Administration Of Ethanolic Extract Research Articles

Therapeutic Potential of Asparagus Racemosus Root in Managing Hyperglycemia, Dyslipidemia, and Platelet Aggregation in Neonatal Streptozotocin-induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Lipid abnormalities frequently accompany hyperglycemia and thus a primary goal in diabetes therapy is the management of dyslipidemia. Asparagus racemosus root has previously been shown to reduce postprandial blood glucose in diabetic rats by delaying carbohydrate absorption and enhancing insulin secretion. In the present study, the chronic effects of A racemosus root on serum glucose, fructosamine, lipids, and platelet aggregation were assessed in rats with type 2 diabetes induced by neonatal streptozotocin injection. The type 2 diabetes model was created by injecting 48-hour-old pups with a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (STZ). Platelet aggregation was measured by optical aggregometry. Daily oral administration of ethanol extract of A racemosus to diabetic rats (n = 10) lowered serum glucose by 21% (p<0.01) and fructosamine by 11% (p<0.05) after 28 days. Total cholesterol (p<0.05), triglyceride (p<0.05), and NEFA (p<0.01) levels were also lowered by 9%, 16% and 38% respectively. No difference in HDL cholesterol or body weights was observed compared to control rats but platelet aggregation was significantly reduced by 18% (p<0.05). Food and water intake, stool formation, water content of stools, and urine formation were unchanged in extract-treated rats in a 24-hour acute observational study in Nalgene Metabolic Cages. In conclusion, this study reveals that ethanol extract of A racemosus root lowers circulating glucose, and atherogenic blood lipids and decreases platelet aggregation. Thus, A racemosus is the source of glucose-lowering bioactive agents and a useful dietary adjunct in the management of diabetes, dyslipidemia, and related complications.

THE EFFECT OF CORN SILK ETHANOL EXTRACT (Zea mays L.) ON THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS AND HISTOPATHOLOGY OF PANCREAS IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED MICE

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder that occurs because pancreatic cells produce insulin in small amounts. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving corn silk (Stigma maydis) to alloxan-induced mice to determine the effective dose of corn silk extract that can reduce blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic mice and histopathological features. This research is an experimental type that uses 24 male white mice as experimental animals, divided into 6 groups and each group consists of 4 mice consisting of negative control, positive control, dose variation 100mg/kgBW, 200mg/kgBW, 400mg/kgBW and the comparison group (Glibenclamide 0.65mg/kgBW). The inducer used was alloxan 150 mg/kg bw. Alloxan induction was carried out for 3 days and then the test preparation was given until the 17th day. Mice's blood was taken through the lateral tail vein to see blood sugar levels. Based on the results of measuring the blood glucose levels of mice on day 17, the average value of blood glucose levels was negative control (86.25 mg/dl), positive control (223 mg/dl), dose 100 mg/kgbb (109.75 mg /dl), dose 200 mg/kgbb (103.5 mg/dl), dose 400 mg/kgbb (92.5 mg/dl), glibenclamide 0.65mg/kgbb (95 mg/dl). Based on the results of statistical data analysis, two-way ANOVA showed significantly different results (p<0.05). The results of reducing blood glucose levels that were closest to the negative control were shown by corn silk extract at a dose of 400 mg/kgbb, while histopathological observations of the pancreas after administration of ethanol extract of corn silk at a dose of 200 mg/kgbb showed the best healing in the islets of Langerhans.

Restoration of Memory Potential by Piper betel Leaves Extract in High-Fat Diet (HFD)-Induced Dementia in Mice

The present study has been designed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Piper betel in high fat diet (HFD) induced dementia and memory restoration effect in Albino mice by various parameters like Morris water maze (MWM) test, Elevated Plus Maze etc. and Estimation of serum total cholesterol using commercially available kit. Dementia is a syndrome in which the deterioration of cognitive functions occurs. The results of this study indicate that the administration of a high-fat diet to the Swiss mice produces a severe deterioration of spatial memory as determined by the Morris water maze (MWM) test, Elevated Plus Maze, T Maze delayed alteration task performed. Administration of ethanolic extract of Piper betel (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days significantly attenuated high-fat diet-induced memory deficits. Moringa Oleifera treatment to HFD induced mice improves cognition by virtue of its results support that the protective effect obtained with Piper betel may be through the activation of pregnane x receptors. ethanolic extract of Piper betel treatment to HFD induced mice improves cognition by virtue of its results, supports that the protective effect obtained with Piper betel may be through the activation of pregnane x receptors. Keywords: Dementia, Piper betel, high fat diet, Morris water maze, Elevated plus Maze, T Maze and Piracetam.

Oral Administration of Ethanol Extract of Myristica fragrans Elicited Hyperactivity, Anxiety and Reduced Dopamine Level in Rats

Objective: Myristica fragrans, a common kitchen spice, is reported to have psychoactive properties, producing hallucinations and fear. The psychoactive action is attributed to the presence of myristicin. This study aimed to assess the effects of ethanol seed extract of Myristica fragrans (ESMF) on anxiety-like behaviour and dopamine levels in rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into six groups of six rats each. Groups I (control, received 2 ml/kg distilled water); Group II (received 2 ml/kg of tween 80 Oil); Groups III, IV and V received ESMF (500 mg/kg; 1000 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg, respectively) and group VI received methylphenidate (1 mg/kg) as standard stimulant. All administration was done orally for 28 days. The rats were subjected to neurobehavioral tests: an open field test to assess hyperactivity and an elevated plus maze to assess anxiety-like behaviour. Brain samples were harvested and homogenized for neurochemical analysis of dopamine using a dopamine kit. Results: Hyperactivity was observed as increased line crossing and total distance travelled in the ESMF (500mg/kg)-treated group when compared with the control group and reduced anxiety-like behaviour by reduced frequent close arm entry and duration. Dopamine levels were reduced in the 1500 mg/kg ESMF-treated group compared to the control. Conclusion: Exposure to ethanol seed extract of Myristica fragrans elicited anxiety-like behaviour. ESMF at a dose of 500mg/kg possesses anxiolytic properties, while at a dose of 1500 mg/kg; elicits anxiety by a reduction in dopamine levels in rats.

Activity of Ethanol Extract of Kalangkala seed (Litseaangulata B.) as Nephroprotector and Hepatoprotector in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

Kalangkala (Litsea angulata B) is a traditional medicine that contains phenolic compounds and flavonoids and has antioxidant activity. Phenolic and flavonoids are reported to protect liver and kidney function and maintain insulin levels in the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of administration of ethanol extract of kalangkala seeds (EEBK) as nephroprotective and hepatoprotective agents in rats (Rattus norvegicus L) induced by alloxan. Kalangkala seed was extracted by ethanol and evaporated to get the concentrated extract. The 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups including normal group, negative group, metformin positive group and treated groups which treated by EEBK 100, 200 and 400 mg/kgBW. Alloxan was injected intraperitoneally, metformin and EEBK were given orally for 21 days. The blood of rats was taken through the orbital sinus on day 21. The results showed the total flavonoid content of EEBK was 6.27 mgQE/g. EEBK doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW as well as metformin can reduce (p<0.05) creatinine levels, ureum and SGPT activity but only EEBK doses of 200 and 400 mg/kgBW (p<0.05) can reduce SGOT activity. The administration of EEBK doses of 100. 200 and 400 mg / kgBW was able to improve the histopathological picture of the liver. It can be concluded that EEBK has the potential as a nephroprotective and hepatoprotective in diabetic rats (Rattusnorvegicus L) induced by alloxan

Description of Blood Sugar Levels of Male Wistar Rats after Administration of Ethanol Extract of Rambusa Leaves (Passiflora Foetida Linn.) from Central Kalimantan

Rambusa (Passiflora foetida Linn.) is a type of plant that is often found creeping on other plants. Usually found in watery areas such as swamps and rivers. The rambusa plant contains chemical compounds which are useful sources and can be developed as medicine. Several previous studies explained that Rambusa (Passiflora foetida Linn.) which grows in several areas shows antidiabetic properties. The aim of this study was to determine the blood sugar levels of male Wistar rats after administration of ethanol extract of rambusa leaves (Passiflora foetida Linn.) from Central Kalimantan. This research was carried out using an experimental or experimental method (experiment research) in the laboratory which was carried out with a series of experiments using the GCU Check strip. The results of this study show that ethanol extract of rambusa leaves from Central Kalimantan can reduce blood sugar levels of male Wistar rats at doses of 1.5 mg/Kgbb and 2 mg/Kgbb.

Antitrypanosomal activities of ethanol extract of Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir against Trypanosoma brucei brucei - An in vivo model

African trypanosomiasis constitutes public health and veterinary challenges in sub-Saharan Africa. Development of vaccine for its prevention is beset with challenges. Hence, trypanosomiasis control is premised on vector control and treatment of identified cases. Effect of oral administration of ethanol extract of stem bark of H. madagascariensis on Trypanosoma brucei brucei (Federe strain) was investigated in experimentally-infected rat model. Harungana madagascariensis stem bark powder (300 g) was macerated in 1.5 l of 100 % n-hexane for 48 hours. The residue was dried and re-macerated in 1.5 l of 70 % ethanol for 48 hours. The filtrate was dried by evaporation on water bath at 60oC. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, saponins, phenols and tannins. Acute toxicity test revealed oral LD50 > 5000 mg/kg body weight. Oral administration of the extract did not exert curative effect. Parasitaemia persisted in the extract treated rats (Group A-1250 mg/kg and Group B-2500 mg/kg body weight) till death. Rats administered 1250 mg/kg body weight outlived all inoculated rats by 2 days despite the significant (P < 0.05) rise in parasitaemia. Anaemia was ameliorated in rats taking 1250 mg/kg body weight compared to groups B, C and D that were severely anaemic. Emaciation was ameliorated in both extract-treated groups A and B compared to groups C and D. Harunga madagascariensis demonstrated promising prospects as potential source of therapeutic agent for ameliorating the severity of anaemia and African trypanosomiasis.

Therapeutic Potential of Aceh's Syzygium polyanthum in Reducing Uric Acid in Rattus Norvegicus

This research aims to evaluate the anti-hyperuricemic activity of Syzygium polyanthum ethanolic extract in hyperuricemic male rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by liver juice. A total of 25 animals were divided into five groups: a negative control group, a positive control group, and three treatment groups receiving S. polyanthum extract at doses of 150, 200, and 250 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The result showed that the dose of 250 mg/kg body weight resulted in the highest decrease of uric acid plasma, measuring 3.44 ± 2.03 mg/dL. This reduction is comparable to the effect of allopurinol, which showed a decrease of 3.70 ± 1.54 mg/dL. A minimum dose-dependent activity was observed. To conclude, the administration of ethanolic extract of S. polyanthum for 14 days significantly reduced uric acid levels. Further exploration of higher doses or a long-term treatment period to enhance its effectiveness is needed.

Cardiac Histopathology Alterations Induced by Subchronic Mangosteen Rind Extract in Wistar Rats

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is renowned for its potent antioxidant characteristics, including free radical scavenging, and its antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. This study aims to assess the subchronic toxicity effects of ethanol extract from mangosteen rind on the cardiac histopathology of male and female Wistar rats. This research was a posttest-only control group design. Forty biological specimens from 40 Wistar rats were divided into four groups, a control group, and three treatment groups, which were given ethanol extract of mangosteen rind with doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1,000 mg/kg for 28 days. Cardiac specimens were prepared and examined using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining at the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani in December 2021. The findings indicated that prolonged ingestion of large amounts of ethanol extract from mangosteen rind can cause toxic effects characterized by an inflammatory response in cardiac tissue. No fibrosis or hypertrophy was detected; however, inflammatory changes such as the presence of inflammatory cells, vacuolar changes, and neovascularization were observed. The inflammation observed might be due to excessive antioxidant administration leading to oxidative stress. Inflammatory cells may trigger fibrotic remodeling in the heart. The difference in the quantity of inflammatory cells between male and female rats suggests that gender influences the inflammatory response. Overall, administration of ethanol extract from mangosteen rind at doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1,000 mg/kg cause subchronic toxicity effects on the heart histopathology of Wistar rats, marked by inflammation.

Ethanol extract of galangal (Alpinia Galanga) administration on degeneration, necrosis, and inflammatory cells in the proximal tubules of male mice (Mus musculus) exposed to lead acetate

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the preventive effect of the ethanolic extract of galangal (Alpinia galanga) on degeneration, necrosis, and inflammatory cells in the kidney proximal tubules of male mice (Mus musculus) exposed to lead acetate. Objective: This was a pure experimental laboratory study using a completely randomized approach/randomized posttest only control group design. Twenty-five male mice (Mus musculus) were divided into five treatment groups: negative control (K-) received 0.5% CMC Na and aquades, positive control (K+) received induction of 20 mg/kgBW lead acetate for 20 days, and P1, P2, and P3 groups received oral administration of galangal ethanol extract from day 1 to day 24 as preventive measures with successive doses of (P1) 200 mg/kgBW, (P2) 400 mg/kgBW, and (P3) 800 mg/kgBW, respectively. Lead acetate administration at a dose of 20 mg/kgBW started from day 4 to day 24. On the 25th day, all groups were sacrificed, and kidney tissues were harvested for histopathological examination using the scoring method. Histopathological data analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney U test to compare differences between groups. Results: The Mann-Whitney U test showed a significant increase in degeneration, necrosis, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the kidney proximal tubules of male mice (Mus musculus) exposed to lead acetate (p < 0.05). Administration of galangal ethanol extract significantly reduced degeneration, necrosis, and infiltration of inflammatory cells (p < 0.05). The highest dose of galangal ethanol extract (800 mg/kg BW) exhibited a significant decrease in degeneration, necrosis, and infiltration of inflammatory cells (p < 0.05), comparable to the normal condition (K-). Conclusion: Administration of ethanol extract of galangal (Alpinia galanga) effectively prevented lead acetate-induced degeneration, necrosis, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the kidney proximal tubules of male mice (Mus musculus).

Administration of ethanol extract of galangal (Alpinia Galanga) on histopathology of male mouse (Mus musculus) lungs exposed to lead acetate

Objective: This research aims to assess the preventive effect of ethanol extract of red galangal (Alpinia Galanga) on type I pneumocyte cell necrosis and proliferation of type II pulmonary pneumocytes in male mice (Mus musculus) exposed to lead acetate-induced damage. Method: A total of 25 male mice aged 2.5-3 months and weighing 25-30 g were divided into five groups. The negative control group (K-) received oral water without lead acetate exposure, while the positive control group (K+) received 20 mg/kg BW of lead acetate. The treatment groups P1, P2, and P3 were exposed to lead acetate at a dose of 20 mg/kg BW/day and received red galangal extract at doses of 200 mg/kg BW, 400 mg/kg BW, and 800 mg/kg BW, respectively. All treatment groups were administered lead and ethanol extract of galangal orally from days 4 to 24 at a rate of 0.2 ml/head. Results: The Mann-Whitney U statistical test revealed a significant increase in type I pneumocyte cell necrosis and type II pneumocyte cell proliferation in the lungs of male mice (Mus musculus) exposed to lead acetate (p<0.05). Administration of ethanol extract of galangal after exposure to lead acetate significantly reduced type I pneumocyte cell necrosis and type II pneumocyte cell proliferation (p<0.05). The highest dose of galangal ethanol extract, 800 mg/kg BW, showed a significant decrease in type II pneumocyte cell proliferation (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study concludes that red galangal extract has a preventive effect in reducing the damage to type I and type II pneumocytes in the lungs of male mice (Mus musculus) exposed to lead acetate.

Ameliorative effects of Tagetes erecta Linn. flower against desiccation stress-induced dry eye symptoms in the mice model

BackgroundTagetes erecta Linn, popularly known as Marigold, has various pharmacological effects. It is used as a dietary supplement, especially for the posterior segment of the eye. However, the effect of T. erecta Linn on ocular disorders is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of oral administration of ethanol extract of T. erecta Linn flower (TE) for dry eye syndrome (DED) in a murine model. MethodsTwenty-four mice were subjected to desiccation stress (DS) to induce DED and subcutaneous injection of scopolamine hydrobromide was administered 4 times a day for 21 days. TE and cyclosporine A (CsA) were administered for an additional 14 days under DS conditions. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, TE200, TE400, and CsA. Changes in tear production and corneal fluorescein staining were measured at baseline, after 7 days of DS, and after treatment for 7 and 14 days. ResultsDS significantly decreased tear production and increased corneal fluorescein score; the parameters were significantly reversed in the TE400 (oral administration of 400 mg TE/kg body weight) group. TE markedly improved DS-induced changes including corneal epithelial detachment and lacrimal gland inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effect of TE 400 supplementation was similar to that of CsA. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that oral administration of TE may protect against DS-induced DED via stabilization of the tear film and suppression of inflammation. This study provides an experimental basis for further studies on the potential clinical use of TE in preventing DED.

UJI EFEK EKSTRAK ETANOL UMBI TALAS HISTOPATOLOGI GINJAL TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (Rattus norvegicus) DIINDUKSI STREPTOZOTOCIN

Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease or metabolic syndrome caused by chronic disorders, especially in the body's carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism system. This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins in the ethanolic extract of taro tubers and determine the effect and effective dose of the extract on the regeneration of kidney organ cells in streptozotocin-induced rats. Rats were divided into five groups: normal control, negative control, and extract treatment groups at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW that were performed for 28 days. This study observed changes that occurred in the renal tubular cells of white male rats induced by streptozotocin in the form of the level of damage with a value calculated based on the percentage (%) in each part of the tubule that was injured or damaged. The results showed that the taro tuber extract contained positive secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Administration of ethanol extract of taro tubers at a dose of 300 mg/kg BW can affect the regeneration of kidney tubule cells in STZ-induced rats, with an average damage value of 1 out of a maximum of 4.

Toxicity Test of Inggu (Ruta angustifolia (L)) Ethanol Leaves Extract to Male White Mice (Mus musculus)

Inggu leaf (Ruta angustifolia (L.) is one of the medicinal plants that is widely used by Indonesian people as traditional medicine for various diseases. One of the properties of the inggu plant can be used to treat fever, toothache, heartburn and ulcers. Toxicity testing ethanol extract of guinea leaf using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 7 treatments with stratified doses of 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 16,000 mg/kg BW and control. Parameters observed after administration of the extract were diarrhea, changes in breathing, changes in aggressive behavior and decreased movement activity. Liver and kidney organs were taken to determine the organ weight ratio. The results showed that the ethanol extract of inggu leaves with graded doses up to a dose of 16,000 mg/kg BW in experimental animals did not cause death, which was included in the practically non-toxic category. Administration of ethanol extract of guinea leaves at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW to 16,000 mg/kg BW caused a decrease in locomotion activity in experimental animals during the 4-hour observation time. The ratio of organ weight of mice from the test results of the ratio of liver, right kidney and left kidney of mice was not different from that of control animals.

Oral administration of ethanol extract from Gynura procumbens stems corrects kidney injury and renal anemia in chronic kidney disease.

Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. is a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine that reduces hepatotoxicity, relieves kidney discomfort, and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of an ethanol extract from G. procumbens stems (EEGS) and selected metabolites on kidney injury and renal anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). An adenine-induced rat CKD model was used to elucidate the effective mechanism of EEGS and selected metabolites to correct renal anemia. The results showed that treatment with EEGS reversed abnormal changes in the blood indicators, including hemoglobin, red blood cells, serum erythropoietin (EPO), and creatinine levels. Moreover, EEGS inhibited xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity in vitro, significantly inhibited liver XOD activity, and reduced intrahepatic inflammatory infiltration. Analysis of the pathological changes revealed that EEGS treatments resulted in reduced renal tubular apoptosis, decreased a number of crystals, a narrowed tubular lumen, and attenuated tubular fibrosis. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that EEGS significantly ameliorated the adenine-induced abnormal changes in the expression of related proteins, including β-catenin, COX-2, HIF-2α, and EPO, in the rat kidney tissues. Among the selected EEGS metabolites, the combined effect of chlorogenic acid and trans-p-coumaric acid was superior to that of either compound alone. These results suggest that EEGS and selected metabolites can effectively correct renal anemia in CKD rats by inhibiting XOD activity, reducing inflammation, and alleviating renal injury.

Chemical Analysis of the Antihyperglycemic, and Pancreatic α-Amylase, Lipase, and Intestinal α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Cannabis sativa L. Seed Extracts.

Cannabis is considered (Cannabis sativa L.) a sacred herb in many countries and is vastly employed in traditional medicine to remedy numerous diseases, such as diabetes. This research investigates the chemical composition of the aqueous extracts from Cannabis sativa L. seeds. Furthermore, the impact of these extracts on pancreatic α-amylase and lipase, and intestinal α-glucosidase enzymes is evaluated, as well as their antihyperglycemic effect. Analysis of the chemical composition of the aqueous extract was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD). In contrast, the ethanol, hexanic, dichloromethane, and aqueous extract compositions have been established. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of ethanolic, dichloromethane, and aqueous extracts on pancreatic α-amylase and lipase, and intestinal α-glucosidase activities were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The results of HPLC analysis indicate that the most abundant phenolic compound in the aqueous cannabis seed extract is 3-hydroxycinnamic acid, followed by 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and rutin acid. Moreover, administration of ethanolic and aqueous extracts at a dose of 150 mg/Kg significantly suppressed postprandial hyperglycemia compared to the control group; the ethanolic, dichloromethane, and aqueous extracts significantly inhibit pancreatic α-amylase and lipase, and intestinal α-glucosidase in vitro. The pancreatic α-amylase test exhibited an inhibition with IC50 values of 16.36 ± 1.24 µg/mL, 19.33 ± 1.40 µg/mL, 23.53 ± 1.70 µg/mL, and 17.06 ± 9.91 µg/mL for EAq, EDm, EET, and EHx, respectively. EET has the highest inhibitory capacity for intestinal α-glucosidase activity, with an IC50 of 32.23 ± 3.26 µg/mL. The extracts inhibit porcine pancreatic lipase activity, demonstrating their potential as lipase inhibitors. Specifically, at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, the highest inhibition rate (77%) was observed for EDm. To confirm these results, the inhibitory effect of these extracts on enzymes was tested in vivo. The oral intake of aqueous extract markedly reduced starch- and sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in healthy rats. Administration of the ethanolic extract at a specific dose of 150 mg/kg significantly reduced postprandial glycemia compared with the control group. It is, therefore, undeniable that cannabis extracts represent a promising option as a potentially effective treatment for type 2 diabetes.

Effect of Ethanolic Fraction of Anogeissus Leiocarpa on Renal Function in Wistar Rat

Objective : This study investigated the effects of acute administration of ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa on renal function in Wistar rats.
 Materials and Methods : Wistar albino spawn and Anogeissus leiocarpa root bark were used as biological material for this study. The method employed was to administer single doses of ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa root bark orally. Urine and blood samples were collected followed by measurement of renal markers (blood and urine urea and creatinine levels, urea and creatinine clearance).
 Results: Serum urea and creatinine levels were unchanged compared with controls. In contrast, extract and furosemide caused a significant (p < 0.001), dose-dependent increase in urinary creatinine. Ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa, at doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg bw, significantly increased creatinine and urea clearance and thus glomerular filtration rate.
 Conclusion : Levels and clearances of urea and creatinine, kidney biomarkers, were not altered. This study shows that the extract is not nephrotoxic.
 Keywords : Anogeissus leiocarpa, glomerular filtration rate, nephrotoxic, urea, creatinine

NEUROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF MICHELIA CHAMPACA AGAINST ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE IN RAT MODEL

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of memory, thinking skills, language and other cognitive functions. The main objective of this work is to investigate neuroprotective activity of Michelia champaca against Alzheimer’s disease.MethodNeuroprotective activity was carried out by colchicine induced Alzheimer’s disease on Sprague‐Dawley rats. Test group animals administrated with Ethanol extract Michelia champaca at dose of 200, 400, and 600mg/kg for 28 days. The Behavioural parameters were assessed using the Morris water maze test, Spontaneous locomotor activity using Open field Apparatus and Plus maze were performed at Days 0, 7, 14 and 28 on intracerebroventricular administration of colchicine for assessing the cognitive and gross behavioural activities in all groups. Biochemical parameter such as lipid peroxidation, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, total thiols and acetylcholinesterase were assessed and histopathology of brain tissue was assessed on the final day of the experiment.ResultEthanol extract of Michelia champaca shows a dose dependent neuroprotective activity by significant decrease in time latency of Morris water maze (p<0.001), Plus maze (p<0.001) increase in the Spontaneous locomotor activity (p<0.001) in EMC treated group compared to colchicine induced control group. Biochemical parameters showed significant decreases in lipid peroxidation (p<0.001) and increased in superoxide dismutase (p<0.001) catalase (p<0.001) glutathione (p<0.001) total thiols (p<0.001) and acetylcholinesterase level (p<0.001) in the EAM treated groups as compared with colchicine induced control group.ConclusionIn conclusion, the present study suggests that administration of ethanol extract of Michelia champaca (EMC) possesses neuroprotective activity against colchicine induced cognitive impairment and associated oxidative stress.

Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum in rats induced by rifampicin and isoniazid

Introduction: Syzygium polyanthum (Bay leaf) is one of the species of the family Myrtaceae used as a seasoning and medicine, especially in Southeast Asia such as Malaysia and Indonesia. This leaf is known to have medicinal properties to prevent cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, gastritis, diarrhea, and gout. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective properties of the ethanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum in rats induced by rifampicin and isoniazid. Methods: These hepatoprotective properties were evaluated by the assay of liver function parameters, such as total bilirubin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), the histopathological study of the liver and malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of stress oxidative. Results: Administration of ethanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum has no significant effect (P>0,05) on total bilirubin, SGOT, and SGPT, but can reduce MDA descriptively. Ethanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum could not cure the liver tissue of rats in histopathology examination. It means that ethanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum can help to reduce oxidative stress in liver tissue. Conclusion: In further research, it is recommended to develop other bioactivity tests from bay leaf isolates and conduct more specific studies to explain the mechanism of action of the extract at the cellular and organismal levels that are more complex, as well as toxicity tests to determine pharmacological effects.

Effects of Thymus quinquecostatus Celakovski on Allergic Responses in OVA-Induced Allergic Rhinitis Mice

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is defined allergic disease that is mediated by Th2 cells. Its incidence rate is showing a growing tendency worldwide. Research on traditional medicine for AR is also being increasingly conducted. Thymus quinquecostatus Celakovski (TQ) has been used as an important medicinal and aromatic plant in the world. The purpose of this study was to assess whether TQ can alleviate AR. BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) to provoke AR. Mice were treated with ethanol extract of TQ at 10 or 100 mg/kg after the intranasal OVA challenge. Their clinical symptoms such as nasal rubbing and sneezing were significantly reduced in the ethanol extract group (10 or 100 mg/kg) compared to the OVA group. Serum levels of Th1 (TNF-α) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6) cytokines and IgE levels (both total and OVA-specific) were significantly reduced by administration of ethanol extract of TQ at 100 mg/kg. The thicknesses of the nasal septum and epithelium were significantly reduced by the administration of ethanol extract of TQ. These results suggest that TQ may inhibit early and late phases of AR reactions.