CIP Adsorption Research Articles

Enhanced removal of ciprofloxacin antibiotic using agricultural byproduct-derived biochars: From studies on adsorption kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic to explore mechanistic insights into the removal pathway

BackgroundCiprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotic, classified as an emerging organic contaminant, has caused an adverse impact on the ecological environment due to its persistence. MethodsIn this study, CIP was adsorbed on a novel nanocomposite using lanthanum ferrite spinel nanoparticles (LaFe2O4 NPs) dispersed on litchi shell-derived biochar supporter (BLF) with various loading ratios. The adsorption tests were conducted in batch mode to thoroughly investigate operational parameter effects. In addition, the adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics of CIP onto BLF at various temperatures were systematically studied. The as-synthesized adsorbent was thoroughly characterisized. Finally, CIP adsorption mechanisms onto BLF were revealed. Significant FindingsOur findings showed that the pristine biochar (PBC) was loaded by LaFe2O4, which resulted in more thorough carbonization, enhanced aromaticity, hydrophobicity, porosity, and enriched surface functional groups. The CIP adsorption onto BLF was the highest under optimal operational conditions of solution pH of 5.0, 3.0 g/L biochar dosage, and 50 mg/L initial CIP concentration. The pseudo-second order model best matched the CIP adsorption kinetics with high correlation coefficients of 0.9653-0.9939. The Langmuir model better described the adsorption behaviors of CIP on BLF, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 36.5 mg/g, which was greater than that on PBC by about 1.5 times. CIP adsorption on the BLF exhibited a spontaneous and endothermic nature. The primary mechanisms of CIP adsorption on the BLF were H-bonding and π-π interaction. In particular, La and Fe constituents in BLF functionally enhanced the CIP adsorption via the surface complexation mechanism. These findings illustrated that the BLF was a novel, feasible, and promising adsorbent for the effective removal of CIP antibiotics from water.

Efficient removal of aqueous ciprofloxacin antibiotic by ZnO/CuO-bentonite composites synthesized via carbon-bed pyrolysis of bentonite and metal co-precipitation

Antibiotics are of emerging concern due to their widespread use, lack of adequate treatment, and for their potential to threaten human health and the environment. Here, a facile fabrication approach for synthesizing ZnO/CuO-bentonite composites was investigated via carbon-bed pyrolysis of bentonite followed by ZnO/CuO co-precipitation. Sorbents were synthesized using a range of bentonite pyrolysis temperatures, metal oxide contents, and ZnO:CuO mass ratios. The ZnO/CuO-bentonite composites exhibited diverse functional groups, excellent mesoporosity, and high specific surface area (135.0 m2 g−1, four times that of pyrolyzed bentonite-only control). Ciprofloxacin removal was maximized at a bentonite pyrolysis temperature of 450 °C, a total metal oxide content of 25 %, and a Zn/Cu ratio between 95:5 and 93:7, and this material had an observed experimental CIP adsorption of 451 mg g−1 and a calculated maximum adsorption capacity of 1249.3 mg g−1. This excellent CIP sorption ability was attributed to its abundant surface active sites and multiple sorption mechanisms, including hydrogen-bond interaction, ion exchange, and electrostatic interaction. These results illustrate that ZnO/CuO-bentonite composite sorbents have excellent potential for use in environmental remediation and water treatment applications.

Boosting adsorption of ciprofloxacin on Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified sepiolite composite synthesized via a vacuum-filtration assisted coprecipitation strategy

Treatment of antibiotics-containing wastewater is imperative for ensuring environmental and public health. However, effectively removing antibiotics in environment is still a great challenge. Fabrication of sepiolite-supported iron oxide nanomaterials with large specific surface area and high reactivity is a promising solution for efficient antibiotics removal. In this work, a highly dispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticle modified sepiolite composite (Fe3O4-sep-vacuum) was synthesized in-situ by employing a novel vacuum-filtration assisted coprecipitation strategy for the first time. Fe3O4-sep-vacuum exhibited the highest adsorption capacity to ciprofloxacin compared with those of pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles, sepiolite, and those composites obtained by traditional coprecipitation methods. Approximately 93 % of CIP (20 mg/L) could be removed by Fe3O4-sep-vacuum within 20 min at initial pH 6.0. The kinetic and adsorption isotherms followed pseudo-second-order and Temkin models, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of Fe3O4-sep-vacuum for CIP was 18.4 mg/g at initial pH 6.0. The solution pH, temperature, coexisting divalent cations, and HA concentration were demonstrated to play substantial roles in the adsorption processes of ciprofloxacin on Fe3O4-sep-vacuum surface. The Fe3O4-sep-vacuum maintained excellent stability and reusability during CIP adsorption process. Electrostatic interactions play a decisive role in the adsorption process of ciprofloxacin by Fe3O4-sep-vacuum. Hydrogen bonds and hydroxyl groups on the Fe3O4-sep-vacuum surface also play important roles in the adsorption process of ciprofloxacin. Fe3O4-sep-vacuum also exhibited excellent adsorption capacity to ofloxacin. These results indicate that the vacuum-filtration assisted coprecipitation strategy could be used to fabricate monodispersed nanoparticles modified sepiolite composites, which could be acted as promising materials for highly efficient remediating antibiotics contaminated wastewater.

Adsorption of Ciprofloxacin on Silver‐Coated Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Characterization, Optimization, and Kinetics

AbstractCiprofloxacin (CIP) is the commonly prescribed fluoroquinolone antibiotic and one of the top ten emerging pharmaceutical contaminants in the world. It can pose a potential health risk if its residues enter the body. In this study, the adsorption of CIP onto magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with silver (Fe3O4@AgNPs) was evaluated. Fe3O4@AgNPs were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The parameters affecting the adsorption of CIP on nanoadsorbent were investigated including the adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, the salt content, and mixing speed. The highest efficiency of removal was achieved at pH 6, adsorbent dose of 3 mg l−1, salt content of 1 % (W/V) and shaking rate of 100 rpm. The adsorption process of CIP on the nanoadsorbent followed the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model, the adsorption kinetics was pseudo‐second order and the maximum adsorption capacity was 125 mg g−1.

Ciprofloxacin adsorption onto Pumice-bentonite composites: Modeling, kinetics, equilibriums and reusability studies

BackgroundA new Bentonite-loaded Pumice adsorbent (P-BNT3) was successfully synthesized as an efficient adsorbent for CIP removal from aqueous solutions. MethodsIn the present study, P-BNT3 composite synthesized by hydrothermal technique (24 h @160 °C) was loaded with Bentonite (BNT) using ultrasonication (20 min @25 °C) to remove CIP antibiotic. P-BNT3 composite was characterized by FTIR, XRD, BET, TGA, SEM, and TEM analyses. XRD, SEM, and TEM analyses indicate effective coupling of Pumice/ BNT strong layers with highly porous heterogeneous structure. Adsorption of CIP is studied as a function of pH, dosage, contact time, initial CIP concentration, and temperature in a batch reactor to obtain the maximum adsorption capacity (qm). Significant FindingsA MFSO kinetic model (R2= 0.983) and Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm model (R2= 0.989 and 0.986) provide good fits to the experimental. The highest amount of CIP adsorbed is 54 mg/g at pH=2.0, which is 5 folds higher than pristine Pumice. The adsorption equilibrium was attained in 240 min with P-BNT3 for a CIP concentration of 30 mg/L. The characterization of spent composites after CIP adsorption suggested that CIP adsorption onto P-BNT3 composite is governed by π-π interaction, chemical complexation, and surface interactions. Based on thermodynamic investigation over the temperature range of 298 ̶ 318 K, CIP adsorption on P-BNT3 was a spontaneous (-ΔG°) and endothermic (ΔH°=+5.313) phenomenon. Furthermore, the adsorption-desorption procedure demonstrated that the composite could be efficiently reused up to 5 times. However, expensive desorption costs and the inevitable secondary effluent are a challenge in the practical implementation. Based on the findings, the P-BNT3 composite has great potential for the removal of other pharmaceutical compounds.

Synthesis of Ag/NiFe2O4 doped multiwalled carbon nanotube for antibiotic removal from water

Antibiotics impose severe impacts on humans and the ambient water environment by creating antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens; therefore, there exists an urgent need to develop sustainable and efficient adsorbents for the removal of these contaminants from the water. To this goal, silver/nickel ferrite-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Ag/NiFe2O4 doped MWCNTs) were prepared as functional integrated adsorbent material for antibiotic removal from water. The TEM results showed that Ag/NiFe2O4 species were dispersed on the surface of MWCNTs through the available functional groups on their surface. The introduction of Ag/NiFe2O4 nanocomposite onto the MWCNTs efficiently improved the adsorption capacity for ciprofloxacin. The maximum adsorption capacity is estimated to be 26.45 mg/g. The results indicated a higher adsorptive capacity for the produced ternary sample compared to pristine MWCNTs, Ag/NiFe2O4, or NiFe2O4/MWCNTs binary systems. The adsorption capacity for ciprofloxacin in the samples was evidently dependent on the MWCNTs dose, solution pH, adsorbate dose, and temperature. Ag/NiFe2O4 doped MWCNTs (65 % w/w) were able to remove ∼95 % of ciprofloxacin in the testing solution even after being reclaimed for 4 times following the Langmuir isotherm model in the endothermic manner. Also, the adsorption of CIP by the nanocomposite demonstrates a pseudo-second-order model. These promising results open a pathway for efficient carbon materials to be replaced by conventional adsorbents to remove antibiotics from water.

Electric Fenton technology with Jacaranda fruit shell biochar as particle electrode for the removal of emerging pollutant ciprofloxacin hydrochloride

The overuse of antibiotics has become a serious environmental problem, and addressing how to remove antibiotics from aquatic environments poses a significant challenge. This study prepared a porous biochar material (BSJ) using natural Jacaranda fruit shells as raw materials and combined it with an electric Fenton system (EF-BSJ) to degrade ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP). Characterization and analysis of biochar using SEM, BET, Raman spectroscopy, and other methods revealed that the porous structure and aromatic functional groups of biochar play a crucial role in adsorbing CIP. The effects of carbonization temperature and carbonization time on the adsorption of CIP by biochar were investigated during the biochar preparation process. At 800℃ and 1.5 hours, the maximum adsorption efficiency of biochar for CIP is 96.88%. In addition, thestudy investigated the impact of cathode and anode materials of the EF-BSJ system on the degradation efficiency of CIP. When platinum-titnium plating was used as the anode and foam nickel electrode as the cathoded, the CIP removal rate could reach 95.48%. Finally, the UV full-band scanning method was used to determine that CIP was degraded into small molecule substances, achieving the goal of removing CIP. This study introduces a novel strategy for eliminating antibiotics.

Adsorption characteristics of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride on polystyrene microplastics in freshwater.

In order to reveal the adsorption mechanism of microplastics (MPs) on antibiotics, polystyrene (PS) was chosen as a typical microplastic, Fenton and high-temperature aging methods were used to obtain aged MPs particles. The adsorption behavior and mechanism of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) on PS before and after aging were studied by batch adsorption experiments, and other influencing environmental conditions were evaluated concurrently. The results showed that the adsorption of CIP on PS was an exothermic reaction, the pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich isothermal models could fit the adsorption of CIP on PS. Aging treatment enhanced the adsorption capacity of PS to CIP, and Fenton aging for 7days had the best effect. The highest adsorption was observed when the solution pH was 6. The adsorption capacity of microplastics gradually decreased with increasing ionic strength and the concentration of fulvic acid, while the aging microplastics changed little with the concentration of fulvic acid. The presence of both Cu (II) and CIP inhibits the adsorption of each other on microplastics. Based on the above findings, the adsorption of CIP on PS is dominated by physical adsorption, and electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding interactions are also important mechanisms for the adsorption of CIP on microplastics.

Natural clays as adsorbents for the efficient removal of antibiotic ciprofloxacin from wastewaters: Experimental and theoretical studies using DFT method

Natural clays were used as adsorbent to remove ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions by adsorption. The textural, structural, and morphological properties were examined, finding low-moderate specific surface area values (9.9–50.1 m2g−1) and a structure coincident with the smectite phase. Adsorption kinetic studies revealed that clay 3 and 4 reached a CIP removal around 70–80 % in 7–8 h. Elovich and pseudo-second-order models were the most suitable to describe the kinetics. The highest equilibrium adsorption capacities (qe = 150.2–193.7 mg g−1) were obtained for clay 1, 3, and 4; the lowest (qe = 30.6 mg g−1) was found for clay 2, which showed the highest-ordered structure. The Freundlich adsorption model led to the best-fitting results. From pH studies, working at solution pH = 4.0 led to the best adsorption results. The estimated thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption process can be considered of physical nature. It was found that the high concentration of CO32– salts in the hospital wastewater effluent enhanced the CIP adsorption capacity, showing a CIP removal of about 95 % for the clay 3. Therefore, the adsorbent with the greatest compromise situation among all the variables was clay 3, presenting the maximum CIP removal after 7 h at pH 4.0, 50 °C and real matrices. The reusability of natural clays can be successfully regenerated by NaOH treatment using the adsorption/desorption process, an indication of its excellent reusability and stability during the regeneration. Finally, DFT molecular studies were performed to clarify the particularities of the adsorption of CIP onto clays.

Optimization of ciprofloxacin adsorption onto CoFe-MOF aerogel cylinders based on response surface methodology: Adsorption kinetics, isotherm models

In materials technology, composites are considered as one of the potential materials due to their stable structure, ability to contain functional groups that are essential for adsorption, porosity and large specific surface area, and processing process. Metal-organic framework materials based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) substrates were synthesized through a solvothermal method to recover the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in an aqueous medium. Several experimental parameters that affect the adsorption process were investigated, including adsorption time, solution pH, ionic strength, and initial concentration. The langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order are in close agreement with the ciprofloxacin adsorption assay data. The CoFe-MOF aerogel material at the ratio of 1 CMC has a relatively high CIP adsorption capacity with an adsorption capacity of 226.8 mg/g at pH 8, an initial CIP concentration of 80 ppm for 90 min. The Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the adsorption process through 15 runs of experiments based on the response surface method (RSM). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the correlation between the test and the prediction followed the quadratic polynomial model with the regression parameter R2 = 0.9984. The optimal conditions for removal of 64.85% CIP were predicted to be 0.013 g/L CoFe-MOF aerogel, a CIP concentration of 92.42 mg/L, and a pH 7.26 within 90 min. In addition, the electrostatic interaction between the adsorbent and the adsorbent surface is significantly affected by the competition of Na ions in the salt and the solution pH value. In summary, CoFe-MOF aerogel is considered a suitable material that can have significant effects on wastewater treatment and a potential candidate for extended advanced research.

Synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis by zinc ferrite-anchored graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for the removal of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation

Abstract Ciprofloxacin (CIP) belongs to the fluoroquinolone antibiotic family. It is mostly used for the treatment of bacterial infections and highly recalcitrant to naturally decompose. The nanocomposite was successfully constructed by zinc ferrite nanoparticle anchored onto graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet (ZFNP–CNNS). The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the ZFNP–CNNS nanocomposite were investigated. Moreover, the enhanced photocatalytic performance of the ZFNP–CNNS nanocomposite was a result of the synergetic effect between adsorption and photocatalysis. The adsorption study showed that the ZFNP–CNNS nanocomposite has heterogeneous active sites with multilayers and the maximum CIP adsorption capacity was 15.49 mg g−1. However, the photodegradation efficacy of CIP reached up to five times compared to that of pristine CNNS. The high adsorption–photocatalytic synergetic effect of the ZFNP–CNNS nanocomposite has great application in wastewater treatment.

Behavior and mechanisms of ciprofloxacin adsorption on aged polylactic acid and polyethlene microplastics.

Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics are emerging pollutants in aquatic environments. MPs can absorb antibiotics, resulting in compound pollution. Batch adsorption experiments were used to investigate the adsorption behavior of CIP on polylactic (PLA) and polyethlene (PE) under various environmental conditions. After a lengthy aging process, both MPs underwent significant physicochemical changes. The equilibrium adsorption capacities of aged PLA and PE were 0.382mg/g and 0.28mg/g, respectively, which increased by 18.06% and 75% compared to pristine PLA and PE. The sorption capacity of MPs increased when the pH of the solution approached the dissociation constant (6.09, 8.74) of CIP. When the salinity of the solution was 3.5%, the adsorption capacity of MPs was reduced by more than 65%. The adsorption capacity of MPs rapidly decreased when 20mg/L fulvic acid was added. Because norfloxacin (NOR) competes for adsorption sites on the microplastic, CIP adsorption is inhibited. Based on the adsorption models, FTIR, and XPS spectra, we demonstrated that the process was monolayer adsorption, with chemical and physical mechanisms including hydrogen bonding, π-π conjugation, ion exchange, and electrostatic interactions controlling it. Thus, PLA and PE microplastics may be a potential vector for CIP in water, and their interaction is mainly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the MPs and environmental factors.

Composite of α-FeOOH and Mesoporous Carbon Derived from Indian Blackberry Seeds as Low-Cost and Recyclable Photocatalyst for Degradation of Ciprofloxacin

This study aims to analyse the use of biowaste-derived carbon in enhancing the photocatalytic effect of Earth-abundant visible light active goethite (α−FeOOH). The biowaste material used in this case is seeds of the Indian blackberry fruit. The FeOOH/C composite has been synthesized using an assisted sonochemical technique. The photocatalysts have been characterized using powder x-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption isotherms and scanning electron microscopy technique. FTIR and Raman studies have been carried out to understand the structure bonding correlation. The band gap has been ascertained using Tauc plots. The adsorption and consequent photodegradation of CIP have been studied via UV-visible spectroscopy and the mechanism has been ascertained by using radical quenching techniques. The charge separation efficiency has been ascertained through photoluminescence (PL) studies and electrochemical impedance studies (EIS). The pivotal role played by photogenerated holes (h+) in the photocatalytic degradation of CIP has been highlighted. The low cost biowaste-derived carbon as a constituent of the FeOOH/C composite shows great promise as a supporting material for enhancing the photocatalytic properties of such semiconductor materials.

Investigation of Adsorptive Properties of Surfactant Modified Sepiolite for Removal of Ciprofloxacin

Pharmaceutical residues, which are considered as emerging contaminants, have been frequently detected in various water including treated water, surface water, and underground water. Furthermore, it may pose a serious risk to the living organisms by enhancing bacterial drug resistance. However, the removal of CIP from aqueous solution is difficult by present water treatment methods. The previous study indicated that the removal of CIP by conventional wastewater treatment technologies is generally incomplete. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of surfactant (cetyltri-methyl- ammonium bromide)-modified Sepiolite (SMS) for Ciprofloxacin antibiotics (CIP) adsorption in a batch mode technique. The effects of different system variables, adsorbent dosage, initial CIP concentration, temperature contact time were investigated and optimal experimental conditions were ascertained. The results showed that as the amount of the adsorbent is increased, the percentage of CIP removal increase accordingly. Optimum temperature value for CIP adsorption was 50 . Maximum CIP was sequestered within 60 min from the start of every experiment. The results also showed that the best test conditions were obtained at i) initial concentration of CIP 10 mg/L and adsorbent dosage 2 g/L as working solution have been selected as the optimum conditions by the batch process; ii) the removal percentage and the maximum adsorption capacity were found to be 99.1% and 63.84 mg/g iii) Four well-known kinetic models, the pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order, Elovich and Intra-particle diffusion were used to correlate the adsorption kinetic data, with the pseudo-second-order model giving better results; iv) Negative value of ∆Go and positive value of ∆Hº indicates the feasibility of the process and indicates the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption; v) SMS adsorbent can be an attractive option for CIP antibiotic removal from diluted industrial effluents since test reaction made on simulated antibiotic wastewater showed better removal percentage of CIP.

Kinetic, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Studies on the Ciprofloxacin Adsorption from Aqueous Solution Using Aleppo bentonite

Aleppo bentonite was investigated to remove ciprofloxacin hydrochloride from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to study the several factors affecting the removal process, including contact time, pH of solution, bentonite dosage, ion strength, and temperature. The optimum contact time, pH of solution and bentonite dosage were determined to be 60 minutes, 6 and 0.15 g/50 ml, respectively. The bentonite efficiency in removing CIP decreased from 89.9% to 53.21% with increasing Ionic strength from 0 to 500mM, and it increased from 89% to 96.9% when the temperature increased from 298 to 318 K. Kinetic studies showed that the pseudo second-order model was the best in describing the adsorption system. The adsorption equilibrium data is better represented by the Langmuir isotherm, and the maximum adsorption capacities of CIP were defined as 243.9, 270.27, 285.71 mg/g at 298, 308 and 318 K, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters were figured out showing that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic according to the negative values of ∆Gº and positive value of ∆Hº respectively. Based on these results, Aleppo bentonite seems to be an effective raw material for CIP adsorption and removal from aqueous solutions.

Interface behavior changes of weathered polystyrene with ciprofloxacin in seawater environment

With the progress of research on micro-nano plastics, the weathering degradation process in the natural environment has gradually become the focus of academic discussion. This study adopted the Fenton immersion method to accelerate the simulation of the weathering process of microplastics in nature, and explored the interface behavior of the weathered microplastics and hydrophilic antibiotics. It was found that the weathered polystyrene (PS) has a smaller crystallinity, increased oxygen-containing functional groups, and cracks appear on the surface, making it more likely to be weathered. At the same time, the rougher surface and stronger hydrophilicity of the weathered PS particles made it easier to adsorb hydrophilic antibiotics. Subsequent studies showed that the adsorption of ciprofloxacin (CIP·HCl) by weathered PS is much larger than that of original PS particles, whose maximum adsorption is 5.45 mg/g in the isotherm experiments. We found that the adsorption behavior of weathered PS particles with CIP in seawater would be weakened in the real seawater environment and humic acid, which might be due to the competitive adsorption of CIP by various ions. Further studies have shown that changes in the ionic strength and pH of the solution also affected the adsorption behavior to varying degrees. The results of dynamic adsorption were the same as the static adsorption, and the adsorption rate and capacity of weathered PS particles were enhanced compared with the original particles. The results of this article not only provided a data reference for studying the weathering process of microplastics but also helped to explore the ultimate fate of microplastics.

Characterization of Edible Fungus Substrate Modified Biochar and Its Adsorption Capacity for Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride.

In this study, silver-ytterbium-modified biochar (MBC) was prepared to adsorb ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. It was compared with biochar (BC) and alkali-modified biochar (NBC). The results show that the MBC had more functional groups and a larger specific surface area than the BC and NBC. The saturated adsorption capacity of the MBC (312.500mgg-1) was 3 and 19 times higher than that of the NBC and BC, respectively. The adsorption data were consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the Langmuir isotherm model. In addition, the mechanism of CIP adsorption onto NBC and MBC may be dominated by π-π electron donor-accepter interactions. C-O, C=O and -NH2 play important roles in adsorption, and Ag-O and Yb-O groups participate in the adsorption of CIP onto MBC.

Lanthanum modification κ-carrageenan/sodium alginate dual-network aerogels for efficient adsorption of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride

Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) is a kind of typical antibiotic, which would cause a potential hazard to natural water if discharged in a large amount. In this study, lanthanum-modified κ -carrageenan/sodium alginate aerogels (La/ κ -car/SA) were successfully synthesized for the first time by the sol–gel method. And the removal of CIP from aqueous solutions was investigated using La/ κ -car/SA aerogels. The results showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption equilibrium time was about 16 h and the maximum adsorption capacity was 179.97 mg g −1 . Coexisting microplastics had a synergistic effect with La/ κ -car/SA, thereby promoting the adsorption capacity on CIP. Humic acid and heavy metal ions had no significant effect on the adsorption of La/ κ -car/SA aerogels, whereas the ionic strength and strong acid/alkaline environment would inhibit the adsorption of CIP. Using HCl solution (pH = 2) as eluent, the desorption rate of CIP could reach 98% within 80 min. The breakthrough time of dynamic adsorption was positively correlated with the mass of adsorbent, and the dynamic adsorption curve was in accordance with the Yoon–Nelson model. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride be removed by La/ κ -car/SA aerogels successfully through a mixed mechanism of electrostatic interaction, π - π electron donor–acceptor interaction, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interaction. As a result, La/ κ -car/SA aerogels can serve as a kind of novel adsorbent that effectively reduces CIP pollution due to its availability, efficiency, stability, and no secondary pollution. • Low density lanthanum modified aerogels were successfully synthesized. • La/ κ -car/SA aerogels showed excellent adsorption capacity (179.97 mg g -1 ). • Adsorption process accords with pseudo-second-order and Langmuir–Freundlich model. • Coexisting microplastics can facilitate the adsorption of CIP by La/ κ -car/SA. • La/ κ -car/SA aerogels exhibited excellent regeneration performance.

Aluminum dispersed bamboo activated carbon production for effective removal of Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride antibiotics: Optimization and mechanism study

The central composite rotatable design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize aluminum dispersed bamboo activated carbon preparation. The independent variables selected for optimization are activating agent (AlCl3) concentration (mol/L), activation temperature (°C), and activation time (min.). The independent variable's response change was observed through the percentage adsorption efficiency of Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) antibiotics. The maximum CIP adsorption efficiency was found to be 93.6 ± 0.36% (13.36 mg/g) for the adsorbent prepared at AlCl3 concentration 2.0 mol/L, activation temperature 900 °C, and activation time 120 min. The adsorption efficiency was recorded at the natural pH (7.9) of the adsorbent (3 g/L)-adsorbate (50 mL solution of 50 ppm) mixture. The Al-dispersed bamboo activated carbon was characterized for its surface morphology, surface elemental compositions, molecular crystallinity, surface area, pore morphology, and surface functional groups. The mechanism of adsorbent surface formation and CIP adsorption sites were explored. The characterization data and mechanism study will help in deciding possible future applications in other fields of study.

Adsorption of ciprofloxacin antibiotic on materials prepared from Moroccan oil shales

Ciprofloxacin antibiotic (CIP) adsorption was investigated using an adsorbent material (XHA) obtaining by chemical activation using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) of Moroccan oil shales of the Timahdit region (layer X). The results obtained show that the adsorption process is highly dependent on the physicochemical parameters. The mechanism of CIP adsorption was better described by the kinetic model of the pseudo second order and obeyed both linear and non-linear models of the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity is equal to 81.11 mg/g. Furthermore, the evaluation of thermodynamic parameters, such as free energy, enthalpy and entropy suggested that the CIP adsorption on XHA is a spontaneous physisorption process with an exothermic effect.