Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in thirty two samples of fish feedstuff were collected randomly from some Iraqi local markets using ELISA technique. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in thirty samples and the concentration of toxin ranged from 50 ppb to 1000 ppb. 
 Microwave and ozone were used for detoxification of aflatoxin B1 from sample with highest concentration (1000 ppb), two degree of temperature and two times (50°C and 100°C for 5 minute and 10 minute to each degree) of microwave, also two doses and two times (2 g and 4 g for 5 minute and 10 minute to each dose) of ozone gas were used.
 Degradation of aflatoxin B1 by microwave has been found to cause a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease of aflatoxin B1, Moreover, the concentration of aflatoxin B1 was dependent on temperature degrees and exposure time, also sample subjected to ozone gas caused a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in aflatoxin B1 contents and the concentration of aflatoxin B1 was dependent on doses and times of exposure. Results showed that ozone gas was more effective in aflatoxin B1 reduction when compared with microwave.
Highlights
IntroductionAs other animals fish are required to nutrition for their growth, reproduction and all physiological functions, and it is very necessary to intake of proteins, minerals, vitamins, growth factors and energy every day, for all kinds and categories of fish, cereals are necessary as source of energy and leguminous as protein feedstuffs and they are considered as the main part of feed (up to 90%) [1].In the aquaculture industry fish feedstuff is the major cost item and constitutes 40–50% of the total production costs in intensive culture systems [2].Fungal spores can be contaminating the feed during processing, when grains are ground and the feed pelleted [3].The processing methods, feed storage practice, environmental temperatures >27 C°, humidity levels >62%, and moisture levels in the feed >14% are some of the factors that can increase fungal growth in feed, and this may result in production of mycotoxin [4].The exposure of fish to mycotoxigenic fungi can be reduce their growth rate, damage the liver, reduce immune responsiveness, increase mortality, and lead to a steady and gradual decline in quality of reared fish stock, posing serious challenges to aquaculture development [5].Mycotoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites produced by mycotoxigenic fungi, mainly of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium and have been identified as a worldwide food and feed safety issue [6], some of this mycotoxins include Aflatoxins, Ochratoxins , Citrinin , Patulin, and Fusarium toxins [7]
Detection of aflatoxin B1 in fish feedstuff samples using Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) technique: Thirty two samples of locally stored fish feedstuff were analyzed for aflatoxin B1 content using ELISA kit
Aflatoxin B1 is the main type of aflatoxins which produce mainly by A.flavus and A. parasiticus, it is considered as a potent carcinogen for human and animals [14], Aflatoxin B1 is an essential contaminant of foods including corn, cotton seeds, peanuts and other grains in addition to animals feeds [15, 16]
Summary
As other animals fish are required to nutrition for their growth, reproduction and all physiological functions, and it is very necessary to intake of proteins, minerals, vitamins, growth factors and energy every day, for all kinds and categories of fish, cereals are necessary as source of energy and leguminous as protein feedstuffs and they are considered as the main part of feed (up to 90%) [1].In the aquaculture industry fish feedstuff is the major cost item and constitutes 40–50% of the total production costs in intensive culture systems [2].Fungal spores can be contaminating the feed during processing, when grains are ground and the feed pelleted [3].The processing methods, feed storage practice, environmental temperatures >27 C°, humidity levels >62%, and moisture levels in the feed >14% are some of the factors that can increase fungal growth in feed, and this may result in production of mycotoxin [4].The exposure of fish to mycotoxigenic fungi can be reduce their growth rate, damage the liver, reduce immune responsiveness, increase mortality, and lead to a steady and gradual decline in quality of reared fish stock, posing serious challenges to aquaculture development [5].Mycotoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites produced by mycotoxigenic fungi, mainly of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium and have been identified as a worldwide food and feed safety issue [6], some of this mycotoxins include Aflatoxins, Ochratoxins , Citrinin , Patulin, and Fusarium toxins [7]. As other animals fish are required to nutrition for their growth, reproduction and all physiological functions, and it is very necessary to intake of proteins, minerals, vitamins, growth factors and energy every day, for all kinds and categories of fish, cereals are necessary as source of energy and leguminous as protein feedstuffs and they are considered as the main part of feed (up to 90%) [1]. The processing methods, feed storage practice, environmental temperatures >27 C°, humidity levels >62%, and moisture levels in the feed >14% are some of the factors that can increase fungal growth in feed, and this may result in production of mycotoxin [4]. The exposure of fish to mycotoxigenic fungi can be reduce their growth rate, damage the liver, reduce immune responsiveness, increase mortality, and lead to a steady and gradual decline in quality of reared fish stock, posing serious challenges to aquaculture development [5].
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