Situation In Afghanistan Research Articles

ВЫВОД ВОЕННЫХ КОНТИНГЕНТОВ США И ИХ СОЮЗНИКОВ ИЗ АФГАНИСТАНА И ЕГО ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ВОЕННУЮ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ СТРАН ЦЕНТРАЛЬНО-АЗИАТСКОГО РЕГИОНА

The purpose of the article is to consider the consequences of withdrawal of the troops of the United States of America and Western countries from Afghanistan, their impact on military and political situation in Central Asian countries. The article focuses on the events related to withdrawal of the US armed forces from Afghanistan. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the situation in the country after the radical Islamic Taliban movement came to power. The author analyzes the internal situation in Afghanistan, highlights a number of events that significantly affect regional security and undermine the state of military security of the countries in Central Africa. As a result of the research, the author cites the opinion of the world community regarding the new Taliban government. He draws our attention to the fact that the promises made by the Taliban have not been fulfilled.

The US and Chinese approaches to regional security in Central Asia

The article is devoted to identifying the main features in the approaches of China and the United States to regional security in the Central Asian region after the withdrawal of the American contingent from Afghanistan. Central Asia has geopolitical importance in the context of China's economic growth, the American Chinese confrontation for spheres of influence, and changes in the situation in Afghanistan after the Taliban came to power. The study identified the main external and internal factors that determine the approaches of China and the United States to regional security in Central Asia after 2021.

AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY PRIORITIES TOWARDS GERMANY

The article addresses the priorities of US relations with Germany. The victory of Joseph Biden and Democratic Party on the elections of 2020 signified quite radical twist in US foreign policy. The election slogan «America is back» which won the White House for the Democratic Party and Congress, means restoration of transatlantic relationship, damaged by the previous administration. Germany has a special place in this process. Elections in Germany in 2021 resulted in a victory of a Social Democratic Party. Decision making in Washington on Relations with Germany are influenced by many factors, including those related to domestic policies and international relations. Domestically there have appeared contradictions between Democratic and Republican parties on a number of priority issues on the bilateral agenda. In particular, the main differences were related to the Nord Stream 2 project. The situation in Afghanistan remains an urgent problem for both sides. It is noteworthy that following the results of the last elections in the United States, the German Caucus again became active in Congress, including both democratic and republican politicians. It is clear that Biden’s administration pursues the developing of economic ties with Germany.

A See-Saw Relationship: Afghanistan’s Ties with Pakistan

Afghanistan has a unique geopolitical situation, which makes it important not only for Pakistan but also for many global and regional powers. Though both neighboring countries have many common interests yet their Foreign Policy relations have been dwindling over time due to historically ingrained contemporary issues. It has a profound impact on Pakistan’s security and economic interests, such as the issue of smuggling and bilateral trade, as well as strategic issues, such as the Durand Line issue and elusive “strategic depth.” The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 was a major cause of global concern and a turning point in international politics. Soviet expansionism and the subsequent war on terror after 9/11 posed a challenge to Pakistan’s security, and the country emerged as a “frontline state.” The paper highlights what possible benefits Pakistan can accrue through viable Foreign Policy. The situation in Afghanistan has serious consequences for Pakistan’s internal and external security due to the involvement of many external actors, especially India.

The Role of the SCO in the Process of Neutralizing Regional Challenges and Threats

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is considered to be one of the key mechanisms for maintaining stability and security in Eurasia. Over the years of its existence the SCO gained considerable political weight and authority on the world stage. There are extremely pessimistic scenarios for the development of events in Afghanistan with the withdrawal of the United States Armed Forces from Afghanistan and the coming Taliban to power in this country in 2021. There is a high probability of aggravation of regional challenges and threats in the face of terrorism, drug smuggling, illegal migration, humanitarian catastrophe. Being an important element of the Eurasian security architecture the SCO has a good potential to counter these threats. Over the years of the SCO’s existence a solid legislative framework was developed within the organization and coordination mechanisms was created to counter regional threats. The national interests and security of the SCO member states are directly related to the situation in Afghanistan. That is why the Afghan issue is always on the agenda of the organization. Despite the emerging differences between the SCO member states on the Afghan issue a common position was developed at the anniversary summit of the organization in September 2021 in Dushanbe. All SCO members supported the solution of the Afghan problem through political and diplomatic means and stressed the need to form an inclusive government. The decision to accept Iran as a full member of the SCO was a significant event for the organization. As a full participant Iran became an additional advantage for the organization in solving regional problems. The factor of Iran which has a significant impact on the development of Afghanistan may become one of the key factors in building relations with the new Afghan authorities. Thus the SCO has a significant integration potential in the field of security and should play a positive role in the Afghan problem.

THE EU IN CENTRAL ASIA: UNREALIZED AMBITIONS AND PROSPECTS

The Soviet Union has disappeared from the maps of the world, leaving the EU a chance to participate in the political processes unfolding in Central Asia, even if the vast spaces between them limited Brussels’ involvement in regional policies. This explains the European Commission’s succinct definition: “a bridge to China, as well as to Afghanistan and the Middle East” and “a source of significant energy imports for the EU.” For the same reason, Central Asia remains outside the European neighborhood policy; in defiance of the Treaty of Lisbon, its members prefer to act independently on the international arena: their interest in Central Asia and, therefore, their contributions to the common EU policy in the region differ vastly. Following the signing of partnership and cooperation agreements with the Central Asian states, the EU became one of their important trade partners and key investors. As such, Brussels pays particular attention to democracy, human rights and civil society in all the regional countries and cooperates with them in the security sphere. Destabilization in Afghanistan has forced border security issues into the focus of corresponding programs and initiatives realized by the EU. Their growing dependence on external sources of energy and an absence of guaranteed supplies stir up concerns in the EU member-states and in Brussels and breed hopes that Central Asia, with its considerable hydrocarbon resources and advantageous geographic location, may play an important role in energy supplies. So far, EU policy in Central Asia leaves much to be desired, while the results of the projects it had initiated in the region are clearly contradictory. Brussels has achieved a lot in diplomatic relations with the local states, which allowed it to expand its trade and economic cooperation and develop political coordination. However, its achievements in many other spheres (human rights, counteracting corruption and economic diversification) are not particularly impressive. The worsening situation in Afghanistan will generate migration flows to the Central Asian countries and the European Union. Another migration crisis cannot be ruled out.

THE TALIBAN TAKEOVER IN AFGHANISTAN: WHERE DOES CHINA STAND?

The Afghanistan takeover by the Taliban after the hasty and irresponsible US withdrawal starts a new debate among experts over the future of the country under hardcore Taliban. China a next door neighbor of Afghanistan, arguably, views the evolving situation of the country heedfully. The hasty withdrawal of the US for many experts is a part of the great power competition between the US and China where the former calculatedly desires to bring a civil war making Afghanistan an epicenter of terrorism and extremism that invariably would pose a grave threat to the latter’s Belt and Road Imitative (BRI). China, on the other hand, appears to be wary of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM). Beijing hopes that the Taliban would crack down on the ETIM. Afghanistan’s conundrum has certainly been creating innumerable challenges for Beijing but China is well known for handling the hard times. As the saying goes that “every challenge creates an equal opportunity”, the emerging challenges of Afghanistan for China also create abundant opportunities. Moreover, the current situation in Afghanistan is also indicating more alliances in the region either new ones or strengthening the old ones. The Taliban want to be a part of China led economic web in the region to resist ongoing economic crisis where the west once again showing its back. This paper, thus, will analyze the threats emanating from Afghanistan to China and will also shed lights on China’s role of preserving its core interest and rebuilding of war-torn Afghanistan.

Is International Relations Part of the Problem or Part of the Solution?

Whether international relations are a solution to the problem or a way to provoke war is worth discussing. The Democratic Peace Theory under Liberalism holds that all democracies (or, more accurately, all liberal democracies) will not or rarely go to war with another. This theory is further explored in depth the link between democracy and peace. This paper analyzes the situation in Afghanistan, North Korea’s nuclear program and the United States intervention in the world. Finally, it is concluded that international relations theory can solve regional problems and lead to conflict and war. In other words, international relations are both parts of the problem and part of the solution to the issues in international affairs.

One Health approaches to improve refugee health

One Health approaches to improve refugee health

Afghanistan Islamic Republic -threat to regional security

Modern Eurasia, forming the basis of international security, plays a balancing role in world processes. When analyzing the security features of Central Asia in the Eurasian relations system, account should be taken of the situation in Afghanistan, which provides a complete picture of the manifestation and interconnection of security threats. Being a state located in the central-southern part of Asia, Afghanistan has an important geo-strategic location. It is the state that connects East and West Asia or the Middle East. Afghanistan has focused on its territory the main security and crime challenges of the last seventy years. This article highlights the main threats to Afghanistan and their impact on regional security.

TURKEY’s «SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP» WITH THE TALIBAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EU AND NATO

The article focuses on two international political aspects of the radical changes in the situation in Afghanistan after the seizure of power there by the Taliban: the problem of legalizing the new government through its recognition by other states, first, and Ankara’s intensified efforts to establish «special relations» with the Taliban, second. The attempts of the latter to achieve their recognition on the world stage have at the moment not led to the desired result for them. Neither the «collective West», nor Russia, China and the countries of the Middle East and Central Asia are in a hurry to recognize the government of the group classified by the UN as a terrorist organization. At the same time, the threat of a humanitarian catastrophe in Afghanistan is becoming more and more obvious. The world community is looking for ways to provide assistance to the population of this country. At the same time, Russia (the «Moscow format») and Turkey have noticeably stepped up their diplomatic efforts. The article examines the main motives of Ankara, which, according to the author, perceives the problem of Afghanistan not only from the perspective of bilateral relations with it, but also in the broader context of rivalry between the leading states of the Middle East region. The author emphasizes that the Taliban and the Turkish leader RT Erdogan are linked by a common ideological platform – Islamism. At the same time, Erdogan seeks to present himself in the eyes of NATO partners as a mediator between the alliance and the Taliban government.

O’ZBEKISTON VA AFG’ONISTONNING HAMKORLIK MUNOSABATLARI

The study analyzesthe establishment of diplomatic relations with the Republic of Uzbekistan after independence, the analysis of cooperation in the political, economic, social and cultural spheres, the role of Uzbekistan in the establishment of peace in Afghanistan. Conclusions are given on the actions of 'y. The escalation of the political situation in Afghanistan in the last decade of the twentieth century, the rise to power of the Taliban, the threat posed by countries in the region, Uzbekistan's proposals to the world community for peace in Afghanistan are widely covered. After the formation of a modern state in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan's political and economic ties have expanded. The presidents of the two countries have met several times and signed cooperation agreements, and Uzbekistan's efforts to develop industry, transport and agriculture in Afghanistan have been widely covered and analyzed

Aesthetics of camera movement in Afghan cinema

The movement of the camera in the cinema alone cannot create a beautiful image because it is just a movement. But when the camera movement is mixed with mezzanine and composition it can create a feeling and convey it to the audience In essence, it evokes the audience’s inner feelings about the subject and the story being told within the film. Each film has a specific narrative for its story. Special narration of the film story, the specific type of movement requires the same story Therefore, great care must be taken in the type of use of camera movements because if the type of camera movement does not match the type of drama narration and film structure In terms of effectiveness, it can damage the film And it has the opposite effect and as a result causes the film to fail for a specific and general audience.In the past, most movements were performed with the simplest tools in many cases, these movements could not properly convey that sense of movement to the audience. But today the movements are done with advanced and precise tools. In Western countries, the moving objects in the cinema are mostly controlled by very precise computer tools and exactly the movement that the director intends to achieve. But in a country like Afghanistan, which is far behind Western countries in terms of technology and modernity, they still use the same old tools. This makes camera movements very basic in films made in Afghanistan. Of course, it should not be forgotten that given the economic situation in Afghanistan, Filmmakers cannot provide the minimum tools they need. They try to make many tools by hand from the least available tools to produce their favorite movie.

ShHT –XALAQARO –HUKUMATLARARO MINTAQAVIY TASHKILOT SIFATIDA: MARKAZIY OSIYODA XAVFSIZLIKNI TA’MINLASHDAGI ROLI

In this article, the author tells about the history, legal bases and structure of SCO and underlines the role of organization in ensuring security of the region. The Counter Terroristic Structure of SCO was highlighted and briefly examined the main functions and goals. Moreover, social -economic and political situation in Afghanistan was considered as an important part of regional security and the author puts forward his proposal on ensuring stability in Afghanistan within the framework of the SCO.Keywords: SCO, security, terrorism, Regional Counter Terroristic Structure, Central Asia, Afghanistan, stability

THE TALIBAN & AFGHANISTAN: CONFLICT & PEACE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE

This study aims to determine the political situation in Afghanistan which is now occupied by the Taliban. This qualitative research method is often called "naturalistic research method" because the research is carried out in natural conditions (natural setting). In this study, researchers used two kinds of data, namely primary data and secondary data. To determine the validity of the data, an inspection technique is needed. The implementation of the inspection technique is based on a number of certain criteria. There are four criteria used, namely the degree of trust (credibility), transferability, dependence (dependability), and certainty. The conclusions of this study are; 1) The Taliban insists that it is committed to peace talks with the Afghan government. The implementation of the original Islamic system will be something they strive for. 2) The Taliban is committed to accommodating all the rights of citizens, whether male or female, based on the noble religious rules of Islam and the noble traditions of Afghan society. The Taliban will allow women to carry out public roles. 3) Advancing a better Afghanistan.

The Resurgence of Militant Groups in Pakistan After Taliban Invasion of Afghanistan

Peace and stability are the utmost need for protecting the South Asian region from the ripple effects of the ongoing crisis situation in Afghanistan. The Taliban’s rise to power in Kabul has engendered a difficult choice—the hard path of peace or reversion to civil war. The latter has deep repercussions for the entire world, particularly Pakistan. It is because of the fact that wars in Afghanistan have twisting but contrasting impacts on the societal level of both states simultaneously. The Taliban’s rise in Kabul has uptick the non-conventional security threats for Pakistan including its border security. The recent momentum in the attack of TTP and militant groups on security forces in Pakistan is a testimony tothis fact. TTP leaders and different other non-state actors inspired by either TPP’s ideology or encouraged and funded by India have received impetus from the ‘blitzkrieg’ of Taliban in Kabul.

Investigating Arman Shahr in Asi’s Poems

When the grief around the poet and writer is fragile and when life is filled with sorrow and bitterness, then tyranny and oppression become the ordinary profession of the people in several cases; creator, literary and artistic works as a conscious and connected stratum of society do not became the only spectators, instead with the help of transcendent thoughts and creative minds, they create a valuable creation to be mirror of the dreams and desire of people. On the other hand, they reflects the loud sounds in the face of oppression. Sometimes, the poet and writer thinks calmly in the order to get out of the misfortunes. He takes on idea plane in his mind and throw it. It is the form of al- fadh which the term utopia is more suitable to clarify it. The present study reflects the ideas of the Utopia of Abdul Qahar Asi, the contemporary poet of Afghanistan. In this research, it is tried to identify clear examples of the poet`s word to explain the ideal reading, expression, the dimension and angles of the poet`s utopia. In the continuation of this research, we come to the conclusion that a poet lived in the darkest political situation in Afghanistan who composed a poem and built on utopia to relieve his plan and sorrows. The main indicators of the utopia are the issue of humanity, peace, and love. What he hates and does not want to be in his utopia are war, discrimination, injustice, poverty and selfishness.

Afghanistan Post US Withdrawal: Security Challenges and Future Prospects

After 9/11, the mission “Operation Enduring Freedom” was to root out terrorists from Afghanistan and to establish good governance in shape of democracy. However, the current internal law and order situation is worse even after years of US forces staying in Afghanistan. While President Trump has directed Pentagon to decrease nearly half of the more than 14,000 troops stationed in Afghanistan. All the regional and global powers have their interest in Afghanistan, have no clear policies for peace and development, but everyone is in struggle to solve the Afghan problem according to their own interest. To establish democracy, improve governance, rule of law and security situation in Afghanistan, the US withdrawal without proper homework will create more problems and lead to chaos. It is believed that the abrupt withdrawal may further strengthen the Taliban and increase violence in Afghanistan. This paper aims to investigate those internal and external factors which may become the cause of insecurity for Afghanistan. Furthermore, the research work enlightens over the solution of security problems in Afghanistan and suggests possible option.

A Struggle for Identity: The Ismailis in the Afghan War (1979-1989)

The paper is a part of a wider research on the Ismaili identity, peculiarities of the Ismailis’ self-identification in various parts of the world under different historical circumstances. The ambiguous status of the Ismailis in Afghanistan turned to be particularly problematic by the end of the 19th century when the Pashtuns became dominant in the traditionally Ismaili-inhabited areas. In a hostile milieu, under severe persecutions, the local Ismaili identity acquired a tendency of unification with other ethno-religious identities, the principle of taqiyya having been widely spread. Since then, the Ismailis became especially dependent on the political situation in Afghanistan and the policy of its rulers towards ethnic and religious minorities. The War of 1979-1989 turned to be the most dramatic episode in the history of the Ismaili community in Afghanistan when its very survival appeared to be questioned: Ismaili intellectuals left the region, and lower social layers got involved in drug cultivation and trafficking. Supporting any of the conflict’s sides could have led to a community tragedy, possibly to its complete annihilation. The limited information we obtained, including the memoirs of the Afghan War veterans, demonstrate the identity split in the Ismaili community of Afghanistan whose members were fighting on the opposite sides of the armed conflict.

THE “AFGHAN FACTOR” IN UZBEKISTAN’S FOREIGN POLICY: EVOLUTION AND THE CONTEMPORARY SITUATION

This article examines the historical development of Uzbekistan's stance on the situation in Afghanistan, outlines its main stages, achievements and challenges, investigates the major initiatives of Tashkent on solving conflict in the neighbouring country before and after 2016, the major priorities of its contemporary foreign policy towards the Afghan conflict, and the Uzbek government's expectations from the upcoming developments in Afghanistan.