on Reducing Aflatoxin B1 in Eggs of Laying Hen and Egg Yolk Oxidative Stability

Aloe vera extract's effect on Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) residue and yolk oxidative stability was examined in yolk samples. The results indicated that residue of AB1 in AF-Aloe (100 and 300 ppm) treated groups were lower than the control groups on day 14 and was not detected on day 28. The lipid peroxidation level in all groups was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the positive control group. The weight, production, and carotenoid of eggs were not statistically significant between the groups. These results indicate that Aloe vera extract can be effective in diminishing AFB1.

Mutagenicity assessment of aflatoxin B1 exposed to essential oils

Alternative decontamination strategies focusing on the reduction and detoxification of mycotoxins in food and feed products have gained increasing attention in recent years. In the present study, we explored the potential of thyme, clove and rosemary essential oils (EOs) to inactivate aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in vitro, the most potent human carcinogen produced by fungi. Furthermore, we investigated changes in the mutagenic activity of the EO on the inactivated AFB1 products by the Ames test. The AFB1 inactivation assay was performed under different incubation times (2, 24 and 72 h) and EO concentrations (10 and 50 μL mL−1) and was quantitatively monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicated that the in vitro exposure of AFB1 to the thyme, clove and rosemary EOs at 50 μL mL−1 for 72 h effectively inactivated AFB1 products at rates of 92, 90.8, and 82.8%, respectively. Moreover, a complete loss of mutagenicity was observed in the EO-inactivated AFB1 products when compared with the untreated samples. Therefore, our findings suggest the use of EOs as a promising approach for AFB1 reduction in the agri-food industry.

Effects of probiotic bacteria of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei on aflatoxin B1 detoxification within a simulated gastrointestinal tract model

The present study was objected to assess the ability of lactic acid bacteria in the reduction of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in a simulated human gastrointestinal tract. In this work, eight treatments were prepared to compare the ability of noted probiotic bacteria in AFB1 reduction in different simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The results of the present study revealed a significant reduction in AFB1 in all of the treatments in which the highest reduction rate was observed by L. acidophilus in the absence of sterilized milk. Moreover, the findings showed that bacteria, gastric juice, and small intestine may contribute to the reduction of AFB1.

Aflatoxin B1 in the Iranian pistachio nut and decontamination methods: A systematic review

This study aimed to summarize the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the various cultivars of the Persian pistachio nut and the decontamination techniques, with the aid of a systematic review and meta-analysis. In this regard, all published studies up to November 2019 among international and national databases were screened, resulting in 23 articles. According to the findings, the main aflatoxin identified in the pistachio nut was AFB1, with AFB1 concentrations in ~28% of the studies being ? 5 µg/kg, in ~35% of the studies being ? 10 µg/kg, and in ~37% of the studies being ? 10 µg/kg. Generally, in most studies (~72%), AFB1 content in pistachio cultivars was higher than the acceptable level proposed by the Iranian National Standard. Although several physical and chemical techniques for AFB1 reduction have been introduced, most of them are not safe and/or suitable for human consumption.

Reduction of Aflatoxin B1 in Corn by Water-Assisted Microwaves Treatment and Its Effects on Corn Quality.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most commonly found mycotoxin in corn, which is highly toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic for the health of humans and animals. In order to reduce the AFB1 in corn, corn kernels were processed with Water-assisted Microwaves Treatment (WMT) and the feasibility of WMT processing on AFB1 reduction and its effects on corn quality were analyzed. Increasing the treatment time and microwave power could increase the reduction of AFB1, and the maximum reduction rate could reach 58.6% and 56.8%, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the initial concentration of AFB1 and the reduction rate of AFB1. During WMT, the main toxigenic molds were sterilized completely, and the moisture content of corn climbed up and then declined to the initial level. WMT could obviously increase the fatty acid value and pasting temperature of corn and reduce the all paste viscosity of corn. However, it had little effect on the color of corn. The results indicated that WMT could reduce AFB1 effectively and avoid the vast appearance of heat-damaged kernels simultaneously. Undoubtedly, water played an important role in WMT. This result provides a new idea for the reduction of AFB1 by microwave.

Aflatoxin B1-degrading activity from Bacillus subtilis BCC 42005 isolated from fermented cereal products

ABSTRACT Aflatoxin B1 is a naturally occurring mycotoxin that is produced as secondary metabolite by Aspergillus spp., especially A. flavus and A. parasiticus. This is the most severe toxin due to its carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties. Hence, methods for toxin degradation have been received increasing interest from both scientific communities and industries. In this study, 32 isolates of Bacillus spp. from various fermented cereal products were screened for their aflatoxin B1 degradation ability. The results indicated the extracellular fraction of Bacillus subtilis BCC 42005 isolated from Iru (African locust bean) potentially possessed aflatoxin B1-degrading ability. The maximum activity of the active fraction was at 50°C and pH 8.0. The activity was stable in a wide range of pH (5.0–8.0) and temperature (25–60°C). The aflatoxin B1-degrading mechanisms of this strain may be possibly involved by enzyme(s). This extracellular fraction was not toxic at IC50 4 mg/ml and it can be combined with water as a soaking agent for maize, which results in 54% of aflatoxin B1 reduction after contact time 120 min. Hence, the extracellular fraction of Bacillus subtilis BCC 42005 can be further applied as an effective soaking agent in a pretreatment process with a practical and easy-to-implement condition and also probably used to reduce the aflatoxin B1 contamination in other foods and feeds commodities.

Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 by Probiotic Yeasts and Bacteria Isolated From Dairy Products of Iran.

Purpose: The present study was conducted to assess the ability of probiotic bacteria and yeasts strains to reduce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in gastrointestinal simulated conditions. Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic and immunosuppressive agents. Acute exposure to a high level of aflatoxins leads to aflatoxicosis, which cause rapid death due to liver failure. It is anticipated that consumption of probiotic microorganisms capable of binding aflatoxins can reduce the risk of AFB1 on human health to a certain extent. Methods: For this purpose, the bacteria (1 × 1010 cfu/mL) and yeasts count (2 × 108 cells/mL) and AFB1 concentration (10 ppb) were adjusted. Then, the samples were incubated in the simulated medium, human gastric secretions and small intestine. The concentration of residual AFB1 was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results were statistically analyzed by SPSS 16 software. Results: The native isolated bacteria and yeasts in the simulated gastrointestinal tract condition showed a significant effect on AFB1 reduction (P <0.05). The AFB1 reduction ability of native probiotic microorganisms was strain dependent. The highest binding ability in bacteria belonged to Lactobacillus rhamnosus (31.14%) and at yeasts belonged to Saccharomyces cerevisiae (30.46%). Conclusion: The use of probiotic strains is the appropriate biological method to reduce AFB1 in the human gastrointestinal tract. Probiotic bacteria could help to decrease the harmful effects of AFB1 in humans through enhancing the food safety.

Evaluation of Agaricus sp. and Pleurotus sp. Extracts Efficiency in Aspergillus Flavus Growth Inhibition and Aflatoxin B1 Reduction

The study was conducted to evaluate the activity of Agaricus and Pleurotus fungi extracts, normal and nanoform, on Aspergillus flavus growth inhibition, and AFB1 reduction. Results showed that the addition of Agaricus extracts into PDA at 250, 500, 1000 ppm caused inhibition in A. flavus growth at 72.94, 66.66, 0.00 % respectively for normal extract, 82.35, 78.03, and 40.78 % respectively for nanoform extract. The addition of Pleurotus extracts at the same above concentrations into PDA caused a reduction in A. flavus growth at 47.05, 26.27, and 0.00%, respectively for normal extract, 72.94, 69.41, and 45.88%, respectively for the nanoform extract. The inhibition effect was found temporal, disappeared when A. flavus was reinoculated on PDA without extracts. The treatment of A. flavus contaminated corn seeds with Agaricus and Pleurotus extracts at 250 ppm, the more effective concentration, and stored for 30 days caused A. flavus growth inhibition and aflatoxin reduction at 57.59 and 62.28% for Agaricus extract, normal and nanoform, respectively, 37.46 and 38.30% for Pleurotus normal and nanoform extracts, respectively. The treatment of AFB1 contaminated corn seeds with the more active concentration of Agaricus and Pleurotus extracts (250 ppm) and stored for 30 days caused a reduction in AFB1at 72.04 and 66.34% for Agaricus normal and nanoform extracts respectively, 42.70 and 46.32% for Pleurotus, normal and nanoform, extracts respectively. The results indicated that nanoparticles of natural compounds may be promising to restrict fungi producing toxins and prevent toxins production.

Protective Effects of Purple Waxy Corn on Aflatoxin B1-induced Oxidative Stress and Micronucleus in HepG2 Cells

The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of purple waxy corn extract (Zea may L.) on aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and micronuclei in HepG2 cells. Purple waxy corn extract contained phenolics (187.15-341.65 µg gallic acid/mg), flavonoids (0.55-21.35 µg quercetin/mg) and anthocyanins (43.70-220.43 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/l). Antioxidant activities of the extracts were measured using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (1410.70-2214.49 µM trolox/mg) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (292.38-612.38 µM trolox/mg) assays. There were significant correlations between phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin content and antioxidant activities (R= 0.740-0.778) of purple waxy corn extract. Studies in HepG2 cells found that 0.5 and 1 mg/ml purple waxy corn extract increased cell viability in AFB1-treated HepG2 cells. Purple waxy corn extract reduced intracellular ROS production, increased GSH content and antioxidant enzyme GR, GPx and GST activities and micronucleus in aflatoxin B1-treated HepG2 cells. Therefore, purple waxy corn extract reduced aflatoxin B1 toxicity through induction of antioxidant activities and, thus, inhibited oxidative stress-induced DNA damage caused by aflatoxin B1.

Potential Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria to Reduce Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 Occurrence on Corn Kernels and Corn Ears.

Fungal spoilage is an important issue for the food industry, leading to food sensory defects, food waste, economic losses and public health concern through the production of mycotoxins. Concomitantly, the search for safer natural products has gained importance since consumers began to look for less processed and chemically treated foods. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic effect of seven strains of Lactobacillus plantarum. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were grown on Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth at 37 °C in anaerobic conditions. After that, the cell-free supernatant (CFS) were recovered to determine its antifungal activity by halo diffusion agar test. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was determined for each L. plantarum CFS by 96-well microplates method. Additionally, CFS was used as a natural biocontrol agent on corn kernels and corn ears contaminated with Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides, respectively. The L. plantarum CECT 749 CFS showed the highest antifungal effect against all essayed strains. Moreover, the employment of this CFS in food reduced the mycotoxin production at a percentage ranging from 73.7 to 99.7%. These results suggest that the L. plantarum CECT 749 CFS could be promising for the biocontrol of corn.

Effective Biopesticides and Biostimulants to Reduce Aflatoxins in Maize Fields.

The presence of ear rots in maize caused by Aspergillus flavus that are also associated with the production of aflatoxins has evolved into an increasing problem over the last few years. Since no commercial biological control products are still available to control A. flavus in maize in Europe, this study targets to the evaluation of six biopesticides/biostimulants (Botector®, Mycostop®, Serenade Max®, Trianum®, Vacciplant®, and zeolite) for the control of A. flavus and the derived aflatoxins in in vitro and maize field bioassays. Mycostop®, Serenade Max®, Vacciplant®, and zeolite reduced significantly A. flavus conidia production by 38.8–63.1%, and most of them were able to reduce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production in laboratory studies. Mycostop®, Trianum®, and Botector® were effective in reducing AFB1, in vitro. In the field, Mycostop® and Botector® treatments resulted in significant reduction of the disease severity (16.5 and 21.9%, respectively) and decreased significantly AFB1 content in maize kernels by 43.05 and 43.09%, respectively. For the first time, these results demonstrated the potential of commercial non-chemical products to suppress disease symptoms and aflatoxin content caused by A. flavus in maize under laboratory and field conditions.

Evaluation of Cellulosic Polymers and Curcumin to Reduce Aflatoxin B1 Toxic Effects on Performance, Biochemical, and Immunological Parameters of Broiler Chickens.

To evaluate the effect of cellulosic polymers (CEL) and curcumin (CUR) on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) toxic effects on performance, and the biochemical and immunological parameters in broiler chickens, 150 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated into five groups with three replicates of 10 chickens per pen: Negative Control (feed); AFB1 (feed + 2 ppm AFB1); CUR (feed + 2 ppm AFB1 + Curcumin 0.2%); CEL (feed + 2 ppm AFB1 + 0.3% Cellulosic polymers); and, CEL + CUR (feed + 2 ppm AFB1 + 0.3% Cellulose polymers + 0.2% Curcumin). Every week, body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were calculated. On day 21, liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and intestine from five broilers per replicate per group were removed to obtain relative organ weight. Histopathological changes in liver, several biochemical biomarkers, antibody titers, and muscle and skin pigmentation were also recorded. Dietary addition of 0.3% CEL and 0.2% CUR separately significantly diminished some of the toxic effects resulting from AFB1 on performance parameters, relative organs weight, histopathology, immune response, and serum biochemical variables (P < 0.05); however, the combination of CUR and CEL showed a better-integrated approach for the management of poultry health problems that are related with the consumption of AFB1, since they have different mechanisms of action with different positive effects on the responses of broiler chickens.

Effects of medicinal herb and Brazilian traditional plant extracts on in vitro mycotoxin decontamination

The aim of this study was to evaluate the aqueous extracts of sweet passion fruit (Passiflora alata), araçá (Psidium cattleianum), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and oregano (Origanum vulgare) for their ability to degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in vitro. The AFB1 levels in decontamination assays (16.67 ng mL−1) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography after incubation periods of 12, 24, 36 or 48 h at 37 °C. Degradation rates were compared to controls (mycotoxins in water) under the same incubation conditions. The ability to reduce the levels of zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A (OTA) was also tested, although no significant degradation was observed for any extract tested. A time-dependent decrease in AFB1 levels was observed in the aqueous leave extracts of all plants. Rosemary extract had the highest (P < 0.05) percentage of AFB1 reduction, with mean percentages of 49.0 ± 5.6% to 60.3 ± 2.9% at 24–48 h, followed by oregano after 48 h of incubation (38.3 ± 4.6%) and araçá at 36 h (30.7 ± 3.8%). These results demonstrated that plant extracts are interesting alternatives for the control of aflatoxins in food substrates, although further studies are needed to assess the toxicity of the resulting compounds from degradation.

Curcumin-based photosensitization inactivates Aspergillus flavus and reduces aflatoxin B1 in maize kernels

Different methods have been applied in controlling contamination of foods and feeds by the carcinogenic fungal toxin, aflatoxin, but nevertheless the problem remains pervasive in developing countries. Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic compound from the spice turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) that has been identified as an efficient photosensitiser for inactivation of Aspergillus flavus conidia. Curcumin mediated photoinactivation of A. flavus has revealed the potential of this technology to be an effective method for reducing population density of the aflatoxin-producing fungus in foods. This study demonstrates the influence of pH and temperature on efficiency of photoinactivation of the fungus and how treating spore-contaminated maize kernels affects aflatoxin production. The results show the efficiency of curcumin mediated photoinactivation of fungal conidia and hyphae were not affected by temperatures between 15 and 35 °C or pH range of 1.5–9.0. The production of aflatoxin B1 was significantly lower (p < 0.05), with an average of 82.4 μg/kg as compared to up to 305.9 μg/kg observed in untreated maize kept under similar conditions. The results of this study indicate that curcumin mediated photosensitization can potentially be applied under simple environmental conditions to achieve significant reduction of post-harvest contamination of aflatoxin B1 in maize.

Purification and identification of an aflatoxin B1 degradation enzyme from Pantoea sp. T6

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus flavus and other fungi. Soil, crops, food, feed, etc. were susceptible to aflatoxin B1 contamination, which caused adverse economic and health consequences. It is necessary to search for microorganisms or microbial enzymes that can degrade AFB1. The degradation activity of AFB1 by cell-free supernatant (68.30%) of isolate Pantoea sp. T6 was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than viable bacterial cells (4.87%) and intracellular cell extracts (3.68%). The supernatant's AFB1 degradation activity was reduced from 68.30% to 5.33% in treatment with protease K and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). An extracellular enzyme from the supernatant was secreted by Pantoea sp. T6 and was named as Pantoea aflatoxin degradation enzyme (PADE), which was obtained using Diethylaminoethanol (DEAE)-Sepharose chromatography. PADE was further purified by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The PADE, outer membrane protein A, was identified by mass spectrometry and molecular mass was 38180.1Da. The optimum temperature and pH for the reaction of PADE with AFB1 were 40 °C and 7.0, respectively. These finding showing that the PADE, which was isolated from the supernatant of Pantoea sp. T6, has the ability to degrade AFB1, and may have potential application for aflatoxin B1 reduction in the food and feed industry.

Effect of Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum) Extracts on Aflatoxin B1 and Blood Parameters in Rats

The crude chloroform and methanol extracts of Lepidium sativum seeds belong to family Brassicaceae,were used in this work to study their efficiency to reduce Aflatoxin B1 in rats. The more effective of chloroformic extract which decreased Aflatoxin B1 level from 8.7 to 1.0 ppb at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight comparing with ligalon (Silymarin) which reduced Aflatoxin B1 to 0.97 ppb in concentration of 100 mg/kg after 5 weeks, followed by methanolic extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight which showed the mean value of 1.2 ppb.Also, the more effective treatments may be Silymarin in concentration of 100 mg/kg followed by chloroformic extract, while methanolic extract of Lepidium sativum seeds was represented middle effect for blood tests of rats injured with Aflatoxin B1 e.g. Serum marker enzyme parameters (MDA, SOD, ALP and Bilirubin), kidney functions (Creatinine and Urea), liver functions (ALT, AST, Total proteins, Albumin and Globulins), lipid profile (triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and vLDL-c ) and haematological parameters (HB, RBCs, Plt and WBCs), were determined in injured rats comparing with control rats. It is quite clear that Silymarin is considered synthetic product, so the natural extracts of garden cress are more suitable for usage due to, they considered more safety and economic products, so these extracts can be additive to foodstuffs and therapeutic drugs owing to their multi medicinal benefits.

Isolation and screening of aflatoxin-detoxifying yeast and bacteria from ruminal fluids to reduce aflatoxin B1 contamination in dairy cattle feed.

To obtain yeast and bacteria from ruminal fluids that possess aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) detoxifying ability for use in animal feed. Sources of isolation were ruminal fluids of three nonfistulated dairy cows, fed diets containing cassava pulp, rice straw or distillery yeast sludge. The isolation was carried out to screen for the isolates that were active in both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Three yeast and three bacteria isolates were selected. Up to 85% of AFB1 was detoxified by yeast isolates and up to 60% AFB1 reduction was evident by bacteria isolates. Two yeast isolates were identified as Kluyveromyces marxianus and one isolate as Pichia kudriavzevii. The three bacteria isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecium, Corynebacterium phoceense and C. vitaeruminis. All strains showed high biomass production when cultivated in medium with 80gl-1 glucose. The isolated yeast and bacteria with AFB1 detoxifying ability showed a good potential to be applied as an aflatoxin-detoxifying agent to ingredients used to feed dairy cattle. The abilities of isolates to survive and be active in anaerobic and aerobic conditions rendered them to be active in cattle's rumen. Their biomass could be produced in bulk and used as feed supplement for aflatoxin detoxification in dairy cattle.

Detection and Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 from Fish Feedstuff Using Microwave and Ozone Gas

The current study was designed to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in thirty two samples of fish feedstuff were collected randomly from some Iraqi local markets using ELISA technique. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in thirty samples and the concentration of toxin ranged from 50 ppb to 1000 ppb. &#x0D; Microwave and ozone were used for detoxification of aflatoxin B1 from sample with highest concentration (1000 ppb), two degree of temperature and two times (50°C and 100°C for 5 minute and 10 minute to each degree) of microwave, also two doses and two times (2 g and 4 g for 5 minute and 10 minute to each dose) of ozone gas were used.&#x0D; Degradation of aflatoxin B1 by microwave has been found to cause a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease of aflatoxin B1, Moreover, the concentration of aflatoxin B1 was dependent on temperature degrees and exposure time, also sample subjected to ozone gas caused a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in aflatoxin B1 contents and the concentration of aflatoxin B1 was dependent on doses and times of exposure. Results showed that ozone gas was more effective in aflatoxin B1 reduction when compared with microwave.

Antiaflatoxigenic effect of fullerene C60 nanoparticles at environmentally plausible concentrations

Increased interest in fullerene C60 and derivatives in recent years implies an intensification of their environmental spread. Yet, the potential risks for living organisms are largely unknown, including the interaction of C60 with fungal organisms. This may be especially relevant for mycotoxigenic fungi since C60 may both scavenge and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidative stress induces mycotoxin production in fungi. Therefore, this study examined effects of environmentally plausible concentrations of C60 (0, 10, 50, and 100 ng/mL) on Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production in culture media. In addition, ROS-dependent oxidative stress biomarkers—thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced and oxidised glutathione ratio, superoxide dismutase isoenzymes, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were determined in mycelia. Nanoparticles of fullerene C60 (nC60) did not exhibit strong antifungal activity against A. flavus. At the same time, nC60 caused an antiaflatoxigenic effect at 10–100 ng/mL, and 50 ng/mL unexpectedly enhanced aflatoxin production. The TBARS content, reduced and oxidised glutathione ratio, and copper, zinc superoxide dismutase activity suggest that 10 ng/mL nC60 exerted antioxidative action and reduced aflatoxin B1 production within fungal cells. Detected prooxidative effects of 50 ng/mL fullerene exceeded cellular defenses and consequently enhanced aflatoxin B1 production. Finally, the results obtained with 100 ng/mL nC60 point to prooxidative effects, but the absence of increase in aflatoxin output may indicate additional, presumably cytotoxic effects of nC60. Thus, a range of rather low levels of nC60 in the environment has a potential to modify aflatoxin production in A. flavus. Due to possible implications, further studies should test these results in environmental conditions.

Development and Optimization of a Voltammetric Methodology Based on Bismuth Film Electrodes with Potential Application for Aflatoxin B1 Analysis

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of Aspergillus fungus, which contaminate various foods at trace levels. Mercury drop electrodes have been used for the quantification of aflatoxins; however, they have a negative effect on the environment. An alternative to mercury electrodes are bismuth film electrodes, with the same advantages of mercury but friendly with the environment. This work proposes the development of a voltammetric methodology for the quantification of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) through bismuth film electrodes. AFB1 reduction is controlled by diffusion towards the electrode’s surface. Optimal conditions for the synthesis of the bismuth film were obtained by a Box-Behnken experimental design, considering the AFB1 cathodic signal as a response. Optimal conditions were: deposition potential of -280 mV, Bi3+ concentration of 600 mg/L, deposition time of 30 s. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used for AFB1 quantification, so its parameters were also optimized; optimal parameters were: current step of 10 mV, pulse width of 28 ms, pulse period of 60 ms and an amplitude of 200 mV.